Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides: laboratory techniques and methodology
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2011
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| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783527326587 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides |b laboratory techniques and methodology |c Jukka Lehto and Xiaolin Hou |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 406 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 25 cm | ||
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE XVII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIX
1 RADIONUCLIDES AND THEIR RADIOMETRIE MEASUREMENT 1 1.1 RADIONUCLIDES 1
1.1.1 NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES 1 1.1.2 ARTIFICIAL RADIONUCLIDES 4 1.2 MODES
OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY 6 1.2.1 FISSION 6
1.2.2 ALPHA DECAY 8
1.2.3 BETA DECAY 10
1.2.4 INTERNAL TRANSITION 12 1.3 DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION
14 1.3.1 GAS IONIZATION DETECTORS 14 1.3.2 LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING
16 1.3.3 SOLID SCINTILLATION DETECTORS 20 1.3.4 SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS
20 1.3.5 SUMMARY OF RADIOMETRIE METHODS 22
2 SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE CHEMISTRY OF RADIONUCLIDES AND THEIR
SEPARATION 25 2.1 SMALL QUANTITIES 25
2.2 ADSORPTION 26
2.3 USE OF CARRIERS 28
2.4 UTILIZATION OF RADIATION IN THE DETERMINATION OF RADIONUCLIDES 31
2.5 CONSIDERATION OF ELAPSED TIME 31 2.6 CHANGES IN THE SYSTEM CAUSED BY
RADIATION AND DECAY 32 2.7 THE NEED FOR RADIOCHEMICAL SEPARATIONS 32
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1002408342
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
IMAGE 2
VI
CONTENTS
3
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1
3.3.2 3.4
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
3.8.1 3.8.2
4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1
4.2.2 4.2.2.1
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL FORMS OF RADIONUCLIDES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
35 SOLUTION PH 35 REDOX POTENTIAL 38
DISSOLVED GASES 42 OXYGEN 42 CARBON DIOXIDE 43 LIGANDS FORMING COMPLEXES
WITH METALS 46
HUMIC SUBSTANCES 48 COLLOIDAL PARTICLES 51 SOURCE AND GENERATION OF
RADIONUCLIDES 52 APPENDIX: REAGENTS USED TO ADJUST OXIDATION
STATES OF RADIONUCLIDES 54 OXIDANTS 54 REDUCTANTS 55
SEPARATION METHODS 57 PRECIPITATION 57 SOLUBILITY PRODUCT 58
COPRECIPITATION 59 OBJECTIVES OF PRECIPITATION 60
PRECIDITATIONS SUEECIFIC FOR THE INVESTIGATED RADIONUDIDE 60 4.2.2.2
GROUP PRECIPITATIONS FOR THE PRECONCENTRATION OF THE TARGET RADIONUDIDE
61
4.2.2.3 GROUP PRECIPITATIONS FOR THE REMOVAL OF INTERFERING
RADIONUCLIDES AND STABLE ELEMENTS 61 4.3 ION EXCHANGE 64
4.3.1 ION EXCHANGE RESINS 64 4.3.2 DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT AND
SELECTIVITY 65 4.3.3 CATION EXCHANGE OR ANION EXCHANGE? 66 4.3.4 ION
EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 67
4.3.5 ION EXCHANGE IN ACTINIDE SEPARATIONS 68 4.4 SOLVENT EXTRACTION 70
4.4.1 EXTRACTABLE COMPLEXES 71 4.4.2 DISTRIBUTION CONSTANT AND
DISTRIBUTION RATIO 72 4.4.3 EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION IN
RADIOCHEMICAL SEPARATIONS 73
4.5 EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 74 4.5.1 PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY 74 4.5.2 EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY RESINS 74 4.5.3 PB AND
SR RESINS 75
4.5.4 USE OF EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY IN ACTINIDE SEPARATIONS 76
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS VII
5 YIELD DETERMINATIONS AND COUNTING SOURCE PREPARATION 81
5.1 THE DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL YIELD IN RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES 81
5.1.1 USE OF STABLE ISOTOPIC CARRIERS IN YIELD DETERMINATIONS 81 5.1.2
USE OF RADIOACTIVE TRACERS IN YIELD DETERMINATIONS 82 5.2 PREPARATION OF
SOURCES FOR ACTIVITY COUNTING 85 5.2.1 PREPARATION OF SOURCE FOR GAMMA
EMITTERS 85 5.2.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR LSC 86 5.2.3 SOURCE PREPARATION
FOR ALPHA SPECTROMETRY WITH SEMICONDUCTOR
DETECTORS AND FOR BETA COUNTING WITH PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 87 5.2.3.1
ELECTRODEPOSITION 88 5.2.3.2 MICRO-COPRECIPITATION 88 5.2.3.3
SPONTANEOUS DEPOSITION 89
5.3 ESSENTIALS IN CHEMICAL YIELD DETERMINATION AND IN COUNTING SOURCE
PREPARATION 89 5.3.1 YIELD DETERMINATION 89 5.3.2 COUNTING SOURCE
PREPARATION 90
6 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ALKALI METALS 91 6.1 MOST IMPORTANT
RADIONUCLIDES OF THE ALKALI METALS 91 6.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
ALKALI METALS 91 6.3 SEPARATION NEEDS OF ALKALI METAL RADIONUCLIDES 92
6.4 POTASSIUM - 40 K 93
6.5 CESIUM - 134 CS, 135 CS, AND 137 CS 94
6.5.1 SOURCES AND NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS 94 6.5.2 PRECONCENTRATION OF
CESIUM NUCLIDES FROM NATURAL WATERS 95 6.5.3 DETERMINATION OF 135 CS 96
6.5.3.1 DETERMINATION OF I35 CS BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 96
6.5.3.2 DETERMINATION OF 135 CS BY MASS SPECTROMETRY 97 6.6 ESSENTIALS
IN THE RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ALKALI METALS 98
7 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS 99 7.1 MOST IMPORTANT
RADIONUCLIDES OF THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS 99 7.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS 99 7.3 BERYLLIUM - 7 BE AND 10 BE 102
7.4 CALCIUM - 41 CA AND 45 CA 1 02
7A.I NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT 102 7.4.2 DETERMINATION OF
45 CA AND 41 CA IN CONCRETE 103 7.5 STRONTIUM - 89 SR AND 90 SR 106
7.5.1 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES 106 7.5.2 MEASUREMENT OF
STRONTIUM ISOTOPES 107 7.5.2.1 MEASUREMENT OF 90 SR ACTIVITY 107 7.5.2.2
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF 89 SR AND 90 SR 109 7.5.3 RADIOCHEMICAL
SEPARATIONS OF 90 SR AND 89 SR 109 7.5.3.1 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL
YIELD IN RADIOSTRONTIUM
SEPARATIONS 110
IMAGE 4
VIII CONTENTS
7.5.3.2 SEPARATION OF RADIOSTRONTIUM BY THE NITRATE PRECIPITATION
METHOD 110
7.5.3.3 SEPARATION OF RADIOSTRONTIUM BY A CA(OH) 2 PRECIPITATION METHOD
113 7.5.3.4 SEPARATION OF RADIOSTRONTIUM BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
114 7.6 RADIUM - 226 RA AND 228 RA 117
7.6.1 NUDEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIUM ISOTOPES 117 7.6.2 MEASUREMENT OF
THE ACTIVITY OF RADIUM ISOTOPES 117 7.6.3 NEED FOR DETERMINING THE
ACTIVITY OF RADIUM ISOTOPES 119 7.6.4 RADIOCHEMICAL SEPARATIONS OF
RADIUM 119
7.6.4.1 SEPARATION OF 226 RA IN ROCK SAMPLES WITH USE OF ION EXCHANGE
120 7.6.4.2 DETERMINATION OF 226 RA AND 228 RA IN WATER BY EXTRACTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY 121 7.7 ESSENTIALS IN THE RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ALKALINE
EARTH METALS 122
8 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE 3D-TRANSITION METALS 123 8.1 THE MOST IMPORTANT
RADIONUDIDES OF THE 3D-TRANSITION METALS 123 8.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
THE 3D-TRANSITION METALS 124 8.3 IRON - 55 FE 125
8.3.1 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT OF 55 FE 125 8.3.2
CHEMISTRY OF IRON 125
8.3.3 SEPARATION OF S5 FE 128
8.3.3.1 SEPARATION OF 55 FE BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION 128 8.3.3.2 SEPARATION
OF 55 FE BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 129 8.4 NICKEL - 59 NI AND 63 NI
130
8.4.1 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT OF 59 NI AND 63 NI 230
8.4.2 CHEMISTRY OF NICKEL 131 8.4.3 SEPARATION OF 59 NI AND 63 NI 132
8.4.3.1 SEPARATION OF NICKEL BY THE DMG PRECIPITATION METHOD 132 8.4.3.2
SEPARATION OF 63 NI BY NI RESIN 134 8.4.3.3 SEPARATION OF NICKEL FOR THE
MEASUREMENT OF NIDCEL ISOTOPES WITH AMS 135
8.4.3.4 SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF S5 FE AND 63 NI 135 8.5 ESSENTIALS
IN 3-D TRANSITION METALS RADIOCHEMISTRY 137
9 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE 4D-TRANSITION METALS 239 9.1 IMPORTANT
RADIONUCLIDES OF THE 4D-TRANSITION METALS 139 9.2 CHEMISTRY OF THE
4D-TRANSITION METALS 240 9.3 TECHNETIUM - 99 TC 140
9.3.1 CHEMISTRY OF TECHNETIUM 142 9.3.2 NUDEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND
MEASUREMENT OF "TC 141 9.3.3 SEPARATION OF 99 TC 243
9.3.3.1 YIELD DETERMINATION IN 99 TC ANALYSES 243 9.3.3.2 ENRICHMENT
OF"TC FOR WATER ANALYZES 244
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS IX
9.3.3.3 SEPARATION OF 99 TC FROM WATER BY PRECIPITATION AND SOLVENT
EXTRACTION 244
9.3.3.4 SEPARATION OF 99 TC BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 245 9.3.3.5
SEPARATION OF"TC BY DISTILLATION 246 9.4 ZIRCONIUM - 93 ZR 146
9.4.1 CHEMISTRY OF ZIRCONIUM 247 9.4.2 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND
MEASUREMENT OF 93 ZR 248 9.4.3 SEPARATION OF 93 ZR 148
9.4.3.1 DETERMINATION OF 93 ZR BY TTA EXTRACTION AND MEASUREMENT BY LSC
249 9.4.3.2 SEPARATION OF 93 ZR BY COPRECIPITATION AND SOLVENT
EXTRACTION FOR THE ZR MEASUREMENT BY ICP-MS 249 9.5 MOLYBDENUM - 93 MO
251
9.5.1 CHEMISTRY OF MOLYBDENUM 252 9.5.2 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND
MEASUREMENT OF 93 MO 253 9.5.3 SEPARATION OF 93 MO 254
9.5.3.1 SEPARATION OF RADIOACTIVE MOLYBDENUM BY ALUMINUM OXIDE 254
9.5.3.2 SEPARATION OF 93 MO BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION 254 9.6 NIOBIUM - 94
NB 256
9.6.1 CHEMISTRY OF NIOBIUM 256 9.6.2 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND
MEASUREMENT OF NIOBIUM RADIONUCLIDES 257 9.6.3 SEPARATION OF 94 NB 257
9.6.3.1 SEPARATION OF 94 NB BY PRECIPITATION AS NB 2 O S 258 9.6.3.2
SEPARATION OF 94 NB BY PRECIPITATION AS NB 2 O 5 AND BY ANION EXCHANGE
258 9.6.3.3 SEPARATION OF 94 NB BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION 259 9.7 ESSENTIALS
IN THE RADIOCHEMISTRY OF 4-D TRANSITION METALS 259
10 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE LANTHANIDES 263 10.1 IMPORTANT LANTHANIDE
RADIONUCLIDES 263 10.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LANTHANIDES 163 10.3
SEPARATION OF LANTHANIDES FROM ACTINIDES 265 10.4 LANTHANIDES AS
ACTINIDE ANALOGS 265
10.5 147 PM AND 151 SM 267
10.5.1 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT OF 147 PM AND 15I SM 167
10.5.2 SEPARATION OF 147 PM AND 151 SM 268 10.5.2.1 SEPARATION WITH LN
RESIN 168 10.5.2.2 DETERMINATION OF 147 PM FROM URINE USING ION EXCHANGE
CHROMATOGRAPHY 170
10.5.2.3 SEPARATION OF 147 PM FROM IRRADIATED FUEL BY ION EXCHANGE
CHROMATOGRAPHY 170 10.5.2.4 DETERMINATION OF 147 PM AND 151 SM IN ROCKS
171 10.6 ESSENTIALS OF LANTHANIDE RADIOCHEMISTRY 173
IMAGE 6
X CONTENTS
11 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE HALOGENS 175
11.1 IMPORTANT HALOGEN RADIONUDIDES 275 11.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE HALOGENS 276 11.3 CHLORINE - 36 CL 278
11.3.1 SOURCES AND NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF 36 C1 178 11.3.2
DETERMINATION OF 36 C1 178 11.3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF 36 C1 FROM STEEL,
GRAPHITE, AND CONCRETE BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 179
11.4 IODINE - 129 I 181
11.4.1 SOURCES AND NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF 129 I 181 11.4.2
MEASUREMENT OF 129 I 182
11.4.2.1 DETERMINATION OF 129 I BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 182
11.4.2.2 DETERMINATION OF 129 I BY ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 184
11.4.3 RADIOCHEMICAL SEPARATIONS OF 129 I 185 11.4.3.1 SEPARATION OF 129
I BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION 185 11.4.3.2 PRETREATMENT OF SAMPLES FOR 129 I
ANALYSES 188 11.4.3.3 SPECIATION OF IODINE SPECIES IN WATER 188 11.5
ESSENTIALS OF HALOGEN RADIOCHEMISTRY 190
12 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE NOBLE CASES 193 12.1 IMPORTANT RADIONUCLIDES OF
THE NOBLE GASES 193 12.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
NOBLE GASES 193 12.3 MEASUREMENT OF XE ISOTOPES IN AIR 194
12.4 DETERMINATION OF 85 KR IN AIR 1 94
12.5 RADON AND ITS DETERMINATION 196 12.5.1 DETERMINATION OF RADON IN
OUTDOOR AIR AND SOIL PORE SPACES 197 12.5.2 DETERMINATION OF RADON IN
INDOOR AIR 197 12.5.3 DETERMINATION OF RADON IN WATER 197
12.6 ESSENTIALS OF NOBLE GAS RADIODIEMISTRY 198
13 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF TRITIUM AND RADIOCARBON 201 13.1 TRITIUM - 3 H 201
13.1.1 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF TRITIUM 201 13.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES OF
TRITIUM 202 13.1.3 DETERMINATION OF TRITIUM IN WATER 203 13.1.4
ELECTROLYTIC ENRICHMENT OF TRITIUM 203 13.1.5 DETERMINATION OF TRITIUM
IN ORGANIC MATERIAL 204 13.1.6 DETERMINATION OF TRITIUM FROM URINE 204
13.1.7 DETERMINATION OF TRITIUM AFTER CONVERSION INTO BENZENE 205 13.1.8
DETERMINATION OF TRITIUM USING MASS SPECTROMETRY 205 13.1.9
DETERMINATION OF TRITIUM IN NUCLEAR WASTE SAMPLES 206 13.2 RADIOCARBON -
14 C 207
13.2.1 NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF RADIOCARBON 207 13.2.2 SOURCES OF
RADIOCARBON 207 13.2.3 CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC CARBON 209
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XI
13.2.4 CARBON DATING OF CARBONACEOUS SAMPLES 209
13.2.5 SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF 14 C 210 13.2.5.1 REMOVAL OF
CARBON FROM SAMPLES BY COMBUSTION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF 14 C 211
13.2.5.2 DETERMINATION OF 14 C AS CALCIUM CARBONATE BY LIQUID
SCINTILLATION
COUNTING 211
13.2.5.3 DETERMINATION OF 14 C BY LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING WITH
CARBON BOUND TO AMINE 213 13.2.5.4 14 C DETERMINATION BY LSC IN BENZENE
223 13.2.5.5 14 C DETERMINATION IN GRAPHITE FORM BY AMS 223 13.2.5.6
DETERMINATION OF 14 C IN NUCLEAR WASTE 224
13.3 ESSENTIALS OF TRITIUM AND RADIOCARBON RADIOCHEMISTRY 225
14 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF LEAD, POLONIUM, TIN, AND SELENIUM 217 14.1 POLONIUM
- 210 PO 228
14.1.1 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF 210 PO 218 14.1.2 CHEMISTRY OF
POLONIUM 229 14.1.3 DETERMINATION OF 210 PO 220 14.2 LEAD - 210 PB 222
14.2.1 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT OF 210 PB 222 14.2.2
CHEMISTRY OF LEAD 223 14.2.3 DETERMINATION OF 210 PB 224 14.2.3.1
DETERMINATION OF 210 PB FROM THE INGROWTH OF 210 PO 225
14.2.3.2 SEPARATION OF 210 PB BY PRECIPITATION 226 14.2.3.3 SEPARATION
OF 210 PB BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 226 14.3 TIN - 126 SN 228
14.3.1 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT OF 126 SN 228 14.3.2
CHEMISTRY OF TIN 229 14.3.3 DETERMINATION OF 126 SN 230 14.4 SELENIUM -
79 SE 233
14.4.1 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT OF 79 SE 233 14.4.2
CHEMISTRY OF SELENIUM 233 14.4.3 DETERMINATION OF 79 SE 235 14.5
ESSENTIALS OF POLONIUM, LEAD, TIN, AND SELENIUM
RADIOCHEMISTRY 236
15 RADIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ACTINIDES 239 15.1 IMPORTANT ACTINIDE ISOTOPES
239 15.2 GENERATION AND ORIGIN OF THE ACTINIDES 239 15.3 ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURES OF THE ACTINIDES 244 15.4 OXIDATION STATES OF THE ACTINIDES
245
15.5 IONIC RADII OF THE ACTINIDES 246 15.6 MAJOR CHEMICAL FORMS OF THE
ACTINIDES 247 15.7 DISPROPORTIONATION 247 15.8 HYDROLYSIS AND
POLYMERIZATION OF THE ACTINIDES 249
IMAGE 8
XII CONTENTS
15.9 COMPLEX FORMATION OF THE ACTINIDES 250
15.10 OXIDES OF THE ACTINIDES 250 15.11 ACTINIUM 251
15.11.1 ISOTOPES OF ACTINIUM 251 15.11.2 CHEMISTRY OF ACTINIUM 252
15.11.3 SEPARATION OF ACTINIUM 253 15.11.4 ESSENTIALS OF ACTINIUM
RADIOCHEMISTRY 254
15.12 THORIUM 255
15.12.1 OCCURRENCE OF THORIUM 255 15.12.2 THORIUM ISOTOPES AND THEIR
MEASUREMENT 255 15.12.3 CHEMISTRY OF THORIUM 256 15.12.4 SEPARATION OF
THORIUM 258 15.12.4.1 SEPARATION OF THORIUM BY PRECIPITATION 258
15.12.4.2 SEPARATION OF THORIUM BY ANION EXCHANGE 258 15.12.4.3
SEPARATION OF THORIUM BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION 259
15.12.4.4 SEPARATION OF THORIUM BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 259 15.12.5
ESSENTIALS OF THORIUM RADIOCHEMISTRY 259 15.13 PROTACTINIUM 260
15.13.1 ISOTOPES OF PROTACTINIUM 260 15.13.2 CHEMISTRY OF PROTACTINIUM
262 15.13.3 SEPARATION OF PROTACTINIUM 262 15.13.4 ESSENTIALS OF
PROTACTINIUM RADIOCHEMISTRY 263
15.14 URANIUM 264
15.14.1 THE MOST IMPORTANT URANIUM ISOTOPES 264 15.14.2 OCCURRENCE OF
URANIUM 266 15.14.3 CHEMISTRY OF URANIUM 267 15.14.4 HYDROLYSIS OF
URANIUM 269 15.14.5 FORMATION OF URANIUM COMPLEXES 269 15.14.6 URANIUM
OXIDES 272
15.14.7 FROM ORE TO URANIUM FUEL 271 15.14.8 MEASUREMENT OF URANIUM 272
15.14.9 REASONS FOR DETERMINING URANIUM ISOTOPES 273 15.14.10 SEPARATION
OF URANIUM 274
15.14.10.1 SEPARATION OF URANIUM FROM OTHER NATURALLY OCCURRING
ALPHA-EMITTING RADIONUDIDES 274 15.14.10.2 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL
FORMS OF URANIUM IN GROUNDWATER 274 15.14.10.3 SEPARATION OF URANIUM
FROM TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS BY ANION
EXDIANGE OR BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 275 15.14.10.4 SEPARATION OF
URANIUM BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION WITH TRIBUTYLPHOSPHATE (TBP) 275 15.14.11
ESSENTIALS OF URANIUM RADIOCHEMISTRY 275 15.15 NEPTUNIUM 277
15.15.1 SOURCES OF NEPTUNIUM 277 15.15.2 NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND
MEASUREMENT OF 237 NP 278 15.15.3 CHEMISTRY OF NEPTUNIUM 278
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIII
15.15.4 SEPARATION OF 237 NP 280
15.15.4.1 NEPTUNIUM TRACERS FOR YIELD DETERMINATIONS 280 15.15.4.2
PRECONCENTRATION OF NEPTUNIUM FROM LARGE WATER VOLUMES 282 15.15.4.3
SEPARATION OF 237 NP BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 282 15.15.4.4
SEPARATION OF 237 NP BY ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 283 15.15.4.5
SEPARATION OF 237 NP BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION 283 15.15.5 ESSENTIALS OF
NEPTUNIUM RADIOCHEMISTRY 283 15.16 PLUTONIUM 284
15.16.1 ISOTOPES OF PLUTONIUM 284 15.16.2 SOURCES OF PLUTONIUM 286
15.16.3 MEASUREMENT OF PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES 287 15.16.4 THE CHEMISTRY OF
PLUTONIUM 289 15.16.4.1 OXIDATION STATES AND PLUTONIUM 289 15.16.4.2
DISPROPORTIONATION 290 15.16.4.3 HYDROLYSIS 292 15.16.4.4 REDOX BEHAVIOR
292 15.16.4.5 COMPLEX FORMATION 293 15.16.5 SEPARATION OF PLUTONIUM 293
15.16.6 TRACERS USED IN THE DETERMINATION OF PU ISOTOPES 294 15.16.7
SEPARATION BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION 295 15.16.8 SEPARATION OF PU BY ANION
EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 296 15.16.9 SEPARATION OF PU BY EXTRACTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY 297 15.16.10 SEPARATION OF PU FROM LARGE VOLUMES OF WATER
298 15.16.11 AUTOMATED AND RAPID SEPARATION METHODS FOR PU DETERMINATION
300 15.16.12 ESSENTIALS OF PLUTONIUM RADIOCHEMISTRY 301 15.17 AMERICIUM
AND CURIUM 302 15.17.1 SOURCES OF AMERICIUM AND CURIUM 302 15.17.2
NUDEAR CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT OF 241 AM, 242 CM,
243 CM, AND 244 CM 303 15.17.3 CHEMISTRY OF AMERICIUM AND CURIUM 304
15.17.4 SEPARATION OF AMERICIUM AND CURIUM 306 15.17.4.1 SEPARATION OF
AM AND CM BY ION EXCHANGE 307
15.17.4.2 SEPARATION OF AM AND CM BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 307
15.17.4.3 SEPARATION OF AM AND CM BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION 307 15.17.4.4
SEPARATION OF LANTHANIDES FROM AM AND CM 308
15.17.5 ESSENTIALS OF AMERICIUM AND CURIUM RADIOCHEMISTRY 309
16 SPECIATION ANALYSIS 311 16.1 CONSIDERATIONS RELEVANT TO SPECIATION
311 16.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIATION 312 16.3 CATEGORIZATION OF
SPECIATION ANALYZES 313 16.4 FRACTIONATION TECHNIQUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
SAMPLES 314
16.4.1 PARTICLE FRACTIONATION IN WATER 314 16.4.2 FRACTIONATION OF
AEROSOL PARTICLES 316 16.4.3 FRACTIONATION OF SOIL AND SEDIMENTS 317
IMAGE 10
XIV CONTENTS
16.5 ANALYSIS OF RADIONUDIDE AND ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS 317
16.6 SPECTROSCOPIC SPECIATION METHODS 318 16.7 WET CHEMICAL METHODS 321
16.7.1 COPRECIPITATION 321 16.7.2 SOLVENT EXTRACTION 322
16.7.3 ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 323 16.8 SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTIONS 324
16.9 COMPUTATIONAL SPECIATION METHODS 326 16.10 CHARACTERIZATION OF
RADIOACTIVE PARTICLES 329
16.10.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF THE PARTICLES 330 16.10.2
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF THE PARTICLES 330 16.10.3
GAMMA AND X-RAY ANALYSIS OF THE PARTICLES 331 16.10.4 SECONDARY ION MASS
SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF RADIOACTIVE
PARTICLES 332
16.10.5 SYNCHROTRON-BASED X-RAY MICROANALYSES 332 16.10.6
POST-DISSOLUTION ANALYSIS OF PARTICLES 334 FURTHER READING 335
17 MEASUREMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES BY MASS SPECTROMETRY 337 17.1
INTRODUCTION 337
17.2 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY (ICP-MS) 338 17.2.1
COMPONENTS AND OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF ICP-MS SYSTEMS 339 17.2.2
RESOLUTION AND ABUNDANCE SENSITIVITY 342 17.2.3 DYNAMIC
COLLISION/REACTION CELLS 343
17.2.4 DETECTORS 344
17.2.5 DETECTION LIMITS 345 17.2.6 90 SR MEASUREMENT BY ICP-MS 346
17.2.7 99 TC MEASUREMENT BY ICP-MS 348 17.2.8 MEASUREMENT OF URANIUM AND
THORIUM ISOTOPES BY ICP-MS 348 17.2.9 237 NP MEASUREMENT BY ICP-MS 349
17.2.10 MEASUREMENT OF PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES BY ICP-MS 349 17.3 ACCELERATOR
MASS SPECTROMETRY (AMS) 350
17.3.1 COMPONENTS AND OPERATION OF AMS 350 17.3.2 14 C MEASUREMENT BY
AMS 352 17.3.3 36 C1 MEASUREMENT BY AMS 353 17.3.4 41 CA MEASUREMENT BY
AMS 353
17.3.5 63 NI AND 59 NI MEASUREMENT BY AMS 353 17.3.6 99 TC MEASUREMENT
BY AMS 354 17.3.7 129 I MEASUREMENT BY AMS 355 17.3.8 MEASUREMENT OF
PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES BY AMS 355
17.4 THERMAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY (TIMS) 356 17.5 RESONANCE
IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY (RIMS) 358 17.6 ESSENTIALS OF THE
MEASUREMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES BY MASS SPECTROMETRY 359
FURTHER READING 360
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XV
18 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PRETREATMENT FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF RADIONUCLIDES 362 18.1 INTRODUCTION 362
18.2 AIR SAMPLING AND PRETREATMENT 362 18.2.1 SAMPLING AEROSOL PARTICLES
362 18.2.1.1 RADIOACTIVE AEROSOL PARTICLES 363 18.2.1.2 INTEGRAL AEROSOL
PARTICLE SAMPLING 363 18.2.1.3 SIZE-SELECTIVE AEROSOL PARTICLE SAMPLING
365 18.2.1.4 PASSIVE AEROSOL PARTICLE SAMPLING 366 18.3 SAMPLING GASEOUS
COMPONENTS 366 18.4 ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION SAMPLING 369 18.4.1 DRY/WET
DEPOSITION SAMPLING 369 18.4.2 ION EXCHANGE COLLECTOR 370 18.5 WATER
SAMPLING 372
18.5.1 SURFACE WATER SAMPLING 371 18.5.2 WATER CORE (DEPTH PROFILE) 372
18.5.3 PRECONCENTRATION OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM NATURAL WATERS 375
18.5.3.1 PRECONCENTRATION OF RADIOCESIUM ( 137 CS AND 134 CS) 375
18.5.3.2 PRECONCENTRATION OF PU, AM, NP, AND 99 TC 376 18.6 SEDIMENT
SAMPLING AND PRETREATMENT 377 18.6.1 SURFACE SEDIMENT SAMPLING 377
18.6.2 SEDIMENT CORE SAMPLING 379 18.6.3 SEDIMENT PORE WATER SAMPLING
382
18.6.4 PRETREATMENT OF SEDIMENTS - STORAGE, DRYING, HOMOGENIZING 383
18.7 SOIL SAMPLING AND PRETREATMENT 384 18.7.1 PLANNING THE SAMPLING 384
18.7.2 SOIL CORE SAMPLING 385 18.7.3 TEMPLATE METHOD 387
18.7.4 TRENCH METHOD 387 18.7.5 PRETREATMENT OF SOIL SAMPLES 388 18.8
ESSENTIALS IN SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PRETREATMENT FOR RADIONUCLIDES 388
19 CHEMICAL CHANGES INDUCED BY RADIOACTIVE DECAY 392 19.1 AUTORADIOLYSIS
392 19.1.1 DISSOLVED GASES 392 19.1.2 WATER SOLUTIONS 392 19.1.3 ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS LABELED WITH RADIONUDIDES 392
19.1.4 SOLID COMPOUNDS 393 19.2 TRANSMUTATION AND SUBSEQUENT CHEMICAL
CHANGES 393 19.3 RECOIL - HOT ATOM CHEMISTRY 394
INDEX 397 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lehto, Jukka Hou, Xiaolin |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142951366 (DE-588)142951447 |
| author_facet | Lehto, Jukka Hou, Xiaolin |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Lehto, Jukka |
| author_variant | j l jl x h xh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037324382 |
| classification_rvk | VE 8300 VG 7000 |
| classification_tum | CHE 400f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)693875450 (DE-599)DNB1002408342 |
| dewey-full | 541.3884 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 541 - Physical chemistry |
| dewey-raw | 541.3884 |
| dewey-search | 541.3884 |
| dewey-sort | 3541.3884 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Chemie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV037324382 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T11:04:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527326587 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022478488 |
| oclc_num | 693875450 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XIX, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lehto, Jukka Verfasser (DE-588)142951366 aut Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides laboratory techniques and methodology Jukka Lehto and Xiaolin Hou Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2011 XIX, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Radionuklid (DE-588)4133541-7 gnd rswk-swf Radionuklid (DE-588)4133541-7 s DE-604 Hou, Xiaolin Verfasser (DE-588)142951447 aut X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3474349&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022478488&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lehto, Jukka Hou, Xiaolin Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides laboratory techniques and methodology Radionuklid (DE-588)4133541-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4133541-7 |
| title | Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides laboratory techniques and methodology |
| title_auth | Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides laboratory techniques and methodology |
| title_exact_search | Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides laboratory techniques and methodology |
| title_full | Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides laboratory techniques and methodology Jukka Lehto and Xiaolin Hou |
| title_fullStr | Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides laboratory techniques and methodology Jukka Lehto and Xiaolin Hou |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides laboratory techniques and methodology Jukka Lehto and Xiaolin Hou |
| title_short | Chemistry and analysis of radionuclides |
| title_sort | chemistry and analysis of radionuclides laboratory techniques and methodology |
| title_sub | laboratory techniques and methodology |
| topic | Radionuklid (DE-588)4133541-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Radionuklid |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3474349&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022478488&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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