The law of passing-off: unfair competition by misrepresentation
Gespeichert in:
| Vorheriger Titel: | The law of passing-off |
|---|---|
| 1. Verfasser: | |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Sweet & Maxwell
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Intellectual property library
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LXXXV, 952 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780414042322 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The law of passing-off |b unfair competition by misrepresentation |c by Christopher Wadlow |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE V
DEDICATION XXV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXVII
PLAN OF THE BOOK XXIX
TABLE OF CASES XXXVII
TABLE OF STATUTES LXXIX
TABLE OF SUPREME COURT RULES AND CIVIL PROCEDURE RULES LXXXI TABLE OF
EUROPEAN LEGISLATION, TREATIES, REGULATIONS AND DIRECTIVES LXXXIII
PARA.
CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION
A. UNFAIR COMPETITION BY MISREPRESENTATION AND OTHERWISE THE NAME AND
NATURE OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 1-001
THE ENGLISH RESPONSE TO PROBLEMS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 1-006
UNFAIR COMPETITION IN AUSTRALIAN LAW 1-010
B. THE CLASSICAL TRINITY OF PASSING-OFF UNFAIR COMPETITION BY OTHER
MEANS, THE ECONOMIC TORTS 1-013 GOODWILL, DAMAGE AND MISREPRESENTATION
1-014
LORD DIPLOCK IN ADVOCAAT AND LORD PARKER IN SPALDING V GAMAGE 1-017 AN
ALTERNATIVE TRINITY. LORD OLIVER IN JIF LEMON 1-022
THE CLASSICAL TRINITY ABROAD 1-024
THE RESPECTIVE VALUES OF JIF AND ADVOCAAT 1-026
THE TERMINOLOGY OF PASSING-OFF 1-029
C. INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD MISREPRESENTATION, DAMAGE AND MALICE 1-031
MALICE AND THE TERMINOLOGY OF INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 1-033
VN
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CONTENTS
D. HISTORY INTRODUCTION 1-035
ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT 1-038
RECOGNITION OF PASSING-OFF IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY 1-041 THE MID-19TH
CENTURY 1-044
PASSING-OFF IN LAW AND EQUITY BEFORE THE JUDICATURE ACT 1-045 THE
ABOLITION OF COMMON LAW TRADE MARK INFRINGEMENT 1-049 REDDAWAY V BANHAM
AND THE LATE 19TH CENTURY 1-051
SPALDING V GAMAGE AND THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY 1-053
INDIRECT INFLUENCES ON PASSING-OFF: A RETROSPECTIVE RESUME 1-055 THE
DRINKS CASES AND ADVOCAAT 1-057
INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 1-058
CHAPTER 2-UNFAIR COMPETITION IN EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
A. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF CHAPTER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW; SUBSTANTIVE
AND ADJECTIVAL LAW 2-001 ENGLISH LAW AND THE INTERNATIONAL NORM OF FAIR
COMPETITION 2-003 UK COMPLIANCE (OR NOT) WITH ART.LOBIS 2-005
FACTORS FOR CHANGE 2-007
B. UNFAIR COMPETITION AND THE PARIS CONVENTION THE PARIS CONVENTION:
RELEVANT PROVISIONS 2-009
NO DIRECT EFFECT IN ENGLISH LAW 2-010
THE BENEFICIARIES OF ART.LOBIS 2-011
THE PRINCIPLE OF NATIONAL TREATMENT 2-012
ARTICLES LOBIS AND LOTER 2-014
THE LANGUAGE OF ART.LOBIS: UNFAIR COMPETITION AND CONCURRENCE DE
LOYALE 2-016
INTERPRETING ART.LOBIS 2-018
THE PURPOSE(S) OF ART. 1 OBIS 2-019
THE STRUCTURE OF ART.LOBIS: GENERAL PART AND SPECIFIC INSTANCES 2-021
EFFECTIVE PROTECTION AND THE REPRESSION OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 2-022
ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS OF ART.LOBIS: COMPETITION 2-023
FAIRNESS AND HONEST PRACTICES 2-025
THE DEFENDANT S STATE OF MIND 2-028
THE GENERAL CLAUSE OF ART. LOBIS 2-030
C. THE HISTORY OF ART.LOBIS THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE UK TO ART.LOBIS
2-032
THE SUCCESSIVE TEXTS OF ART.LOBIS 2-035
PRELUDE TO 1925: THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES 2-040
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: 1921-1925 2-043
THE 1925 HAGUE CONFERENCE: THE PROGRAMME AND NATIONAL PROPOSALS 2-048
THE 1925 HAGUE CONFERENCE: THE DISCUSSIONS AND OUTCOME 2-051 THE 1934
LONDON CONFERENCE 2-053
THE 1958 LISBON CONFERENCE: ART.L0BIS(3)(3) AND MISDESCRIPTION 2-056
VIII
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CONTENTS
WELL-KNOWN MARKS, DILUTION, AND RELATED PROPOSALS AT THE LISBON
CONFERENCE 2-057
D. UNFAIR COMPETITION AND TRIPS TRIPS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION 2-060
TRIPS AND ART.LOBIS OF THE PARIS CONVENTION 2-061
TRIPS AND ADJECTIVAL LAW IN UNFAIR COMPETITION CASES 2-063 THE HAVANA
CLUB CASE 2-066
HOW DOES HAVANA CLUB APPLY TO ART.LOBIS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION? 2-069
WHAT IF HAVANA CLUB APPLIES? 2-071
HAVANA CLUB CRITICISED 2-072
E. THE UNFAIR COMMERCIAL PRACTICES DIRECTIVE THE DIRECTIVE AND ITS SCOPE
2-073
THE DIRECTIVE AND LIABILITY FOR PASSING OFF 2-075
CHAPTER 3-GOODWILL
A. THE IMPORTANCE OF GOODWILL DAMAGE TO GOODWILL THE BASIS OF THE ACTION
FOR PASSING-OFF 3-001 EXPLANATION AND DEFINITIONS OF GOODWILL 3-002
DISTINCTION BETWEEN GOODWILL AND RIGHTS IN NAMES OR TRADE MARKS 3-004
DISTINCTION BETWEEN GOODWILL AND REPUTATION 3-007
THE INTEREST PROTECTED AFTER HARRODS 3-008
WHETHER GOODWILL MAY EXIST WITHOUT BUSINESS 3-010
GOODWILL ITSELF AS THE RIGHT PROTECTED 3-011
BUSINESS WITH LITTLE OR NO GOODWILL 3-012
AN ANOMALY WHEN PASSING-OFF OCCURS ABROAD 3-015
DISTINCTION BETWEEN PERSONAL AND LOCAL GOODWILL 3-016 WHEN GOODWILL
HAS TO BE CONSIDERED 3-017
THE INTEREST PROTECTED BY THE ACTION FOR INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 3-018
B. THE MEANING OF BUSINESS AND TRADER THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE 3-019
THE BOUNDARIES OF TRADING ACTIVITY 3-021
PUBLIC BODIES 3-023
CLUBS 3-025
PERSONALITIES: ENTERTAINERS, SPORTSMEN, ETC. 3-028
PERSONAL AND FAMILY MATTERS 3-029
C. TRADE AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS TRADE AND PROFESSIONAL
ASSOCIATIONS: INTRODUCTION 3-031
EXAMPLES 3-033
THE PROBLEM OF LOCUS STANDI 3-035
CAPACITY TO SUE IN CHOCOSUISSE V CADBURY 3-039
GOODWILL AND LOCUS STANDI FOR ASSOCIATIONS AFTER CHOCOSUISSE 3-041 TRADE
AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS: MISREPRESENTATION 3-044
IX
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CONTENTS
TRADE AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS: DAMAGE 3-046
UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 3-049
D. OTHER NON-TRADING ORGANISATIONS INTRODUCTION: CHARITIES 3-051
ACTIONS BY CHARITIES AGAINST ONE ANOTHER 3-052
FRAUDULENT OR SHAM CHARITIES 3-055
ACTIONS BY CHARITIES AGAINST NON-CHARITIES 3-056
CHURCHES 3-057
POLITICAL PARTIES; INTEREST AND PRESSURE GROUPS 3-058
THE LIMITS OF PROTECTION FOR NON-TRADERS 3-061
E. CREATION OF GOODWILL IS ACTUAL TRADING NECESSARY? 3-063
THE 19TH CENTURY: MAXWELL V HOGG 3-066
TRADE PRECEDED BY ADVERTISING 3-068
EXAMPLES 3-071
MERE PREPARATIONS FOR TRADING 3-074
TRADING WITH OTHER TRADERS; GOODWILL AS A PURCHASER 3-076
F. TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF GOODWILL THE PROBLEM AND NATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN
APPROACH TO IT 3-078
GOODWILL AND NATIONAL BOUNDARIES 3-079
THE EXISTENCE OF RELEVANT GOODWILL IN ENGLAND 3-080
THE CLAIMANT REPRESENTED IN OR EXPORTING TO ENGLAND 3-084
FOREIGN CLAIMANTS WITH IDENTIFIABLE CUSTOMERS IN ENGLAND 3-086
BORDERLINE CASES: TO INFER GOODWILL OR NOT? 3-089
FOREIGN CLAIMANTS WITH ONLY REPUTATION IN ENGLAND 3-092
SERVICE BUSINESSES: INTRODUCTION 3-094
SERVICE BUSINESSES: HOTEL CIPRIANI 3-097
SERVICE BUSINESSES: UNRESOLVED ISSUES 3-100
EXAMPLES 3-103
FOREIGN DEFENDANTS WITH GOODWILL 3-104
BUSINESSES HAVING GOODWILL AS PURCHASERS 3-105
REGIONAL GOODWILL 3-106
G. FOREIGN CLAIMANTS: AN INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW AUSTRALIA 3-109
THE AUSTRALIA-NEW ZEALAND RELATIONSHIP 3-114
CANADA 3-115
HONG KONG 3-117
INDIA 3-118
IRELAND 3-119
JAMAICA 3-121
MALAYSIA 3-122
NEW ZEALAND 3-123
SINGAPORE 3-125
SOUTH AFRICA 3-128
UK 3-130
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS
H. OWNERSHIP OF GOODWILL PROBLEM AND PRINCIPLE STATED 3-132
INITIAL OR PRIMA FACIE OWNERSHIP 3-135
CONTRACTS AS TO PROSPECTIVE OWNERSHIP OF GOODWILL 3-139 SCANDECOR 3-141
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE OLDER DECIDED CASES 3-145
I. OWNERSHIP IN COMMON SITUATIONS LICENSOR AND LICENSEE: TRADE MARKS
3-147
LICENSOR AND LICENSEE: TECHNOLOGY 3-149
FOREIGN BUSINESSES AND THEIR REPRESENTATIVES 3-150
EXAMPLES 3-153
GOODWILL OWNED BY REPRESENTATIVE OF FOREIGN BUSINESS 3-156
MANUFACTURERS, IMPORTERS, DEALERS AND RETAILERS 3-160
MANUFACTURER TO RETAILER: EXAMPLES 3-164
PARENT AND SUBSIDIARY; CORPORATE GROUPS 3-166
RIGHTS OF PARENT AND SUBSIDIARY INTER SE 3-168
MULTINATIONAL GROUPS AND PARALLEL IMPORTS 3-171
FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIPS 3-173
EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE 3-175
SUB-CONTRACTORS AND CONSULTANTS 3-178
WRITERS AND PUBLISHERS; ARTISTS AND IMPRESARIOS 3-181
PARTNERSHIP AND JOINT VENTURES 3-184
JOINT OWNERSHIP IN INFORMAL PARTNERSHIP SITUATIONS; UNINCORPORATED
TRADING ASSOCIATIONS 3-187
THE DRINKS CASES AND ACTIONABLE MISDESCRIPTIONS 3-190
J. DEALINGS WITH GOODWILL TRANSMISSIBILITY OF GOODWILL 3-192
ASSIGNMENTS IN GROSS 3-194
SEVERANCE OF GOODWILL 3-196
EFFECT OF ASSIGNMENT 3-198
COMPETITION AND SOLICITATION OF OLD CUSTOMERS 3-202
OTHER RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS UNDER ASSIGNMENTS 3-205
ASSIGNMENT OF BUSINESS PREMISES 3-206
MORTGAGES 3-209
LICENCES 3-210
NATIONALISATION AND EXPROPRIATION 3-213
INSOLVENCY 3-215
DE FACTO ASSUMPTION: ADVERSE POSSESSION 3-217
INEFFECTIVE OR COLOURABLE TRANSACTIONS 3-219
K. EXTINCTION AND REVIVAL OF GOODWILL GOODWILL MAY SURVIVE CESSATION OF
BUSINESS 3-220
EXAMPLES 3-223
BUT GOODWILL CANNOT SURVIVE LOSS OF DISTINCTIVENESS 3-227 ABANDONED
GOODWILL CANNOT BE REVIVED 3-230
XI
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CONTENTS
L. REMEDIES FOR NON-TRADERS INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 3-231
EXPOSURE TO LIABILITY: ROUTH V WEBSTER 3-232
RESTITUTION 3-235
CHAPTER 4-DAMAGE
A. THE IMPORTANCE OF DAMAGE IN PASSING-OFF THE PRINCIPLE STATED 4-001
THE TWO KINDS OF DAMAGE TO GOODWILL 4-003
HISTORY: AN ACTION ON THE CASE 4-004
DAMAGE AS THE ACID TEST FOR PASSING-OFF 4-005
DAMAGE ASSUMED 4-007
DAMAGE AND QUIA TIMET ACTIONS 4-009
B. THE REQUIREMENT TO PROVE DAMAGE IN PRACTICE WHAT THE CLAIMANT HAS TO
PROVE 4-011
CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH DAMAGE MAY BE ASSUMED 4-013
CONFUSION, DECEPTION AND DAMAGE 4-015
THE RELEVANCE OF ACTUAL CONFUSION 4-017
DAMAGE AND INSTRUMENTS OF DECEPTION 4-019
FRAUD 4-020
DAMAGE IN THE HARRODS CASE 4-021
A RULE OF REASON 4-024
RECOGNISED, EMERGENT AND PARASITIC HEADS OF DAMAGE 4-025
C. HEADS OF DAMAGE IN PASSING-OFF DIRECT LOSS OF SALES 4-026
INFERIORITY OF DEFENDANT S GOODS OR SERVICES 4-028
INJURIOUS ASSOCIATION WITH THE CLAIMANT 4-030
EXAMPLES 4-032
EXPOSURE TO LIABILITY OR RISK OF LITIGATION 4-033
DAMAGE TO REPUTATION WITHIN THE TRADE 4-035
CONFUSION PER SE 4-037
LICENSING OPPORTUNITY OR INCOME 4-039
REPUTATION IN DEFENDANT S HANDS 4-041
RESTRICTION ON EXPANSION; LOSS OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY 4-043 LOSS OF
EXCLUSIVITY; EROSION OR SWAMPING OF DISTINCTIVENESS 4-046 DILUTION:
DAMAGE WITHOUT CONFUSION 4-048
DILUTION COMPARED TO DESCENT TO GENERIC STATUS 4-050
D. DAMAGE IN INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD THE PRINCIPLE STATED 4-051
THE DEFAMATION ACT 1952 4-053
XN
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 5-THE MISREPRESENTATION IN PASSING-OFF
A. THE ESSENTIAL MISREPRESENTATION MISREPRESENTATION: THE BASIS OF THE
ACTION 5-001
NO MONOPOLY OR PROPERTY IN NAME, MARK OR GET-UP 5-003
EXAMPLES OF ACTIONABLE MISREPRESENTATIONS 5-006
MISREPRESENTATIONS NOT ACTIONABLE AS PASSING-OFF 5-008
SOME DISCARDED MISCONCEPTIONS 5-009
B. WHAT MAKES A REPRESENTATION FALSE? OBJECTIVE TRUTH AS THE STANDARD
5-010
STRICT TRUTH NOT A DEFENCE IF MISLEADING 5-011
MISREPRESENTATIONS WHICH DECEIVE NO ONE 5-012
ADVOCAAT CASES AND ACTIONABLE MISDESCRIPTIONS 5-014
STANDARDS OF TRUTH AND PLAUSIBILITY IN OTHER CONTEXTS 5-017
C. THE MATERIALITY OF THE MISREPRESENTATION THE MISREPRESENTATION MUST
BE MATERIAL 5-019
IRRELEVANT AND SELF-INDUCED ASSUMPTIONS 5-020
RELATIONSHIP OF THE MISREPRESENTATION TO LOCUS STANDI TO SUE 5-021
EFFECT OF FORMER MONOPOLY 5-023
KNOWING EXPLOITATION OF ERRONEOUS BELIEF OR ASSUMPTION 5-026 BACKGROUND
CONFUSION 5-027
D. USE OF NAME OR MARK WITHOUT MISREPRESENTATION INTRODUCTION: WHEN MAY
USE BE LEGITIMATE? 5-029
ACCESSORIES, CONSUMABLES, SPARE PARTS, ETC. 5-030
LEGITIMATE COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 5-033
EXAMPLES 5-035
BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CLAIMANT 5-036
EXAMPLES 5-037
SATIRE AND PARODY 5-040
DISCLAIMERS AND DISTINGUISHING MATTER 5-043
DISCLAIMERS: EXAMPLES 5-045
LABELS ON VISIBLY SIMILAR GOODS 5-049
E. THE DEFENDANT NEED NOT ACT FRAUDULENTLY HISTORY: LAW AND EQUITY 5-050
MENTAL ELEMENT IRRELEVANT TO CAUSE OF ACTION 5-051
FRAUD AND INSTRUMENTS OF DECEPTION 5-053
THE CONTINUING INFLUENCE OF FRAUD 5-055
F. EFFECT OF FRAUD WHERE SHOWN EVIDENTIAL VALUE OF FRAUD 5-057
WHAT MUST BE SHOWN 5-060
THE BADGES OF FRAUD 5-065
THE STANDARD OF PROOF IN CASES WHERE FRAUD IS ALLEGED 5-067
LIVING DANGEROUSLY 5-069
FRAUD AND TWO DEFENCES 5-073
XIII
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CONTENTS
G. THE TRADING STATUS OF THE DEFENDANT THE DEFENDANT MUST BE A TRADER
5-074
TRADER MAY NOT MEAN THE SAME FOR BOTH PARTIES 5-075
FRAUDULENT NON-TRADERS 5-078
CONDUCT OUTSIDE ANY EXISTING TRADE 5-079
SHELL AND DORMANT COMPANIES: INTRODUCTION 5-080
THE COMPANIES ACTS 5-081
SHELL AND DORMANT COMPANIES: PANHARD AND SUHNER 5-087 SHELL AND DORMANT
COMPANIES: AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 5-091 SHELL AND DORMANT COMPANIES:
RECENT EXAMPLES 5-093
DORMANT COMPANY NAMES: ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS 5-097 ONE OR BOTH
PARTIES AT MARGIN OF TRADING ACTIVITY 5-102
PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS AS DEFENDANTS 5-105
H. THE DEFENDANT NEED NOT COMPETE WITH THE CLAIMANT COMMON FIELD OF
ACTIVITY UNNECESSARY . .. 5-107
. . . BUT COMMON FIELD MAY BE RELEVANT 5-110
ILLUSTRATIONS OF DEGREE-CLAIMANT SUCCESSFUL 5-113
DEFENDANT SUCCESSFUL 5-119
I. TO WHOM MAY THE MISREPRESENTATION BE MADE? PROSPECTIVE CUSTOMERS AND
ULTIMATE CONSUMERS 5-124
CUSTOMERS WHO DO NOT PAY FOR GOODS OR SERVICES 5-127
SUPPLIERS AND THE WORLD AT LARGE 5-131
MISCELLANEOUS CASES 5-132
MISREPRESENTATIONS MADE OVER THE INTERNET 5-133
J. WHO IS LIABLE FOR PASSING-OFF? PRIMARY LIABILITY AND INSTRUMENTS OF
DECEPTION 5-134
LIABILITY AS JOINT TORTFEASOR 5-135
INDIVIDUAL DEFENDANTS: DIRECTORS, OFFICERS AND PROPRIETORS 5-136
K. INSTRUMENTS OF DECEPTION INTRODUCTION 5-140
THE THEORY AND ITS APPLICABILITY 5-142
GOODS INHERENTLY DECEPTIVE 5-144
GOODS POTENTIALLY DECEPTIVE 5-147
EXAMPLES 5-150
EXPORTS OF DECEPTIVE GOODS 5-152
INCAUTIOUS PRINTERS, SUPPLIERS AND AGENTS 5-155
PRINTERS, SUPPLIERS AND AGENTS (2) 5-157
INTANGIBLES AS INSTRUMENTS OF DECEPTION 5-161
INTERNET DOMAIN NAMES AND ONE IN A MILLION 5-164
THE PROBLEMS OF ONE IN A MILLION . .. 5-166
. . . AND THE INSTRUMENTS OF FRAUD APPROACH 5-169
CONCLUSION: WHAT ARE INSTRUMENTS OF DECEPTION ? 5-171
XIV
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CONTENTS
L. THE TIME FACTOR START OF CONDUCT COMPLAINED OF 5-175
OTHER RELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES 5-180
TRANSIENT MISREPRESENTATIONS AND INITIAL INTEREST CONFUSION 5-183
MISREPRESENTATIONS ARISING POST-SALE 5-187
CHAPTER 6-THE MISREPRESENTATION IN INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD
A. THE ESSENTIAL MISREPRESENTATION MISREPRESENTATION THE BASIS OF THE
ACTION 6-001
WHAT MAKES A REPRESENTATION ACTIONABLE AS INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD? 6-005
MUST THE MISREPRESENTATION BE DISPARAGING? 6-007
TO WHOM MAY THE MISREPRESENTATION BE MADE? 6-010
THE TRADING STATUS OF THE DEFENDANT AND THE RELEVANCE OF COMPETITION
6-011
TRUTH OF REPRESENTATION 6-013
B. THE MATERIALITY OF THE MISREPRESENTATION MATERIALITY, RELIANCE AND
DAMAGE 6-015
THE MISREPRESENTATION MUST BE OF AND CONCERNING THE CLAIMANT 6-016
IDENTIFYING THE CLAIMANT 6-018
WHETHER REPRESENTATION TO BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY 6-022
PUFFING IN THE 19TH CENTURY CASES 6-024
MERE PUFFING-CRITERIA FOR LIABILITY 6-026
C. MALICE, THE MENTAL ELEMENT MALICE AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT 6-029
WHAT IS MALICE? OLDER CASES 6-031
WHAT IS MALICE? SPRING V GUARDIAN ASSURANCE 6-033
APPLYING HORROCKS AND SPRING TO COMMERCIAL COMPETITION 6-035
D. MALICE AND COMPETITION INTRODUCTION 6-038
MALICE AND UNTRUTHFULNESS 6-042
EXAMPLES 6-045
MALICE AND MOTIVE 6-049
E. INTERPRETING THE REPRESENTATION; THE FORMER ONE MEANING RULE
ABOLISHED NO SINGLE MEANING RULE IN INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 6-051
AJINOMOTO SWEETENERS V ASDA 6-052
CHAPTER 7-ACTIONABLE MISREPRESENTATIONS
A. INTRODUCTION PASSING-OFF AND INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD COMPARED 7-001
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DISTINCTION 7-003
THE CONVERGENCE OF THE TWO DOCTRINES 7-006
XV
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CONTENTS
THE CASES 7-007
B. DECEPTION AS TO IDENTITY OR BUSINESS CONNECTION THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE
7-013
THE CONNECTION MUST BE A MATERIAL ONE . . . 7-018
. . . BUT NEED NOT BE SPECIFIC 7-019
THE SAME BUSINESS 7-022
CONTINUATION OF FORMER BUSINESS 7-025
MEMBER OF SAME GROUP 7-029
OTHER EXAMPLES: BRANCH, AGENCY, MERGER, ETC. 7-030
AUTHORISED DEALERSHIP: SERVICE AND SUPPORT 7-033
MEMBER OF ASSOCIATION 7-037
C. DECEPTION AS TO TRADE SOURCE OF GOODS THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE 7-038
DIRECT MISREPRESENTATION 7-040
USE OF CLAIMANT S CONTAINERS 7-041
CLAIMANT S GOODS AS TROJAN HORSE 7-042
D. SUBSTITUTION AND SWITCH SELLING THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE 7-045
EXAMPLES 7-047
CUSTOMER AWARE OF SUBSTITUTION 7-051
CUSTOMER S IMPLICIT CONSENT 7-053
CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE SALE 7-054
SWITCH SELLING 7-058
SWITCH SELLING: EXAMPLES 7-062
. GOODS ORIGINATING FROM THE CLAIMANT INTRODUCTION 7-066
GOODS NOT ENDORSED BY CLAIMANT 7-067
GOODS NOT INTENDED FOR IMMEDIATE RETAIL SALE 7-071
INCOMPLETE, REJECT OR SUPERSEDED GOODS 7-072
GOODS OF DIFFERENT QUALITY 7-074
QUALITY WITHOUT FIXED CATEGORIES; WORKS OF CREATIVE INDIVIDUALS 7-077
DETERIORATED GOODS 7-079
SECOND-HAND GOODS 7-080
ALTERED, REPAIRED OR MODIFIED GOODS 7-083
PARALLEL IMPORTS 7-085
IMPORTS NOT THE SAME AS GOODS FOR HOME MARKET 7-089
RE-PACKAGED OR RE-LABELLED GOODS 7-091
OBLITERATION OF CLAIMANT S IDENTITY ON PACKAGING 7-095
F. LICENSING AND FRANCHISING INTRODUCTION 7-097
LICENSING OF NAMES AND MARKS 7-099
PASSING-OFF BY ACTUAL OR FORMER LICENSEE 7-104
LICENCE TERMINATED: DAWNAY DAY V CANTOR FITZGERALD 7-105
XVI
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CONTENTS
FRANCHISING: INTRODUCTION 7-108
LOCUS STANDI OF FRANCHISOR 7-110
POSING AS FRANCHISEE AFTER TERMINATION 7-113
G. MERCHANDISING AND ENDORSEMENT INTRODUCTION: MERCHANDISING AND
ENDORSEMENT DISTINGUISHED 7-116 ENDORSEMENT: THE PRINCIPLE STATED 7-119
EARLY ENGLISH DECISIONS 7-121
ENDORSEMENT IN AUSTRALIAN LAW (1): HENDERSON AND HOGAN 7-124 AUSTRALIAN
LAW (2): WHETHER ENDORSEMENT TO BE PRESUMED 7-129 ENGLISH CASES BETWEEN
UNCLE MAC AND ELVIS PRESLEY 7-132 PERSONALITY MERCHANDISING: ELVIS
PRESLEY 7-135
ELVIS PRESLEY: NO GENERAL OR FREE-STANDING MERCHANDISING RIGHT 7-137
EDDIE IRVINE: ENDORSEMENT AS PASSING-OFF 7-140
ENDORSEMENT IN PRESENT DAY ENGLISH LAW 7-143
MERCHANDISING AND SPORTS: ARSENAL AND ENGLISH RUGBY 7-147 AMBUSH
MARKETING 7-151
RIGHTS OF PRIVACY AND PUBLICITY; INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 7-155
H. CHARACTER MERCHANDISING INTRODUCTION 7-157
MERCHANDISING IN AUSTRALIA 7-159
THE TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES CASE 7-161
IS THERE A MISREPRESENTATION 7-163
EXAMPLES 7-164
. . . AND IS IT A MATERIAL ONE? 7-166
MATERIALITY IN THE AUSTRALIAN CASES 7-168
FICTITIOUS CHARACTERS: CONCLUSIONS 7-169
I. DECEPTION AS TO ORIGIN OR NATURE INTRODUCTION 7-173
MISUSE OF GEOGRAPHIC TERM; THE DRINKS CASES 7-176
ACTIONABLE MISDESCRIPTIONS DEFINED IN ADVOCAAT 7-178
THE PRINCIPLE APPLIED: FURTHER GEOGRAPHICAL EXAMPLES 7-181 THE
ANTECEDENTS OF ADVOCAAT 7-183
OTHER PREDECESSORS OF THE DRINKS CASES 7-186
J. SPECIFIC PRODUCTS AND INDICATIONS INTRODUCTION 7-189
CHAMPAGNE 7-190
SHERRY 7-193
SCOTCH WHISKY 7-194
K. MISUSE OF NON-GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIVE OR GENERIC TERMS NON-GEOGRAPHIC
NAMES: VODKA AND VODKAT 7-198
EXAMPLES 7-201
THE LIMITS OF LIABILITY FOR MISUSE OF DESCRIPTIVE TERMS 7-202
XVII
IMAGE 12
CONTENTS
L. INVERSE PASSING-OFF INVERSE PASSING-OFF IN ENGLISH LAW: BRISTOL
CONSERVATORIES 7-205 CLAIM TO CREDIT DUE TO CLAIMANT 7-207
CLAIMANT S WORK USED TO PROMOTE DEFENDANT 7-211
EXAMPLES OF INVERSE PASSING-OFF 7-214
CLAIM TO BE ORIGINAL OR PATENTED 7-216
M. DENIAL OF EXISTENCE, BUSINESS CONNECTION OR INDEPENDENCE ASSERTION
THAT CLAIMANT DOES NOT EXIST OR DOES NOT TRADE 7-218 DENIAL OF BUSINESS
CONNECTION 7-223
ASSERTION THAT CLAIMANT LACKS INDEPENDENCE 7-225
N. OUTRIGHT DISPARAGEMENT AND DENIGRATION ASSERTION THAT CLAIMANT S
GOODS OR SERVICES ARE UNSUITABLE OR INADEQUATE 7-227
ASSERTION THAT CLAIMANT S GOODS ARE NOT GENUINE 7-232
DISPARAGEMENT DISTINGUISHED FROM ABUSE 7-238
DISPARAGEMENT AS DEFAMATION 7-239
O. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING INTRODUCTION 7-242
LEADING CASES AND DEVELOPMENT 7-244
HEAD-TO-HEAD COMPARISONS: CLAIMANT SUCCESSFUL 7-250
HEAD-TO-HEAD COMPARISONS: DEFENDANT SUCCESSFUL 7-254
CIRCULATION CASES 7-258
P. DISPARAGEMENTS RELATING TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ASSERTION
THAT COMPETITOR S GOODS INFRINGE; THREATS ACTIONS 7-260 PATENTS 7-262
TRADE MARKS AND PASSING-OFF 7-266
COPYRIGHT 7-270
CLAIMS TO AUTHORSHIP OR INVENTORSHIP 7-273
CONTEMPT OF COURT 7-276
7-277 7-281
Q. CONCLUSIONS PASSING-OFF AND INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD REVISITED
MISREPRESENTATION AND MISAPPROPRIATION /-ZOI
THE PRESENT STATE OF THE LAW 7-286
THE GENERALITY OF PASSING-OFF 7-290
THE COMMON PRINCIPLE 7-293
CHAPTER 8-SIGNS
A. SIGNS, MARKS, AND DISTINCTIVENESS HOW PASSING-OFF IS NORMALLY
ESTABLISHED 8-001
THE CONCEPT OF DISTINCTIVENESS 8-004
BURBERRYS V CORDING 8-005
WHAT CAN BE DISTINCTIVE? 8-006
A LAW OF SIGNS G_007
XVM
IMAGE 13
CONTENTS
B. ESTABLISHING DISTINCTIVENESS TIME FACTOR AND EXTENT OF USE 8-009
SLIGHT USE MAY BE PROTECTED 8-013
NATURE OF USE 8-015
PUBLIC NEED NOT KNOW CLAIMANT BY NAME 8-016
SPONTANEOUS PUBLIC ADOPTION; ABBREVIATIONS AND VARIATIONS 8-019 USE OF
THE SAME MARK BY OTHERS 8-024
MERE ASSOCIATION WITH CLAIMANT 8-027
PRIMARY ASSOCIATION NOT WITH CLAIMANT 8-029
LOCAL DISTINCTIVENESS 8-033
EFFECT OF LEGAL OR DE FACTO MONOPOLY 8-035
NO FREE-STANDING DUTY TO DISTINGUISH ONESELF FROM MONOPOLIST 8-038 LEGAL
OR DE FACTO MONOPOLY IN GETUP 8-040
LOSS OF DISTINCTIVENESS 8-043
C. ASSESSING THE PROBABILITY OF DECEPTION INTRODUCTION 8-047
THE PERSONS TO CONSIDER 8-048
PROPORTION OF PUBLIC THAT MATTERS 8-051
IMPERFECT RECOLLECTION 8-052
THE IDEA OF THE MARK 8-053
EXAMPLES 8-057
THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE SALE 8-059
DEFENDANT S GOODS OR BUSINESS DISTINGUISHED 8-061
D. DESCRIPTIVE AND GENERIC TERMS INTRODUCTION 8-064
GENERIC TERMS: THE NAME OF THE GOODS 8-065
NAMES WHICH ARE ARBITRARY, MAY STILL BE GENERIC 8-067
GENERIC NAMES: EXAMPLES 8-070
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS AND SECONDARY MEANING 8-073
DESCRIPTIVE AND FANCY WORDS COMPARED 8-075
PRIMA FACIE DESCRIPTIVE TERMS: EXAMPLES 8-077
CASES IN WHICH THE CLAIMANT PREVAILED 8-078
CASES IN WHICH THE CLAIMANT HAS FAILED 8-082
MINOR DIFFERENCES SUFFICIENT TO DISTINGUISH 8-086
WHETHER USED AS A TRADEMARK BY DEFENDANT OR CUSTOMER 8-093 DISTINCTIVE
TERM BECOMING DESCRIPTIVE 8-096
E. PROBLEM VERBAL MARKS BY CATEGORY PLACE NAMES 8-097
PERSONAL NAMES 8-102
NAMES OF AUTHORS, ARTISTS, PERFORMERS, ETC. 8-105
LAUDATORY TERMS 8-107
INITIALS 8-109
SLOGANS 8-112
XIX
IMAGE 14
CONTENTS
F. TITLES TITLES OF NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS 8-113
NEWSPAPERS: EXAMPLES 8-116
MAGAZINES: EXAMPLES 8-119
TELEVISION AND RADIO 8-122
TITLES OF BOOKS, ETC; PUBLISHING 8-124
PLAYS AND FILMS 8-128
TITLES OF EVENTS 8-131
G. DISTINCTIVENESS OF GET-UP INTRODUCTION 8-132
HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF GET-UP 8-135
THE JIF LEMON CASE: RECKITT & COLMAN V BORDEN 8-137
COMMON TO THE TRADE 8-139
FUNCTIONAL OR AESTHETIC APPEARANCE 8-142
H. GET-UP BY CATEGORY GET-UP OF PACKAGING 8-144
OWN BRANDS AND LOOK-ALIKES 8-147
THE RELEVANCE OF COPYING 8-150
GET-UP OF PACKAGING: EXAMPLES 8-153
GET-UP PROTECTED 8-154
GET-UP NOT PROTECTED 8-156
GET-UP OF GOODS 8-160
GET-UP OR APPEARANCE OF GOODS: EXAMPLES 8-166
GET-UP OF BUSINESS PREMISES 8-173
GET-UP OF ITEMS USED IN TRADE; SERVICE BUSINESSES 8-177
I. VISUAL MARKS AND ASPECTS OF GET-UP LABELS AND PICTURES 8-179
SYMBOLS, DEVICES, LOGOS 8-181
WORDS SPECIALLY WRITTEN; SIGNATURES 8-184
COLOUR, SHAPE AND SIZE 8-185
COLOUR AND SHAPE OF BOTTLES AND CONTAINERS 8-193
COLOUR AND SHAPE OF CAPSULES AND TABLETS 8-196
PATTERN 8-198
J. DOMAIN NAMES AND THE INTERNET THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 8-199
CYBERSQUATTING: BT V ONE IN A MILLION 8-201
ONE IN A MILLION ON APPEAL 8-205
ONE IN A MILLION CRITICISED 8-208
DOMAIN NAMES: EXAMPLES OF CYBERSQUATTING 8-213
DOMAIN NAMES: EXAMPLES OF ORDINARY PASSING-OFF 8-216
METATAGS AND PAGE CONTENT 8-218
PHISHING 8-219
XX
IMAGE 15
CONTENTS
K. MISCELLANIA NUMERALS 8-220
PART NUMBERS 8-222
TELEPHONE NUMBERS 8-223
SCENT AND SMELL 8-225
MANNER OF ADVERTISING 8-227
WHOLE MANNER OF TRADING 8-231
CHARACTERS AND THEMES 8-234
CHAPTER 9 -DEFENCES IN EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL LAW
A. INTRODUCTION PASSING-OFF AND INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 9-001
THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN LAW: THE EC TREATY . . . 9-003
. . . AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 9-004
B. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS SOURCES OF LAW 9-005
THE RIGHT TO RECEIVE AND IMPART INFORMATION 9-006
ART. 10 IN UNFAIR COMPETITION CASES 9-009
THE MARKT INTERN DECISION 9-012
OTHER ART. 10 CASES BEFORE THE COURT AND COMMISSION 9-013
THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 AND ART. 10 ECHR IN DOMESTIC LAW 9-018 INTERIM
INJUNCTIONS AND THE CREAM V BANERJEE CRITERIA 9-020
CREAM V BANERJEE APPLIED; BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM V VETPLUS 9-021 OTHER
RELEVANT CONVENTION PROVISIONS 9-023
C. DEFENCES UNDER EC LAW INTRODUCTION FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS: GENERAL
PRINCIPLES 9-027
PASSING-OFF AND INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD POST-KECK 9-029
EXHAUSTION OF RIGHTS AND SPECIFIC SUBJECT MATTER 9-031
UNFAIR COMPETITION 9-038
COMPETITION LAW: ART.81 9-041
ARTICLE 82 9-045
D. ILLEGAL OR DECEPTIVE MARK OR TRADE THE BASIS AND EFFECT OF THE
DOCTRINE 9-046
MATERIAL AND IMMATERIAL MISREPRESENTATIONS 9-050
WHETHER MISREPRESENTATION IS COLLATERAL 9-052
EXAMPLES 9-055
FALSE CLAIM TO PATENT 9-059
FALSE CLAIM TO TRADE MARK REGISTRATION 9-064
OTHER ASPECTS OF CLEAN HANDS DEFENCE 9-065
E. BONA FIDE USE OF DEFENDANT S OWN NAME SUMMARY AND RATIONALE 9-068
DOES THE DEFENCE EXIST? 9-072
EARLY HISTORY OF THE DEFENCE . . . 9-075
XXI
IMAGE 16
CONTENTS
. .. TO PARKER-KNOLL V KNOLL INTERNATIONAL 9-078
THE OWN NAME DEFENCE AFTER ASPREY, REED AND NEWMAN 9-082 CORPORATIONS
9-087
FOREIGN COMPANIES 9-088
F. INNOCENCE INTRODUCTION 9-089
DOES THE DEFENCE STILL EXIST IN RESPECT OF DAMAGES? 9-091
EFFECT OF THE DEFENCE 9-093
G. CONCURRENT AND ANTECEDENT RIGHTS THE PROBLEM STATED 9-094
ANTECEDENT RIGHTS 9-098
ANTECEDENT RIGHTS: EXCEPTIONS 9-101
NEW DEPARTURE: EXPANSION OF GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 9-103
NEW DEPARTURE: EXPANSION IN FIELD OF BUSINESS 9-105
EXPANSION OF BUSINESS: EXAMPLES 9-107
ANTECEDENT OR CONCURRENT USE ABROAD 9-110
WHERE THE FOREIGN BUSINESS HAS NO GOODWILL, BUT AN OVERWHELMING
REPUTATION 9-1 14
H. DELAY, ACQUIESCENCE AND ESTOPPEL DELAY AND LIMITATION 9-117
ACQUIESCENCE AND ESTOPPEL 9-120
CHAPTER 10-ENFORCEMENT
A. INTERIM REMEDIES FINAL, INTERIM OR SUMMARY RELIEF? 10-001
THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERIM REMEDIES IN PASSING-OFF 10-003
THE CYANAMID PRINCIPLES SET OUT . . . 10-005
. . . AND SUMMARISED 10-006
CYANAMID AND INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD ACTIONS 10-007
SEARCH ORDERS 10-008
B. EVIDENCE INTRODUCTION 10-010
TRADE AND RETAIL EVIDENCE 10-014
GOODS FOR SPECIALISED MARKETS 10-016
TRADE EVIDENCE-EXAMPLES 10-017
CONSUMER EVIDENCE AND ACTUAL DECEPTION 10-021
SURVEY EVIDENCE AND WITNESS COLLECTION PROGRAMMES 10-026 CONDUCT OF THE
SURVEY: THE RAFFLES CRITERIA 10-031
THE CIVIL EVIDENCE ACT 1995 10-034
C. FINAL REMEDIES INJUNCTIONS AND DELIVERY UP 10-036
CORRECTIVE STATEMENTS 10-040
XXII
IMAGE 17
CONTENTS
INQUIRY AS TO DAMAGES 10-042
MEASURE OF DAMAGES 10-044
ACCOUNT OF PROFITS 10-052
THE ACCOUNT OF PROFITS IN HOTEL CIPRIANI 10-056
THE EQUITABLE PROTECTIVE JURISDICTION 10-058
D. UNFAIR COMPETITION IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION: ISSUES
ARISING 10-061
THE OLDER CASES: PASSING-OFF 10-062
OLDER CASES: INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 10-068
JURISDICTION AT COMMON LAW . . . 10-070
. .. AND AFTER THE 1982 ACT 10-071
THE APPLICABLE LAW FOR PASSING-OFF UNDER THE ROME II REGULATION 10-076
THE APPLICABLE LAW IN CASES OF INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 10-081
INDEX 917
XXM
|
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| spelling | Wadlow, Christopher Verfasser aut The law of passing-off unfair competition by misrepresentation by Christopher Wadlow 4. ed. London Sweet & Maxwell 2011 LXXXV, 952 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Intellectual property library Goodwill (DE-588)4200192-4 gnd rswk-swf Geld- und Wertzeichenfälschung (DE-588)4125235-4 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Geld- und Wertzeichenfälschung (DE-588)4125235-4 s Goodwill (DE-588)4200192-4 s DE-604 Frühere Aufl. The law of passing-off SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024182171&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200192-4 (DE-588)4125235-4 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | The law of passing-off unfair competition by misrepresentation |
| title_auth | The law of passing-off unfair competition by misrepresentation |
| title_exact_search | The law of passing-off unfair competition by misrepresentation |
| title_full | The law of passing-off unfair competition by misrepresentation by Christopher Wadlow |
| title_fullStr | The law of passing-off unfair competition by misrepresentation by Christopher Wadlow |
| title_full_unstemmed | The law of passing-off unfair competition by misrepresentation by Christopher Wadlow |
| title_old | The law of passing-off |
| title_short | The law of passing-off |
| title_sort | the law of passing off unfair competition by misrepresentation |
| title_sub | unfair competition by misrepresentation |
| topic | Goodwill (DE-588)4200192-4 gnd Geld- und Wertzeichenfälschung (DE-588)4125235-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Goodwill Geld- und Wertzeichenfälschung Großbritannien |
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