Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | Czech |
Veröffentlicht: |
Plzeň
Katedra Archeologie Fak. Filozofické Západočeské Univ.
2009
|
Ausgabe: | 1. vyd. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Medieval landscape in the Middle Úslava-River Region I |
Beschreibung: | 180 S. Ill., Kt. |
ISBN: | 9788087170045 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Obsah
і І
Úvodem
(P.
Vařeka)
.....................................................1
2
I
Cíle, vymezení regionu a metody výzkumu (P. Vařeka)
...........................3
3
|
Přírodní poměry (J. Pícka)
...............................................11
4
|
Archeologické poznání regionu (J. Pícka)
....................................19
5
I
Dějiny sídel na střední Uslavě (P. Rožmberský)
................................25
6
I
Sídliště v poloze „Pod Hřebenem (J. Svejnoha)
...............................71
7
|
Zaniklá vesnice Bzík (H. Přerostová)
........................................81
8
|
Zaniklá ves Chýlava (P. Vařeka)
...........................................99
9
|
Zaniklá vesnice Kamenice (L. Holata)
......................................111
10
I
Zaniklý dvůr Rájov (K. Moravcová)
........................................143
11
I
Popis reliéfních tvarů a keramických tříd (P. Vařeka)
..........................161
12
|
Prameny a literatura
..................................................163
13
|
Medieval
Landscape in the Middle Uslava-River Region I
......................171
14
|
List of Figures
.......................................................177
13
Medieval
Landscape in the Middle
Úslava-River
Region I
1.
Introduction gamekeeper s house near
Kamenice
was documented
along with a deserted farmstead
Rájov.
The research of the Medieval and
Postmedieval
settlement in Western Bohemia undertaken by the
2.
The goals, delimitation of the region and
Department of Archaeology at the Faculty of Phi- methods used
losophy and Arts of the University of Western Bo¬
hemia in
Pilsen
as part of the research programme Within the scope of the research project Ne-
Neglected archaeology (VZ MSM49777513M) glected archaeology , part of which is represented
has been conceived as a combination of systemati- by the research of Medieval and
Postmedieval
settle-
cally researched larger landscape units and selected
ments
in forested areas, the attention was paid also
smaller units encompassing usually a single site and to the south
Pilsen
district, specifically to the middle
its hinterlands. In Western Bohemia, this method
Úslava-river
region. In accordance with the general
was first put in practice in the
Rokycany
region and aims of the project we have concentrated of the goals
then also in the middle
Úslava
region (Blovice and previously defined, which we divide in four main
Nepomuk
districts), the latter region we have chosen categories:
1)
Formation processes of the archaeolo-
for comparison. gical records in the woodland environment, the
Research aimed at the localization of deserted characteristics of relief features, their classification
villages, moated sites and historical research was and potential as evidence.
2)
Settlement patterns,
started here already in the
80s
of the 20th century
3)
The layout of villages.
4)
The hinterlands of vil-
by P.
Rožmberský.
The completion of this research lages and the variable uses and functions of the
represents the catalogue of historical settlements landscape.
in the middle Uslava-river region presented in the The intention was to select a landscape transect
hfth chapter. A larger archaeological research of the of
100
km2, the study of which would allow corn-
Medieval settlements in the region, part of which
parison
with other studied areas, particularly with
is included in our landscape transect, was realized the nearest intensivelly studied region of
Rokycany,
by P.
Pícka,
a portion of whose work we publish where a similar transect was deliminated near Zbi-
m this volume as chapters on natural environment
roh.
The studied transect is represented by a rectan-
and the history of archaeological research (chap.
3
gle
of
100
km2 (six maps
1:10 000)
with an exten-
and
4).
Next stage represented a systematic non-de- sion to the north
(12.5
km2), the reason for which
structive survey of three deserted Medieval villages is the location of the deserted Medieval village of
(Bzík, Chýlava
and
Kamenice).
The survey of
Bzík Kamenice.
and
Kamenice
revealed deserted villages from later The study of the area includes the evaluation of
Middle Ages with traces of an Early Medieval settle- the research so far, including the processing of finds
ment
tradition (chap.
7
and
9),
whilst the survey of in the collection of the Museum of Western Bohemia
1
e
pod
Hřebenem
site in the
Chýlava
forest pro- and the Museum of southern
Pilsen
region in Blovi-
vided evidence for Early Medieval settlement (chap,
ce,
furthermore the analysis of the documentary evi-
)
and also the Later Medieval village of
Chýlava
lo- dence
and historical maps. The new researches them-
cated further to the southwest (chap.
8).
As for the selves we then divide in two categories according to
ostmedieval
sites in the forested area, a deserted their character.
171
Středověká krajina na střední Uslavé I
In the first one we focus on survey of the forest features outside settlements). Visual survey is comple-
environment with traces of past settlement. In the
mented
with fieldwalking undertaken systematically
studied transect were chosen three sample focus
ar- on-site
and on a sampling basis within the whole of
cas
of
2
χ
2
km for a detailed survey, in their
cen-
the studied areas.
tre
being positioned the deserted Medieval villages In deforested landscape we focus on the ploughed
located by an earlier research
(Bzík, Kamenice)
or land, where we undetake analytical fieldwalking.
newly discovered ones
(Chýlava).
Ihe study or these Visual survey and fieldwalking is complemented by
deserted settlements and their hinterlands should geophysical survey (resistivity and magnetometer
produce representative information about Medieval survey) applied especially for verification of results of
settlements in areas now covered by forests, including the above mentioned methods and for the interpreta-
early Medieval settlements. These focus areas will be
tion
of the collected data. We pay special attention to
supplemented by five spot samples of other deserted the aerial survey of the studied area,
settlements in forest environment that include both As for the destructive methods, apart from the
sites already known (Medieval
monasterial
manor above mentioned fieldwalking, we also use
pedologie
of
Malešov,
modern farmstead
Rájov)
as well as re- drills and excavation of smaller test trenches,
search in places where there is probable that so far
not located deserted settlements could be found
(de-
3.
Natural environment
sérted
Medieval village
Hluboká
and
Šimín,
deserted
Medieval
monasterial
manor
Částkov).
The height above sea level of the studied area var-
In the second part of the research activities we in-
ies
considerably. The highest point is
Buková
hill
elude the survey of the open, agricultural landscape. reaching
651
m.a.s.l., the lowest point is represented
Also in this case we select three sample focus areas that by the place where the river Uslava flows out of the
include a systematic surface survey with the use of studied region, and that is
373
m.a.s.l. In the stud-
fieldwalking. The sampled areas, the size of which was
ied
area we can find three geomorphological fea-
given by the extent of the farmed land
(1.8
x
2.2
km,
tures
—
Blovická
upland,
Bukovohorská
highland and
1.3
x
2.6
km,
1.3
x
2.7
km), were laid out in to
Zelenohorská
upland. The whole of the studied area
lowest, valley bottom parts of the studied area with lies in the river basin of the Uslava (flowing into the
the aim to locate early Medieval settlement and its
Berounka
and then the
Labe
—
Elbe). Smaller im-
transformation in the high Middle Ages (nucleation
portant
stream are the
Chocenický
and
Podhrázský
of villages). At the same time in two sample areas are
potok.
probably to be found deserted villages from the late Geologically, the studied area is composed of two
Middle Ages
(Žitín
and
Lbáň).
Similarly as in the main kinds of rocks-slates and granites. These mine-
forest environment we complement the research of rals then further permeate the various other
matériels
larger intensively studied areas with spot samples of present in smaller amounts. In the studied region we
deserted Medieval
monasterial
farmsteads of Chvos- can find five basic soil types. The greatest extent of
tule
and
Marsov.
the region represent pseudogley soils with brown gley
Undertaking the project we apply foremostly soils. Climatically, the studied region falls into the
non-destructive methods, whilst (partially)
destruc-
temperate zone and its three grades,
tive
methods we choose only in cases that are from
the point of view of fulfilling the goals of the research
4.
Archaeological knowledge of the region
project necessary and well-rounded.
The basic method during the research in forest The first known archaeological research in the
environment is surface survey of relief features.
Dur-
studied region was undertaken near the Bzi farm¬
ing the survey in forest environment are all identi- stead already in
1818 —
a barrow was excavated here,
fied anthropogenic relief features spatially recorded In
1909
archaeologist J.L.
Píč
excavated barrows on
by GPS, relief features that represent part of deserted the limits of
Hradiště
and
Zelená Hora
estates in the
settlements are recorded using total station and
de-
forest district
Chýlava.
It was only much later when
scribed using an classification system and database the features and finds were interpreted as settle-
similar system is also used for the documentation of
ment
remains
fron
the 12th—13th century. During the
172 ·
Summary
Second World War in
1941
V.
Menci
organized ex- smaller demesne such as Chocenice,
Prádlo, Ždár,
cavations in the
Klášter
village, founded on the re-
Žitín,
Drahkov or
Šatavův
(today
Chocenický)
mains of a Cistercian monastery
Pomuk (Nepomuk). Újezd.
There were represented possesions belon-
A number of Prehistoric and Medieval archaeologi-
ging
to the Church (Cistercians from
Nepomuk
and
cal
sites in the region was recorded in the
60s
and Benedictines from
Kladruby),
to nobility (for exam-
70s by K.
Škrábek,
the director of the Regional pie Lords of
Švamberk, Šternberk,
later
Gutštejns,
museum
Plzeň-south
in
Biovice.
Intensive surface Morzins), to smaller gentry (for example
Kokořovci
surveys commenced in the
80s
of the 20th century from
Kokořov, Hradišti
from
Hořovice, Karlové
under P.
Rožmberský,
who discovered and published from
Svárov)
or squires, often forming only a part of
many findings about the high and late Medieval a village or a farmstead.
settlement patterns in the region. From
2000
until In the selected region can be found one small
2005
a number of archaeological research projects town belonging to the Cistercian monastery,
28
vil-
took place, mainly as inspection during building lages, a larger number of hamlets and we can also
works, mostly with negative results. Probably the read of twenty deserted settlements. The history of
most extensive field research in the region was
un-
the individual settlements is treated on the basis of
dertaken in
Klášter
by the ZIP archaeological unit in documentary evidence, which however do not con-
2002.
When the gas-transmission pipes were being tain any information about the settling of the land-
built, there were found the remains of the structure scape before the earliest recording of the settlement
of former convent, including a number of portable names. The character of the historical information
finds, and hence the results of V. Mend s research for early periods is limited on the list of placenames
were to a certain extent verified. belonging to a certain estate, or on the predicates of
From
1998
to
2002,
J.
Pícka
also undertook
a sur-
the nobility. A little more insight in property rela-
face survey and fieldwalking in the region. System- tions before the Hussite Wars offer the tax records of
atic
surface survey revealed the location of a number the
Pilsen
region from
1379.
The number and cate-
of until then unknown settlements, both prehistoric gories of the peasant houses for each village represent
and from the 13th century. In the field was localized property records for tax purposes from the period
and recorded a wide selection of historical features after the
30
years war. The development of settle-
beginning with deserted settlements and farmsteads,
ments
is then recorded until the middle of the 19th
including the exploitation of resources, charcoal- century, when the after revolution changes of
1848
burning, the delimination of estates and forests and that signified particularly the end of serfdom and the
the remains of communication routes, ending with last remaining feudal relationships and patrimonial
individual artefacts. From
2000
we can mention also administration were replaced by municipalities and
the activities of the Department of Archaeology at newly founded districts.
University of Western Bohemia that by assigning
undergraduate and postgraduate dissertations aimed
6.
The settlement Pod
Hřebenem
at this region contributes to gaining archaeological
knowledge of the area. The site is located on the northern slopes of the
upland forest area of
Chýlava,
and it is part of the ca-
5.
The settlement history of the middle
Úslava
dastral areas of
Ždírec
and
Měcholupy,
the border of
which areas divides it in two halves. On the site we
me name middle Uslava has not ever been
de-
can detect three convex and one concave relief fea-
nned anywhere and was chosen for this study with-
tures
situated closed to a stream, some of which were
out any historical reference. The selected region did already excavated by J. L. Pic in
1907
(National Mu-
not represent a single estate, although a large portion seum, Prague). Surface finds of ceramics, dating the
or it belonged to the Cistercian monastery in Nepo- site to the 10th (9th?)—13th century, on an area much
niuk (southeastern edge of the region) and then to larger than the located relief features
delim
inates the
the
Zelená Hora
domain. Another important estate size of the settlement. The located features cannot
was that of
Hradiště,
to this region extended par- be connected with the deserted village
Chýlava,
but
tially also the
Zinkový
estate and there were also with an older, Early and high Medieval settlement, or
• 173
Stredoveká krajina na
střední
Uslavé I
which the considerable extent, height above sea level the village green is a waterlogged area. The remains
and the surrounding stony terrain suggest significant of structures are mostly convex, but there are also
limits for agriculture,
lhe
motivation for settling concave relief features situated on ground-plots of
this location could have been the exploitation and width
30-40
m
in no apparent order. In two cases we
extraction of iron ore. We connect the former field can find in the front of the ground-plot the remains
system, demarcated by two boundary baulk lines of a two-compartment (three-compartment) house
with the Late Medieval settlement. oriented with its gable towards the village green
(farmstead I and II), in other cases the houses are
7.
Deserted village
Bzik
represented as one compartment structures. It can¬
not be excluded that in some cases the core of a farm
The remains of the deserted village are situated by formed a separate one-compartment dwelling house
the foot of the southwestern side of mountain Bzi
( jizba )
and a storage house
( komora ),
located
also known as
Jezevčí skála
(608.55
m.a.s.l.), in the diagonally (farmstead III, V) or in their near vicinity
spring area known as Na Bzicku . The site is located (farmstead IV?). In two cases concave features
indi-
in
a slopy terrain with height above sea level ranging
cate
former sunken features, probably representing
from
535
m
to
555
m. To the northeast, east and storage rooms or storage buildings provided with
southeast the declination of the slope further
increa-
cellars. Farmstead V also included a pair of smaller
ses
and creates a steep hillside enclosing the site from water reservoirs capturing water from the spring,
the east and partially also from the south. The steep In close vicinity of the village we can find evidence
and stony terrain has
7°
to
15°
slope gradient. of surface mining, probably of iron ore, and a past
Surface survey revealed in the inner village area communication route represented by hollow ways
91
features in total. We can interpret
18-20
features leading to the north via the steep slopes of
Chýlava.
as the remains or former structures of the deserted The ceramic finds
(122
pieces in total) date the
Medieval village. In the terrain were further
iden-
beginning of the settlement here already to the
1
3th
tified seven charcoal burning platforms, a water century (representing
10%
weight of the collection)
basis (plus
1
recent),
19
hollow ways and
37
terra- and the main period of settlement falls according to
ces
that represent strips of the field system. Other the dominating grey well fired ware to the 14th and
features we consider to be the remains of mining of 15th century
(57%
of the weight;
33%
of finds was
unknown age, recent distortions or or recent origin. not assessed as they were not very well preserved).
From the analysis of the overall pattern of features The deserted settlement we consider to be
Chýlava
we can derive
5-7
farmsteads. The village covering mentioned first by the written sources in
1558
as
a total area of
1.2
ha lacked a regular layout and a deserted village of the
Zelená hora
estate, formerly
hence represents a clustered type of village. Pot- of
Nepomuk
Cistercian monastery. Early Medie-
tery finds date the foundation of the village to the
val
settlement dated to the 10th (9th ?)-13th century,
12th—13th century and its demise to the
1
5th century. located less than
1000
m
to the northeast on a slope
under the deserted High and Late Medieval
Chý-
8.
Deserted village
Chýlava
lava (for comparison see chap.
6),
could represent an
earlier phase of settlement of the higher parts of the
The non-destructive archaeological survey focused upland
(Bukovohorská pahorkatina),
here on a deserted village located in a rather extreme
position on the ridge or Chylava in the height above
9.
Deserted village
Kamenice
sea level or
613-616
m. The remains of the village
consisting of
24
anthropogenic features are situated The site is situated in the Kamensko forest, in its
in the spring area of
Chýlavský potok
that today cau- part known as
Zadní
Kamensko , among
Štítov,
ses
the waterlogging of an area on a plateau under
Vlkov, Žákava,
Zdemyslice and Blovice. The deserted
the northeastern side or
Buková hora.
Five clusters of village
Kamenice
and its vicinity were scrutinized
features interpreted as remains of farmsteads (farms- during a non-destructive archaeological survey. On
tead I-V) were laid out in a semicircle around the a gentle southwestern slope we can find
23
anthro-
supposed village green of
70
x
65
m.
In the centre of pogenic relief features laid out in a semicircle. In the
174 ·
Summary
centre we suppose a spring, as the waterlogged area the farmstead was probably short-lived in the late
here today suggests. To the west from the inner
vil-
1
8th-early 16th century (max. of
40
years) and after
lage
there is an isolated well, to the north there are its demise the whole area was forested,
situated two smaller water basins. On the western
edge of the site we can find two more ponds, distur-
11
.
The description of relief features and pottery
bed by a modern track. The maximum of
6
features fabrics
can be interpreted as houses. One is butted by a shal¬
low sunken feature and together they may represent a
11.1.
The description of relief features
two-part structure. Other houses could be only one- When describing relief features we use a classifi-
compartment, although the arrangement of features cation system. We consider
8
main characteristics in
in a line could signify a house composed of more total, which are in the field recorded in data sheets
parts. The whole layout could signify
4-6
farms- and subsequently transferred in a database,
teads. A rather small number of finds from fieldwal- Described characteristics:
king we date to the 13th (12th?)-15th century. Outside
1)
relation to the relief: position in the terrain (flat
the village itself there were located hollow ways and terrain, slope, edge of a terrace etc.)
six stepped strips signifying field boundaries.
2)
shape: characteristics of the bottom or floor of a
The cluster of features by the foot of the nearby feature (respective to the terrain, in the top part
rocky ridge could be interpreted as remains of or by the bottom), shape of walls, top or bottom
a modern gamekeeper s house, marked out on 19th
3)
size: size of a feature in the bottom section
century maps. The space betwen the gamekeeper s (respective to the terrain, in the top part or by the
house and the deserted village is occupied by a frag- bottom) and in a vertical section (height, depth)
ment
of a past field system with
17
preserved ridges
4)
composition of a feature: description of soil
and furrows, which reflects well a forest field, also (sometimes a slight scraping is neccesary) and
marked out on maps. other components (stones, visible walls etc.)
5)
preservation
/
current state: possible disturbances
10.
The deserted farmstead of
Rájov
of a feature and current vegetation cover
6)
geobotanical indicators: presence of geobotanical
In the forest district of
Chýlava
there were two indicators
farmsteads known as
Ráj
or
Rájov,
an earlier and
7)
finds: recording of artefacts and ecofacts
a later one. The remains of the later farmstead, which
8)
relation to other features: we consider spatial
rela¬
is
in our scope of interest here, can be found on the tionship to other features
cadastral area of
Vlčice
u Blovic,
approximately
1
km to the east from
Chocen
ice and approximately
11.2.
Description of pottery fabrics
300
m
to the south of
Velké Chocenické skály
(559
We analyze pottery with the use of classification
m.a.s.l.). system and
KERAMIK
database. On the basis of
Well-preserved remains reveal a regular rectan- the macroscopic characteristics of pottery fabrics we
guiar
layout of the farmstead with a house in its define pottery fabrics in the studied region of the
northeastern corner and with outbuildings on the middle
Úslava,
which we label with an alphanumeric
western side, probably with a small granary, a stable code. Fabrics BL3000 (BL3001-BL3005) represent
and a well. The entrance-ways we expect to be on a coarser medium fired pottery, that was thrown
the southern and northern side. By the northern on an archaic potter s wheel (the Early
Medie-
entrance was located a well or a water basin. Total
val
tradition pottery type). The fabrics BL4000
extent of
43
x
36
m
(0.15
ha) rank the farmstead (BL40O1-BL4OO5) represent a better made (pro-
among the smaller ones. In the surroundings of the duced either on the older slow or later advanced in-
tarmstead there were located some smaller features, ertial potter s wheel), hard-fired pottery with thinner
speaking about the use of this land such as watering walls and made of higher quality clay (Later Medie-
Places, enclosures and a quarry. Fieldwalking was
val
pottery). The fabrics BL7000 (BL7001-BL7002)
also undertaken on site, which confirmed the dating include thin-walled, hard or very hard-fired pottery,
°r the farmstead to the modern period,
lhe
use of glazed and made of fine clay (modern pottery).
• 175
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author_GND | (DE-588)1049356209 |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV037339398 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)729977517 (DE-599)BVBBV037339398 |
edition | 1. vyd. |
era | Geschichte 500-1500 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 500-1500 |
format | Book |
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geographic | Westböhmisches Gebiet (DE-588)4079210-9 gnd |
geographic_facet | Westböhmisches Gebiet |
id | DE-604.BV037339398 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T23:22:25Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9788087170045 |
language | Czech |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022493135 |
oclc_num | 729977517 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 180 S. Ill., Kt. |
publishDate | 2009 |
publishDateSearch | 2009 |
publishDateSort | 2009 |
publisher | Katedra Archeologie Fak. Filozofické Západočeské Univ. |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I Pavel Vařeka ... 1. vyd. Plzeň Katedra Archeologie Fak. Filozofické Západočeské Univ. 2009 180 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Medieval landscape in the Middle Úslava-River Region I Geschichte 500-1500 gnd rswk-swf Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Westböhmisches Gebiet (DE-588)4079210-9 gnd rswk-swf Westböhmisches Gebiet (DE-588)4079210-9 g Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Geschichte 500-1500 z DE-604 Vařeka, Pavel 1967- Sonstige (DE-588)1049356209 oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022493135&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022493135&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4079210-9 |
title | Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I |
title_auth | Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I |
title_exact_search | Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I |
title_full | Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I Pavel Vařeka ... |
title_fullStr | Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I Pavel Vařeka ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I Pavel Vařeka ... |
title_short | Středověká krajina na střední Úslavě I |
title_sort | stredoveka krajina na stredni uslave i |
topic | Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
topic_facet | Siedlung Westböhmisches Gebiet |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022493135&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022493135&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT varekapavel stredovekakrajinanastredniuslavei |