Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Croatian |
| Published: |
Zagreb
Inst. za Migracije i Narodnosti
2009
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 212 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9789536028245 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Lajić, Ivan |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću |c Ivan Lajić ; Mario Bara |
| 264 | 1 | |a Zagreb |b Inst. za Migracije i Narodnosti |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 212 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Bevölkerungsstruktur |0 (DE-588)4246600-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Bevölkerungsstruktur |0 (DE-588)4246600-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 |A z |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Bara, Mario |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024373415&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804148328833744896 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Sadržaj
Predgovor
...............................................7
1.
Predmet, metodološki problemi i osnovni pojmovi u istraživanju
.......9
2.
Migracije i formiranje etničke slike Slavonije do
XX.
stoljeća
..........13
3.
Ukupno kretanje broja stanovnika slavonskih općina
i gradova od
1900.
do
1910..................................19
4.
Etnička struktura Slavonije početkom
xx.
stoljeća
...............27
4.1.
Administrativno-teritorijalne promjene i nestalnost kategorije
narodnosti u popisima stanovništva
...........................27
4.2.
Etnička struktura slavonskih županija na početku
XX.
stoljeća
............28
4.3.
Promjene u etničkoj strukturi utvrđene popisom
1910. ................36
5.
Ukupno kretanje stanovništva Slavonije od
1910.
do
1921.
godine?
.....45
5.1.
Mehaničko kretanje stanovništva Slavonije od
1910.
do
1914.
godine
.......46
5.2.
Posljedice epidemija i Prvoga svjetskog rata na demografsku sliku Slavonije
. . .50
6.
Međuratne demografske promjene, agrarne reforme i kolonizacije
......55
6.1.
Administrativni ustroj Slavonije nakon Prvoga svjetskog rata
.......
!·
......55
6.2.
Promjene u nacionalnoj strukturi Slavonije nakon Prvoga svjetskog rata
......56
6.3.
Ukupno kretanje broja stanovnika slavonskih općina i gradova od
19211
do
1931. 64 1
6.4.
Posjedovna struktura i agrarna reforma
...................
Τ
.....65
6.5.
Oblici kolonizacije
......................................67
6.6.
Privatna kolonizacija i ostali vidovi imigracije u Slavoniju
...............71
6.7.
Etnička struktura stanovništva Slavonije
1931.
godine
..........
ЖгУ
- · ·
·7^
7.
Planske (usmjerene), prinudne i prisilne migracije u Slavoniji
^í··-
tijekom i nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata
.........................83
7.1.
Agrarna reforma i kolonizacija u Slavoniji od
1941.
do
1945........ ......83
7.2.
Etnička struktura i pitanje istočnih hrvatskih granica nakon i
*
Drugoga svjetskog rata.
. . . ■
.Ч, *5;.
........· ··· ·· · ···.··...· . . .86
7.3.
Novi val kolonizacije Slavonije u poraću
......*?.;.;.. . . . :
^
. . . .
t
■■-■ ]. .97
7.4.
Ukupno kretanje broja stanovnika^lavonskih općina^ i gradova od
1%
»st
1931^0 1948.
godine
......
V.
.........
ЩгШ
· · · · ·
Ш
■ · ·
^
í
. 100
7.5.
Etničke promjene u Slavoniji prema prvome poslijeratnom popisu
1
i ^
stanovništva iz
1948.
godine
.............
*i*Vff I
.....
f-f.
. .*;;.
Ѓ
. 102
8.
Demografski razvoj Slavonije i etničke promjene od
1953.
do
1991.
godine
....................................
Ш
9.
Utjecaj Domovinskog rata na promjene demografskih i
nacionalnih struktura slavonskih županija, njenih općina i gradova
. . . .121
9.1.
Demografski okvir istraživanja i naznake budućih metodoloških problema
. ... 121
9.2.
Ukupno kretanje broja stanovnika slavonskih općina i gradova u razdoblju
od
1991.
do
2001.
godine
................................126
9.3.
Nacionalni sastav općina i gradova Slavonije
1991.
i
2001.
godine
........135
9.4.
Promjene u nacionalnom sastavu gradova i općina koje su prije
Domovinskog rata imale zastupljenije stanovništvo srpske nacionalnosti
.....145
9.5.
Promjene u broju pripadnika nacionalnih manjina Slavonije između
1991.
i
2001.
godine
...................................149
9.6.
Utjecaj rata na poremećaj dobne strukture Slavonije
.................152
10.
Zaključak
.....................................159
11.
Korišteni izvori
..................................163
12.
Citirana literatura
................................165
13.
Prilog
.......................................169
14.
Summary
.....................................201
15.
Popis tablica
...................................207
16.
Popis slika
....................................211
14.
Summary
This study deals with ethno-demographic characteristics and processes that developed on the territo¬
ry of
Slavonia,
i.e.
in East Croatia, during the past century. Since this theme implies long-term demograph¬
ic research, the methods used have been taken from several scientific disciplines: geography, economics,
history and sociology. The basic methodological approach involved the processing and scientific analyses
of statistics collected from population censuses
(1900-2001)
and from secondary sources that published
data relating to the research subject. Due to frequent political-territorial changes in the administrative struc¬
ture of region, cartographic material as well as specialised literature was also used.
In order to determine the state of modern demographic and ethnic patterns in East Croatia, it was nec¬
essary to examine and analyze earlier demographic processes and their characteristics in this region. How¬
ever, research focused especially on the influence of two world wars, planned migration and the Croatian
War of Independence on the development of the overall population and on the relative numeric ratios of
particular population groups. The author states that owing to favourable topographic, pedological, hydro-
graphic and climatic conditions, as well as good transit networks, this region was from ancient times an
attractive settlement zone, and therefore constituted a demographically dynamic area.
Continuous habitation of
Slavonia
can be traced back to the Neolithic period. The first known inhab¬
itants in written sources were the Illyrians, who were gradually overcome by the Celts. The latter mixedy
with the Illyrians to form the
Pannonian
ethnic grouping. The Roman conquest of this region brought
**,
about settlement and demographic development, which was especially favoured by good transit and com-
J
munication routes along the rivers
Drava, Sava
and the Danube. Later, when Roman central rule weak-r?
ened, raids of warrior peoples intensified, which resulted in the destruction of urban centres and
commuai
nication networks and in demographic decline. After the final collapse of Roman rule, these warrior
peo-
í
ples
(or tribes),
i.e.
the Huns, Goths, Alans, Gepids,
Langobards
and others, prevailed over the
Pannoni-
f
ans
of Illyrian-Celtic origin and the Romanized population, but the invaders did not succeed in maintain-
ing their state formations. In the 6th century
Pannonia
and the lowlands were settled by the Avars and by
Slavic tribes. The migration of Slavs (Croats) continued also in the following centuries, gradually restor:
ing the demographic vigour of the region. It is believed that the Croats, after their arrival, began to estab-*«**-
Hsh parishes, their first territorial organisations. The densest populated parishes were located along the!
rivers Bosut and
Vuka;
considerably weaker settlement occurred along the Danube and in the
Drava
ba- f
sin. The remnants of the indigenous population, and the population that settled in this region during the
*
previous
Völkerwanderungszeit
(the Migration period) become a factor in the ethnogenesis of the Croats.
The area of
Slavonia,
which at that time implied a large part of the continental
Pannonian
Croatia, was inV.
tegrated into the amalgamated Medieval Croatian kingdom in the course of the 10th and 11th centuries.
This relatively peacefully period of population settlement was interrupted by the Magyar (Hungarian) con¬
quest of the Danube basin. Extensive Magyar colonization was facilitated by the easy mobility of these no:
madie
newcomers, who by as early as the end of the 9th century had begun to settle in the
Baranja
region,
■
around the confluence of the
Drava
and Danube, and in Syrmia between Sotin and
Slankamen.
Further
J;
Magyar settlement of the lands south of the
Drava
was prevented by intertribal conflicts, by difficult pen-
·
etration through the forested areas of
Slavonia,
and above all by the conversion of the Magyars to
Christi- :
anity and to a sedentary lifestyle. The permanent settlement of the Magyars,
i.e.
Hungarians, in
Pannonia
;
resulted in the formation of a stable state organisation that favoured the establishment of permanent
sèt-J
Üements
and the continuous growth of the population. A brief interruption was caused by the Tatar at¬
tack and destruction in the middle of the 13th century. The Hungarian kings later encouraged the build-
201
Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću
ing of towers (burgs), in which the first German groups settled. The settlement of Germans was limited
to towns, and in the period before the Ottoman incursions, they would represent the third largest ethnic
group in this region, after Croats and Hungarians. Until the beginning of the 16th century, on the entire
territory of East Croatia the Catholic population was predominant: Croats, Hungarians, Germans and in
a smaller proportion members of other ethnic groups. The Protestant population, mostly Germans and
Hungarians, would appear later. The Ottoman advance through the Balkans and Central Europe brought
about large-scale political and socio-economic changes in conquered areas, which provoked forced migra¬
tion. And even before the establishment of Ottoman rule, the first groups of the refugee Eastern Orthodox
groups
-
Vlachs and Serbs from areas south of the
Sava
and Danube
-
arrived in
Slavonia
and especially
in Syrmia. Ahead of the Ottoman expansion, Croats and Hungarians moved west and north to safer areas
(to a broad zone in West Hungary, Lower Austria, Slovakia and Moravia), while in the localities that they
abandoned, in order to resolve economic difficulties, the Ottoman authorities encouraged the settlement
of populations from Serbia, Bosnia and other parts of Empire. A significant part of the remaining Chris¬
tian population converted to Islam during the
150
years of Ottoman rule, gradually forming a new ethnic¬
ity based on religious identity. According to some studies, at the end of the Ottoman period
Slavonia
had
between
180.000
and
200.000
inhabitants.
During the Great Turkish War (i.e. War of the Holy League,
1683-1699),
frequent battles, devastation
brought on by various armies and general insecurity resulted in multiple reductions in the population of
Slavonia
in respect to its level in the Ottoman period, and there were also significant changes in the eth¬
nic structure. From areas liberated from the Turks, the Moslem and in part Eastern Orthodox population
moved to Bosnia, and their place was later taken by the Croatian Catholic population from Bosnia, and
partly by Eastern Orthodox groups from Bosnia and Serbia. More extensive and significant migration
movements in East Croatia occurred during and after the Austro-Turkish War
(1736-1739),
when Croats
and Serbs arrived from areas were returned to the Ottoman Empire (Bosnian
Posavina
and North Serbia).
Immediately after the expulsion of the Turks, the first German families resettled in
Osijek,
and afterwards
in other places in
Slavonia
and
Baranja.
The immigration of Central European peoples to East Croatia con¬
tinued with variable intensity throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, within the framework of the
Habsburg
Monarchy s policy of resettling newly acquired border areas.
To briefly summarize several centuries of migration in
Slavonia,
we could conclude that, as opposed
to the mostly forced migration of Croats and Serbs (the result of war circumstances), the immigration of
Germans (and simultaneously of members of other Central European peoples) was organized as a part of
the wider colonization scheme for the
Danubian
lands. Austrian authorities implemented German coloni¬
zation for economic, religious, but also for national interests, and this lasted until the end of the 19th cen¬
tury. German colonization finally led to the formation of the fourth largest ethnic community in
Slavonia,
after the Croat, Serb and Hungarian communities. Furthermore, in various periods of the 18th and 19th
century other peoples also settled in the region of
Slavonia:
Czechs and Italians in West
Slavonia, Ruthe-
nians/Ukrainians around
Vukovar,
Slovaks in
Našice, Ilok
and in the vicinity of these towns, Jews in ur¬
ban centres, etc. Forced, later planned and finally economic migration during several centuries, formed
the basis of the ethnic diversity of the region, which did not change significantly until after World War I,
when new and more extensive population movements took place.
At the beginning of the 20th century roughly one half of the population of today s Slavonian counties
was made up of Croats, followed in number by Serbs, Germans and Hungarians, along with other ethnic
groups that lived mainly in delimited locations, and mostly in rural areas. Right until World War I more
and more Hungarians settled in
Slavonia,
and their share in the overall population increased noticeably.
The reasons for this immigration to
Slavonia,
mainly of Hungarians, followed by Germans and other peo¬
ples, apart from its dominant economic motives (cheaper agricultural land, employment in the railway
and other civil services) can partly be sought in the long-term goals of Hungarian politicians towards
202
________________________________________________________________________
Summary
Croatia, in respect to changing the ethnic and social structure of the overall population of
Slavonia.
In ad¬
dition to the Hungarians, immigration (or in-migration) to
Slavonia
also included Croats from agricultur¬
ally over-populated and impoverished regions of Croatian
Zagorje, Gorski Kotar
and
Lika,
people from
Galicia
who settled in the vicinity of
Slavonski Brod,
and in different numerical proportions other peoples
from within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Simultaneously, as part of the general migratory outflow
from
Slavonia
to overseas countries, and slightly to the rest of Europe, members of all ethnic groups emi¬
grated practically in equal measure, in proportion to their shares in the overall population. Therefore we
can conclude that economic factors were crucial in population movements of that time.
Although epidemics and World War I led to strong structural disorders in the population, we can as¬
sume that these adverse factors equally affected natural change in all ethnic groups in
Slavonia.
However,
they also induced population movements in which populations from other parts of Croatia and from Bos¬
nia and Herzegovina (mostly ethnic Croats) migrated to
Slavonia,
seeking refuge during the war years in
periods of food shortage and general material insecurity. After World War I, because of the resulting polit¬
ical-territorial and social changes, members of various peoples (Germans, Hungarians, Czechs and others)
moved with their families to their parent countries. These emigrants were mainly people who had settled
in
Slavonia
in previous periods as officials of the state administrative apparatus, or as businessmen and
professionals. The rural population emigrated less, since it was economically dependant on the land and
more firmly tied to its environment, as opposed to individuals in the civil services, who were more mobile.
A numerically smaller inflow of Slavic groups, for the most part Serbs from Hungary, entered and settled
in
Baranja.
These migration movements influenced the shares of individual ethnic groups in the overall
population of the observed area. Census data indicated a considerable reduction of Hungarians and part¬
ly of Germans, and an increase in the Croat and Serb population. The migration of groups from agricul¬
turally over-populated and impoverished regions of Croatia to
Slavonia
continued almost constantly, only
with slight interruptions due to the war. Organized settlement was also maintained by the new state (i.e.
the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), through implementation of a land reform and through colo¬
nization. Implementation of the land reform was an unavoidable necessity, owing to social and economic
changes that had occurred during the transition from the 19th to the 20th century. Landlessness was de¬
termined by conditions such as an increase in the population density of rural areas, the collapse of domes¬
tic cooperatives and the fragmentation of peasant properties. During the colonization process, ethnicity
.« ;
was especially taken into consideration; the peasantry in
Slavonia
was mostly Croat and in part ethnically ¿»
■„
Serb, Hungarian and German, yet the voluntary immigrant element was mainly Serb. In an ethnically mixed
3
country such as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, colonization became an instrument used for
1
particular ethnic interests, at the expense of other ethnic territories. Post-WWI population movements left
considerable effects both on the sending and receiving areas of settlement, and on their populations.
Im- ;. :
plementation of colonization in the interwar years changed the structure of land ownership, but
alsoth¿0
*
ethnic structure of Slavonia s population. In certain administrative territorial units, the land reform and t·;.--
colonization, depending on the amount of available arable land, more or less induced shifts in the relative^
¡
shares of particular ethnic groups in the total population. Of course, one should also not neglect the po:
liticai
goals of colonization, since a considerable part of the voluntary colonists was settled in border zones p
*
of the country.
...аКГ 1|%.
Various associations and individuals also initiated private colonization (i.e. colonization outside the
·?
framework of the land reform), which was conducted alongside state colonization.
¡
,<*;
ŕ
=,
¿:
Croat migration flows, in this period as well, originated in the traditional emigration areas of Croatian
■
Zagorje, Lika, Gorski Kotar, Dalmatinska zagora,
whereas Serb voluntary colonist families arrived mostly^
from regions south of the
Sava
and Danube
(Kordun, Banat, Lika,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to a less-
;
í
er
degree from Montenegro and Serbia). Colonization (through the land reform, and private) led to a con-
f
=
siderable increase in the number of Croats and Serbs, although with a different territorial
distributiorCde-
#
203
Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću
pending
on the availability of arable lands (nationalized by the state, or privately purchased) in individu¬
al areas of
Slavonia.
Thus, for example, a large number of Serb voluntary colonist families was settled in
the area of
Vukovar,
but a negligible number of other agrarian colonists, which resulted in a greater in¬
crease in the number of Serbs, and a decrease or stagnation in the number of Croats, Hungarians and Ger¬
mans. Private colonies in areas where they were established, had an equivalent influence on the increase
in the number of Croats. Shifts in the number of Hungarians, and partly of Germans, were still influenced
by emigration to their parent countries, but also by assimilation, which in some areas was confirmed among
the Germans.
The urban population also experienced accelerated growth, due to increased rural-urban migration.
The interwar period was marked by a more intense circulation of workers-peasants, on a daily, weekly or
seasonal basis, and finally by the transformation of a part of these migrants into permanent town residents.
Relocation of the population from rural areas to towns not only affected the overall population growth of
towns and cities, but also brought about changes in their ethnic structure. Urban
атеаѕ
attracted popula¬
tion from surrounding rural localities, but likewise from further areas, which were mostly ethnically Croat,
partly Serb, and in East
Slavonia
also Hungarian and German. Here one must also note that the new state
needed administrative personnel, and such posts were filled mainly by Croats and Serbs. These physical
population movements (apart from their effects on natural population change) resulted in changes in the
relative proportions of individual ethnic groups in the overall population. At the beginning of the 20th
century Croats made up only slightly more than a half
(51.1 %)
of the population of Slavonian counties,
whereas by
1931
their share had increased to about
55%
of the total population of the examined area.
There was a similar overall population change among the Serbs, whose share in the Slavonia s population
increased from
18.1 %
to
22.0 %
by the year
1931.
On the other hand, the proportion of Germans and
Hungarians in this period continued its post-WWI decline, so that by
1931.
Germans represented
11.0 %
of the population of Slavonian counties, and Hungarians
6.7 %
(at the beginning of the century Germans
made up
14.6 %
and Hungarians
11.0 %
of the overall population of
Slavonia).
During World War II, shortly after the establishment of the wartime Independent State of Croatia
(NDH), the authorities of this state initiated an ethnically exclusive colonization programme, for the pur¬
pose of annulling the results of Serb voluntary colonization from the period of the Kingdom of Yugosla¬
via (and also taking into consideration essential socio-economic goals). The revision of property relations
(confiscation) was for the most part conducted on the basis of ethnic criteria. In urban centres it was di¬
rected against members of the Jewish community, and in rural areas against the Serb population. At the
same time, even during the war, the German population began to migrate in greater numbers to Germany
(we must consider here also the territory of present-day Austria as part of the wartime German state). Em¬
igration to Germany was additionally driven by the military collapse of the Third Reich and the stance of
the new Yugoslav authorities after WWII towards the German community. At the end of the war Hungar¬
ians emigrated as well, most of all because of pressures of mobilization into the Yugoslav Partisans, due
to the confiscation of property, and also owing to repressive measures and even murders. Other ethnic
groups, to a lesser degree, similarly moved towards their ethnic homelands. Later, just before the
1948
census, a planned (organized) relocation of population from rural over-populated and impoverished re¬
gions of Croatia was carried out
-
a process which was relatively well statistically documented. Since
Sla¬
vonia
was territorially a part of Croatia, and in view of the internal character of settlement, colonization in
the post-war period had a predominant Croat ethnic designation. Specifically, Croatian
Zagorje
and
Dal¬
maţia,
which did not have sufficient land resources, and which had the highest levels of rural poverty, rep¬
resented traditional sending areas for the settlement of
Slavonia.
Smaller areas in
Baranja
and in the sur¬
roundings of
Vukovar,
which were set aside for federal colonization (colonization also from other parts of
country), did not significantly influence the overall ethnic character of this colonization.
204
Summary
The phenomena mentioned resulted in a significant numerical increase of the majority people (i.e.
Croats), and in a decrease, or practical disappearance, of certain minorities. After this colonization, Croats
made up
70%
of the population of the Slavonian counties; Serbs accounted for a fifth part of the popula¬
tion, Hungarians only for
5%,
and Germans and Jews had practically disappeared.
The post-war period was marked by rapid industrialization and intensified migration of the rural pop¬
ulation to towns and cities. Social insecurity, the state agricultural policy in the post-war period, transpor¬
tation isolation of a relatively large part of the rural area, a lack of public infrastructure and cultural offer¬
ings, together with the inferior status of the peasantry, had extremely negative effects, and acted as push
factors in out-migration from the villages. A large inflow of population of childbearing age within and out¬
side of the colonization framework resulted in an increase of the birth-rate and of the total population in
the Slavonian counties. Up until the end of the 1960 s the share of Croats in the total population of exam¬
ined region slightly increased. Yet by the time of the
1971
census the period of intense population growth Ji
in the Slavonian counties ended (in the
Virovi
tica-Podra vina
country it ended already in the period
1953-
1961).
The process of agricultural abandonment and rural emigration resulted in growing unemployment
and in an outflow of the population in two directions. The first direction involved European and overseas
emigration, the second marked migration to the major cities
(Osijek,
Zagreb and cities in the rest of Yugo¬
slavia). The decrease in the size and proportion of the rural population, as a result of the transfer from ag¬
ricultural to non-agricultural activities, in conjunction with permanent settlement in the cities, was also
accompanied by an outflow of the young population abroad. It is important to note that Croats participat¬
ed in external migration disproportionally to their share in the overall population (Croats made up
87%
of all external migrants in relation to a share of
79.4 %
in the population of the Federal Republic of Croatia
in
1971).
Transborder
rural-urban migration between the Yugoslav republics, besides contributing to the
*
disproportional
growth of city populations, had an influence on the change of the ethnic structure in the
immigration area. Migration between republics, as a rule, with some exceptions, was directed to the home
republics of individual peoples. The most important post-war change in the ethnic structure of the Slavo¬
nian counties occurred in the inter-census period
1971-1981.
This was not due to physical population
л
movements, which were most often the cause of changes in the previous decades, but rather was the
re- i
suit of encouraged political and social values of Yugoslav society. Specifically, the category of Yugoslavs ^
increased notably in the
1981
census (to
11.4 %
of the total population), since this identity was socially] *
acceptably. The Yugoslav category included persons who could not clearly determine their national
iden-
;
¿
tity (children of mixed marriages), and people with other motives (individuals seeing such an
identifica-f
tion
as a form of patriotism, as a vehicle for social promotion, and similar). Generations born in the dec¬
ades after World War II were mostly bearers of a spiritual heritage articulated through identification with
ţ.
Socialist Yugoslavia. Citizens who declared themselves as belonging to this category lived for the most part
■
in ethnically mixed areas in East
Slavonia,
and mainly in larger towns. Political changes during the 1980 s, ;
together with the strengthening of nationalism, nationalistic rhetoric and ethnopolitical mobilization in^
the second half of same decade, would dissipate the number of Yugoslavs , and motivate their gradual
self-identification towards some ethnic origin.
¿ђ
In the first half of the 1990 s
Slavonia
was increasingly affected by conflicts. The consequences of po-
;
liticai
and armed conflicts were most evident in the alteration of the national/ethnic structure of the pop-
>
ulation, and in the collapse of existing social networks in ethnically (nationally) heterogeneous commu-
:;
nities. !
The following demographic consequences of the Croatian War of Independence in
Slavonia
(in regard
;; -■
to overall population changes and to shifts in the population structure) are most apparent:
■
-
a significant depopulation of most cities and municipalities,
J
-
a change in the ethnic/national structure, yt
;
-
an absolute and relative decrease of the Serb population,
T
;
205
Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću
-
an absolute and the relative decrease of other minority populations,
-
a relative and absolute increase in the proportion and number of Croats,
-
ageing of the entire population of
Slavonia,
-
more intense ageing of populations in which Serbs, before the War of Independence, constituted a
relative and absolute majority in the ethnic/national structure.
The ethnic/national structure changed primarily as a result of the military-police actions of
1995,
when
the majority of the Serb population departed from West
Slavonia
in forced migration flows. In East
Slavo¬
nia
and
Baranja
such
a reintegration
option did not present itself, but the number of Serbs nevertheless
decreased also in this area. It is to be noted that in the period of occupation a large number of ethnic Croats
left areas of the so-called SAO
Krajina ,
and many did not return after the liberation. Thus, in addition to
the reduction in the Serb population, there was a decrease in the indigenous Croat population, which was
partly compensated for by Croat refugee groups arriving from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, apart
from this redistribution, a smaller number of Serbs, who had abandoned West
Slavonia
after the military-
police operation, arrived in East
Slavonia
and
Baranja.
Without additional analysis based on multiple criteria, it is difficult to answer why there was also a sig¬
nificant decrease in the number of members of other national minorities. Yet it is certain that a part of the
nationally undeclared population, a part of the the Yugoslav population, and children from mixed mar¬
riages one of whose parent was a Croat, declared Croat nationality after the war in the
2001
census.
The most elderly generations are far more represented in the returnee contingent. Younger generations
who were refugees for a long period of time during which they adapted to their places of refuge, partially
by gaining employment and establishing marriage ties, were less likely to return. Some (Serbs), due to fear
of legal sanctions, did not wish to return. Therefore, the age pyramid has been turned upside down, and
it is no longer possible to speak of an age structure that is reminiscent of this geometrically form. In such
a situation, if returnee flows or in-migration does not increase, it will be difficult to maintain biological re¬
production, and these populations will be destined for the most extreme forms of reduction
(i.e.
depopu¬
lation), along with the possible extinction of certain settlements.
206
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lajić, Ivan Bara, Mario |
| author_facet | Lajić, Ivan Bara, Mario |
| author_role | aut aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039520924 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)750783000 (DE-599)BVBBV039520924 |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Slawonien (DE-588)4055289-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slawonien |
| id | DE-604.BV039520924 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:05:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789536028245 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024373415 |
| oclc_num | 750783000 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 212 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Inst. za Migracije i Narodnosti |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lajić, Ivan Verfasser aut Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću Ivan Lajić ; Mario Bara Zagreb Inst. za Migracije i Narodnosti 2009 212 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd rswk-swf Bevölkerungsstruktur (DE-588)4246600-3 gnd rswk-swf Slawonien (DE-588)4055289-5 gnd rswk-swf Slawonien (DE-588)4055289-5 g Bevölkerungsstruktur (DE-588)4246600-3 s Geschichte 1900-2000 z DE-604 Bara, Mario Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024373415&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024373415&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Lajić, Ivan Bara, Mario Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću Bevölkerungsstruktur (DE-588)4246600-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4246600-3 (DE-588)4055289-5 |
| title | Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću |
| title_auth | Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću |
| title_exact_search | Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću |
| title_full | Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću Ivan Lajić ; Mario Bara |
| title_fullStr | Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću Ivan Lajić ; Mario Bara |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću Ivan Lajić ; Mario Bara |
| title_short | Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću |
| title_sort | ratovi kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura slavonije u dvadesetom stoljecu |
| topic | Bevölkerungsstruktur (DE-588)4246600-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bevölkerungsstruktur Slawonien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024373415&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024373415&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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