Holdings: The study of violent crime

The study of violent crime: its correlates and concerns

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Mire, Scott (Author), Roberson, Cliff 1937- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2011
Subjects:	Violent crimes > United States Violence > United States Crime > United States Gewaltkriminalität USA
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Physical Description:	XVI, 228 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781439807477

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MARC


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adam_text	Contents Preface: Is Violence as American as Apple Pie? ...........................................xiii Authors ..........................................................................................................xv 1 Introduction to the Study of Violence ....................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................................1 Defining Violence ........................................................................................6 Types of Violence .........................................................................................8 Interpersonal Violence ........................................................................8 Other Types of Violence .....................................................................9 Methods of Violence ..................................................................................11 Violence Prevention Initiative ....................................................................11 Physical Violence ..............................................................................12 Sexual Violence .................................................................................13 Psychological Violence ......................................................................13 Emotional Violence ..........................................................................14 Cost of Violence .........................................................................................14 Direct Costs ......................................................................................16 Indirect Costs ...................................................................................17 Violence-Related Injury in America ..................................................17 Costs of Violence-Related Injury in America ....................................18 Result of Violence-Related Injury .....................................................19 Conclusion .................................................................................................19 Review Questions ......................................................................................20 References ..................................................................................................20 2 Trends in Violence ................................................................................23 Introduction ..............................................................................................23 Fact versus Myth ..............................................................................24 Reliability of the Data ......................................................................24 Historical Trends in Europe .......................................................................26 Variation in the Declining Rate of Violence .....................................26 vi ■ Contents Summarizing Historical Trends in Europe .......................................28 Historical Trends in America .....................................................................28 Violent Crime in America after 1900................................................32 Theoretical Postulations Concerning Changing Rates of Violence ............34 Predicting Violence ....................................................................................38 Can We Predict Which Individuals Will Be Involved in Violent Behavior? ..........................................................................................38 How Should We Use Predictions of Future Violence? .......................39 Excerpts from the U.S. Supreme Court Case O Connor v. Donaldson .........................................................................................39 Jackson υ. Indiana .............................................................................40 Conclusion .................................................................................................41 Review Questions ......................................................................................41 References .................................................................................................42 Correlates of Violence .....................................................................·.....45 Introduction ..............................................................................................45 Values and Violence ..........................................................................45 Poverty and Violence .................................................................................48 Alcohol Abuse and Violence .......................................................................50 Abuse and Neglect Effect on Violence .......................................................51 Education and Violence .............................................................................53 Conclusion .................................................................................................54 Review Questions ......................................................................................55 References ..................................................................................................55 Sociological Aspects of Violence ...........................................................57 Introduction ..............................................................................................57 Social Controls ..........................................................................................58 Emile Durkheim...............................................................................59 Division of Labor in Society ....................................................59 Anomie ....................................................................................60 Strain Theory and Violence ........................................................................61 Robert Merton ..................................................................................62 Middle-Class Measuring Rod ...........................................................62 Opportunity Structure .....................................................................63 Control Theories and Violence ..................................................................64 Albert Reiss .....................................................................................64 Collective Violence in America ................................................65 Containment ...................................................................................66 Social Control ...................................................................................67 Delinquency and Drift .....................................................................68 Cultural Conflict .......................................................................................68 Contents ■ vii Subculture of Violence ...............................................................................69 Differential Association ..............................................................................69 Review Questions ......................................................................................70 References ..................................................................................................71 5 Psychological/Psyehíatric Approaches to Understanding Violence .....73 Introduction ..............................................................................................73 Nature of Violent Behavior ........................................................................74 Cesare Beccarla.......................................................................................... 74 Capital Punishment ..........................................................................76 Utilitarianism ............................................................................................76 Psychiatric Explanations of Violence .........................................................77 Psychoanalytic Approaches ........................................................................78 Sigmund Freud .................................................................................78 Juvenile Delinquency ........................................................................79 Violent Crime Causation ..................................................................80 Emotional Problem Theories ......................................................................80 Mental Disorders .......................................................................................81 Sociopathic Personality Theories .......................................................82 Future Dangerousness ......................................................................83 Baxstrom v. Herold............................................................................83 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ........................................................84 Behavior and Social Learning Theories .....................................................84 Thinking Pattern Theories .........................................................................85 Cognitive Development Theories ......................................................85 The Criminal Personality ..................................................................86 Substance Abuse as a Cause of Violence .....................................................87 Intergenerational Transmission of Violence ................................................88 Review Questions ......................................................................................89 References ..................................................................................................89 6 Biological Ïiictots and Violence. ...........................................................91 Introduction ..............................................................................................91 Positivist Approach to Violence ..................................................................92 Auguste Comte................................................................................. 92 Cesare Lombroso ..............................................................................94 Gabriel Tarde ....................................................................................96 Raffaele Garofalo ..............................................................................96 Enrico Ferri...................................................................................... 97 Determinism ....................................................................................98 Importance of Positivism ..................................................................99 Biological Approaches to Violence Causation .............................................99 Heredity and Violence ......................................................................99 viii ■ Contents Inferiority Theories .........................................................................100 Body-Type Theories ........................................................................102 Difference and Defectiveness Theories ............................................103 Premenstrual Syndrome/Premenstrual Tension ..............................104 Chromosomal Abnormality ............................................................105 Central Nervous System .................................................................105 Nutrition and Criminal Behavior ...................................................105 Problems with Biological Explanations ...........................................105 Summary .................................................................................................106 Review Questions ....................................................................................106 References ................................................................................................107 7 Exposure to Violence ..........................................................................109 Introduction ............................................................................................109 Juveniles as Victims or Criminals ............................................................110 Substance Abuse ............................................................................. Ill Community Violence .....................................................................112 School Violence ..............................................................................112 Domestic Violence ..........................................................................112 Media Violence ........................................................................................113 Violent Music Lyrics .......................................................................115 Combating Violence in the Media ..................................................115 Domestic Violence Home Visit Intervention Project ................................115 Gang Resistance Education and Training Program .................................116 Safe Start Centers ....................................................................................116 Teen Action Partnership ..........................................................................118 Child Sexual Abuse ..................................................................................119 Extremely Violent Video Games ..............................................................120 From Attorney General Brown s Appellant Brief. ............................120 Counterstatement of Facts Filed by Video Software Dealers ...........127 Review Questions ....................................................................................133 References ................................................................................................133 8 Violent Crimes ....................................................................................135 Introduction ............................................................................................135 Murder ....................................................................................................135 Murder Defined ..............................................................................136 Degrees of Murder ..........................................................................137 Voluntary Manslaughter ..........................................................................138 Defined ...........................................................................................138 Involuntary Manslaughter .......................................................................139 Negligent Manslaughter ...........................................................................141 Robbery ...................................................................................................141 Contents ■ ix Typology of Robbers .......................................................................142 Robbery Defined ............................................................................143 Sex Offenses .............................................................................................145 Rape ...............................................................................................146 Sodomy. ..........................................................................................150 Assaultive Crimes .....................................................................................151 Battery ............................................................................................151 Assault ............................................................................................152 Summary ................................................................................................153 Definitions of Typical Violence Offenses ........................................153 Review Questions ....................................................................................154 References ................................................................................................154 9 Gangs and Violence ............................................................................155 Introduction ............................................................................................155 Acts of Violence by Gangs .......................................................................157 Victims of Gang Violence ...............................................................157 Regional Trends in Gangs ........................................................................157 Northeast ........................................................................................158 South ..............................................................................................158 Midwest ..........................................................................................158 West ...............................................................................................158 Characteristics of Gangs ..........................................................................159 Prison Gangs ...........................................................................................161 Female Gangs ..........................................................................................162 Review Questions ....................................................................................163 References ................................................................................................164 10 Hate Crimes ........................................................................................165 Introduction ............................................................................................165 History of the Hate Crime Acts ......................................................165 Hate Crimes Defined ......................................................................166 FBI Guidelines ................................................................................166 Examples of Hate Crimes ........................................................................166 State Hate Crime Laws ...................................................................167 Issues in Collecting Data on Hate Crimes ...............................................167 Trends in Hate Crimes ...................................................................168 Hate Crime Changes in California from 2007......................168 National Hate Crime Statistics ................................................................168 Single-Bias Incidents .......................................................................168 Offenses by Bias Motivation within Incidents .................................169 Racial Bias ......................................................................................169 Religious Bias .................................................................................169 Contents Sexual-Orientation Bias ..................................................................170 Ethnicity/National Origin Bias ......................................................170 Disability Bias ................................................................................170 Legal Aspects of Hate Crimes ..................................................................172 Identifying Hate Crimes ..........................................................................173 Typology of Offenders .............................................................................175 Review Questions ....................................................................................177 References ................................................................................................177 11 Shame and Violence ............................................................................179 Introduction ............................................................................................179 What Is Shame? .......................................................................................179 What Are the Origins of Shame? ....................................................180 Why Shame Is So Powerful ............................................................181 How Shame Is Directly Related to Violence ...................................182 Shame and Empathy ................................................................................182 How Shame Is Related to the Correlates in Chapter 3.............................184 Conclusion ...............................................................................................186 Review Questions ....................................................................................186 References ................................................................................................187 12 Controlling Violence by the Use of Punishment ................................189 Introduction ............................................................................................189 Beginning of Legal Punishments .............................................................189 Punishment of Socrates ...................................................................191 Middle Ages ...................................................................................191 The Holy Inquisition ......................................................................192 Purpose of Criminal Sanctions .......................................................192 Justification of Punishment ......................................................................193 Retribution .....................................................................................194 Deterrence ......................................................................................194 Incapacitation .................................................................................195 Rehabilitation .................................................................................196 Purposes of Punishment ..........................................................................196 English Statement of Purposes ........................................................196 Guiding Principles ..........................................................................197 Social Purposes of Punishment .......................................................197 Review Questions ....................................................................................198 References ................................................................................................198 13 Victimology and Violence ..................................................................199 Introduction ............................................................................................199 Code of Hammurabi ...............................................................................200 Other Early Codes and Laws ..........................................................201 Contents ■ xi Victimization...........................................................................................202 Mendelsohns Theory of Victimization...........................................202 Von Hentig s Theory of Victimization ............................................203 The General Classes of Victims ..............................................203 Psychological Types of Victims .............................................204 The Activating Sufferers ........................................................204 Review Questions ...................................................................................204 References ................................................................................................205 Appendix: Bibliography of Youth Violence Studies ....................................207 Index ...........................................................................................................215 Violence is a complex subject that is rooted in a multitude of disciplines, including not only criminology but also psychology, sociology, biology, and other social science disciplines. It is only through understanding violence as a concept that we can hope to respond to it appropriately and to prevent it. The Study of Violent Crime: Its Correlates and Concerns is a comprehensive text that provides a current analysis of violence and violent crime in the United States. Topics discussed include: • The history of violence in Europe and America • Whether violent behavior can be predicted • Possible correlates of violence, including values, poverty, low education, abuse and neglect, alcohol abuse, and shame • Sociological theories surrounding crime causation, including social control, conflict and strain, and anomie • Psychological approaches to understanding violence from Freud, Bentham, Skinner, and others • Biological theories and the influence of positivism and determinism • The role of early exposure to violence on future behavior and programs to counteract these effects • Gang activity and hate crimes • The history of punishment and its effectiveness • Victimology and victimization Organized in logical fashion, each chapter builds on previous ones and makes use of concrete examples to clarify concepts. Action boxes help readers focus on salient points, and review questions appear at the end of each chapter, enabling readers to test their assimilation of the material. An accompanying website enhances the learning experience with updates on issues, study guides, and links to related websites.
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title	The study of violent crime its correlates and concerns
title_auth	The study of violent crime its correlates and concerns
title_exact_search	The study of violent crime its correlates and concerns
title_full	The study of violent crime its correlates and concerns Scott Mire and Cliff Roberson
title_fullStr	The study of violent crime its correlates and concerns Scott Mire and Cliff Roberson
title_full_unstemmed	The study of violent crime its correlates and concerns Scott Mire and Cliff Roberson
title_short	The study of violent crime
title_sort	the study of violent crime its correlates and concerns
title_sub	its correlates and concerns
topic	Violent crimes United States Violence United States Crime United States Gewaltkriminalität (DE-588)4157234-8 gnd
topic_facet	Violent crimes United States Violence United States Crime United States Gewaltkriminalität USA
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