Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej: między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie Fundacji na rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Religion vis-a-vis national identity and nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe |
| Beschreibung: | 314, [1] s. il. - Kt. 21 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788322931509 |
Internformat
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| 264 | 1 | |a Wrocław |b Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 314, [1] s. |b il. - Kt. |c 21 cm. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804145811786825728 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
WSTĘP
ι
1.
ROZRÓŻNIENIA DEFINICYJNE
11
1.1.
Etniczność
20
1.2.
Religia
24
1.3.
Tożsamość narodowa
2 7
1.4.
Nacjonalizm
33
1.5.
Etnicyzacja religii i sakralizacja
etnosu
39
2.
KLUCZOWE PYTANIA
57
3.
PRÓBY ODPOWIEDZI
61
3.1.
Główne przyczyny znaczącego wpływu religii na kształtowanie tożsamości
narodowych
61
3.1.1.
Substytutywna rola Kościołów w stosunku do nieistniejącej
państwowości
64
3.1.2.
Rywalizacja Kościoła i komunistycznego państwa o „rząd dusz
80
3.1.3.
Znaczenie Kościołów dla tożsamości mniejszości narodowych
95
3.1.4.
Religia na pograniczu wyznaniowym
100
3.2.
Znaczenie religii we wspólnotach etnicznych jedno- i wielokonfesyjnych
111
3.2.1.
Wspólnoty etniczne (narody) monokonfesyjne
112
3.2.2.
Wspólnoty etniczne (narody) wielokonfesyjne
141
3.3.
Religia jako fundament nowej
(?)
tożsamości etnicznej
168
3.3.1.
Muzułmanie
—
Boszni
асу
173
3.3.2.
Pomacy (Bułgaromahometanie)
190
3.3.3.
Staroobrzędowcy
202
3.3.4.
Inne przypadki
204
3.4.
Tożsamość narodowa budowana na zeświecczonej tradycji religijnej
(przypadek czeski)
205
3.4.1.
Czeski antykatolicyzm: jego przyczyny i manifestacje
206
3.4.2.
Zlaicyzowany i „upaństwowiony husytyzm
211
3.5.
Rola religii w konfliktach etnicznych
216
3.5.1.
Konflikt w warunkach „zderzenia różnych religii
217
3.5.2.
Konflikt etniczny w obrębie tej samej wspólnoty religijnej
219
3.5.3.
Religia jako przyczyna czy „wzmacniacz konfliktów etnicznych?
220
3.6.
Topos religijny i topos etniczny
234
3.6.1.
Etnosymbołiczny wymiar świątyni
234
314
3.6.2.
Architektoniczny „wyścig do nieba
237
3.6.3.
Planowe niszczenie świątyń
240
3.6.4.
Cmentarze jako symbole etniczne
245
ZAKOŃCZENIE
247
Aneks
251
Bibliografia
271
Summary
301
Indeks osób
305
Indeks nazw
309
Spis tabel
313
Spis map
313
SUMMARY
RELIGION VIS-A-VIS NATIONAL IDENTITY AND
NATIONALISM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
BETWEEN THE ETHNICIZATION
AND SACRALIZATION OF ETHNOS (NATION)
The present monograph contains analyses, carried out from the point of view of socio¬
logy and political science, of relations between religion, national identity and nationa¬
lism in Central and Eastern Europe. Focusing on the 19th and 20th centuries in parti¬
cular, we can notice two types of very interesting phenomena, which are very strongly
interlinked and which permeate each other. On the one hand, there is the ethnicization
(politicization) of religion, and on the other
—
sacralization (deification) of ethnos/
nation (or authority). In case of the latter, an ethnic group is specially privileged be¬
cause of its being sacred or chosen (the chosen people motif). In other words:
ethnic and religious elements inevitably become mixed. As a result, ethnicity acquires
sacred and religion
—
ethnic features. In the dynamic diffusion of both social pheno¬
mena, the trajectory of each particular element constituting national identity is very
difficult to establish and often completely surprising even to experienced scholars.
The relations between religion and nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe
—
or generally speaking, in the whole world
—
have been the subject of heated de¬
bates even among those who usually try to keep their distance and remain impartial
observers. According to the author, one of the main reasons why Central and Eastern
European nationalism and its consequences have not been properly researched is
the overestimation or, conversely, underestimation of the role that religion plays in sha¬
ping national identities. He believes that social sciences, with sociology and political
science in particular, have
—
willingly or not
—
become slaves to two extreme the¬
ories which, unfortunately, have more to do with ideology than with science. There¬
fore, what we see in academic and political discourse is, on the one hand, religion
accused of being a driving force of ethnic hatred, and on the other
—
fierce defence
of religion by people blind to any cases (even the most obvious ones) of its involve¬
ment in nationalism and chauvinism. A rational discourse between these two standpo¬
ints is virtually non-existent (since it is not possible). There are, in fact, two parallel
monologues which sometimes turn into accusatory speeches addressed to the rival
theory . However, the reality appears to be much more complex. It points to a certa¬
in ambivalence of religion as a factor that is conducive to the growth of nationalism
and ethnic hatred, and that influences national identity in a variety of ways.
Complex relations between religion, nationalism and national identity, which result
in the ethnicization of religion and the sacralization of ethnicity, are a great challenge for
301
people in Central and Eastern Europe today, especially for politicians and spiritual le¬
aders. It is difficult to remain indifferent to this heritage; after all, it is still influencing
modern Europeans living east of the Oder, Leitha or
Soča
Rivers. On the one hand, we
cannot underestimate the role of religion and various Churches in defending national
identities. Nor can we deny their impact on the development of culture in general. Ho¬
wever, at the same time we cannot ignore the fact that religion has often been a tool
of discrimination and rejection, and that in many cases, religious otherness served as
a convenient excuse to wage wars. The ethnicization of religion and sacralization of eth¬
nos are, as a matter of fact, two sides of the same coin. Given the last two centuries in the
history of Central and Eastern Europe, it is extremely difficult to define the moral dimen¬
sion of these phenomena. We can only say that in many countries there were periods
when a close connection between religion and ethnos guaranteed the survival of a given
ethnic group and protection of its cultural identity. These were times when Churches
became natural shelters, oases where nations could live in peace and without constraints,
places where modern national awareness developed. Roadside chapels, crucifixes or
religious monuments, which are so numerous in Central and Eastern Europe, were sites
where people prayed for freedom for their countries. On the other hand, however, in com¬
pletely different circumstances a very close link between religion and ethnos can be
harmful and destructive to both ethnos and religion. This may occur in modern, free,
democratic countries (or those undergoing
démocratisation).
The monograph consists of three parts.
In the first part ( Definitions ), the author defines the key notions (ethnicity, reli¬
gion, national identity, nationalism), pointing out their essence and scope. Consequently,
he explains the meaning of two concepts, namely ethnicization (politicization) of religion
and sacralization (deification) of er/mos/nation (or authority), concepts that are crucial to
subsequent analyses. Ethnicization (politicization) of religion is defined as a process
in which a given ethnic group usurps all the rights to figures of saints, places of religio¬
us worship, selected elements of religious doctrine etc., or to a given religion in general.
The process always takes the form of usurpation of religion, as a result of which its
universalistic nature is questioned. Religion, or rather a modified version of it, becomes
an absolute property of a given nation (it becomes appropriated, nationalized). As
Alek¬
sander Posern-Zieliński
remarks, in such circumstances religion acquires a specific
ethnic value, it becomes a sort of national ideology, a significant element which protects
and cultivates the often endangered national identity. It takes the form of a native, fun¬
damental element, i.e. one which constitutes a foundation upon which ethnicity can be
built
(...) .
Local saints (national patrons) or selected places of religious cult no longer
have religious functions only; they often become meaningful symbols of a particular
national identity. National symbols are in this case almost equal to religious symbols,
sometimes they are even more ostentatious. The sacralization of ethnos (nation) is usu¬
ally a long process of ascribing religious meanings to a given ethnic group. As a result,
the group receives a sort of guarantee of immortality. The nation becomes a quasi-reli¬
gious community, a holy communion of the living, the unborn and the deceased. This
302
is usually accompanied by ideologies imbued with the spirit of Messianism, or the co¬
nviction of being a chosen people, ideologies formulated in an ethnic language imitating
a sacred language. The chosen people have a mission to accomplish. The mission is
typically extremely difficult and challenging; it requires many sacrifices and heroic deeds.
It sanctifies the nation and places it above other ethnic groups
-
not predestined to fulfil
the sacred mission . What is of crucial importance is ethnohistory, in which political
and religious motifs are mixed to such an extent that it is sometimes impossible to iso¬
late them. The destiny of the nation is defined in religious terms. At the same time,
the territory owned by the nation, its homeland, is perceived as a sacred place, a holy
land . We are dealing here with a kind of idolatry in which divine features are attributed
to the nation. The ethnicization of religion should not be perceived as an expansion
of nationalism; and the sacralization of nation should not be treated as an expansion
of religion. What takes place in both cases is a spread of nationalism and more or less
obvious instrumentalization of religion as well as, crucially, its desacralization (secula¬
rization?) and deuniversalization, which is an inevitable consequence of political instru¬
mentalization. In practice, the deuniversalization can be difficult to notice and questio¬
nable, but it can also be obvious and doubtless.
In part two, entitled Key questions , the author poses a number of research qu¬
estions:
(1)
Why, for what reasons, in what circumstances does religion play such an
important part in defining, creating and sustaining national identity in Central
and Eastern Europe?
(2)
What is the role of religion in creating the national identity
in mono-confessional ethnic communities (ethnic-denominational adequacy) and in
multi-confessional ones? Why does tnulti-confessionalism, to a greater or lesser extent,
weaken, slow down or virtually prevent the creation of a modern nation? In contrast,
why does religious differentiation of certain ethnic (national) communities have no
significant influence on nation-building and does not hinder the creation of a modern
nation?
(3)
Can religion become a foundation of a new ethnic identity? When is religion
more important as a nation-building factor than common ethnic roots, common langu¬
age, common culture or regional community? What makes religion political? To what
extent are religion-based ethnic and national identities lasting? Does secularization
in this case equal denationalization? Perhaps, it is the other way round
—
secularization
strengthens nationalization?
(4)
Are there any examples from Central and Eastern Eu¬
rope of building a modern national identity on the basis of a secularized religious tra¬
dition which would be similar to the model popular in Western Europe?
(5)
Does eth-
nicized religion contribute to the creation and reinforcement of ethnic conflicts? If so
—
to what extent? Do the conflicts take place only between nations with different re¬
ligious beliefs, or are they likely to occur within a homogeneous religious community?
Are the former stronger, as a rule?
(6)
What is the role of religious symbols placed
in specific geographic areas? Can the places of worship of various denominations be
treated as specific border posts which indicate borders of an ethnic territory? What
is the symbolic meaning of cemeteries?
303
The third part of the monograph provides answers to the these questions. The pre¬
sent author identifies the most important patterns and reasons why religious and ethnic
phenomena and processes are so repetitive. On the basis of his analyses it is possible to
conclude that religion is generally a very important, or even fundamental, factor in the
formation of modern national identity in Central and Eastern Europe. Even the rejection
of a religion (the Czech case) does not imply giving up religious values. Nor does it
completely eliminate the sacralization of a national community. Moreover, nationalists
have used politically reinterpreted religion as a tool of exclusion from a national com¬
munity. Religious symbols and institutions are often drawn into ethnic conflicts.
The present publication is by no means a comprehensive analysis of the relations
between religion and nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe. It is, rather, a starting
point and an attempt to encourage careful scholarly consideration of the problems
which have only been touched upon in this monograph. The aim of the author is,
above all, to create a certain catalogue of problems which require and deserve deep
reflection.
Translated by Anna Kijak
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
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| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 314, [1] s. il. - Kt. 21 cm. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografie Fundacji na rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna |
| spelling | Zenderowski, Radosław 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)1135171246 aut Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu) Radosław Zenderowski Wrocław Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego 2011 314, [1] s. il. - Kt. 21 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie Fundacji na rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Religion vis-a-vis national identity and nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe Geschichte 1800-2000 gnd rswk-swf Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd rswk-swf Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 s Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 s Geschichte 1800-2000 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022646094&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022646094&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Zenderowski, Radosław 1974- Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu) Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4049396-9 (DE-588)4041282-9 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4075753-5 |
| title | Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu) |
| title_auth | Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu) |
| title_exact_search | Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu) |
| title_full | Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu) Radosław Zenderowski |
| title_fullStr | Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu) Radosław Zenderowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu) Radosław Zenderowski |
| title_short | Religia a tożsamość narodowa i nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej |
| title_sort | religia a tozsamosc narodowa i nacjonalizm w europie srodkowo wschodniej miedzy etnicyzacja religii a sakralizacja etnosu narodu |
| title_sub | między etnicyzacją religii a sakralizacją etnosu (narodu) |
| topic | Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Religion Nationalbewusstsein Osteuropa Ostmitteleuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022646094&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022646094&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zenderowskiradosław religiaatozsamoscnarodowainacjonalizmweuropiesrodkowowschodniejmiedzyetnicyzacjareligiiasakralizacjaetnosunarodu |