Znárodněné Československo: od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Czech |
| Published: |
Praha
Auditorium
2010
|
| Edition: | Vyd. 1. |
| Series: | Edice 20. století
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Nationalized Czechoslovakia |
| Physical Description: | 444 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788087284124 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | OBSAH
Úvod
.................................................................................................
7
I.
Znárodnění,
vyvlastnení
a konfiskace
..............................................
n
II.
Do roku
1918:
Historické kořeny
...................................................
,7
Nedotknutelnost soukromého vlastnictví,
nebo socializace ve jménu nového společenského řádu?
........................18
III.
1918-1938:
První republika
..........................................................35
Socializační snahy a zásahy do majetkových práv za první republiky
.......36
Československá pozemková reforma
................................................39
Socializace a zestátnění československého průmyslu
............................43
Příklady zestátnění průmyslových podniků
.......................................53
Státní zásahy do ekonomiky a dopady hospodářské krize
......................56
Socializace a zestátnění mezi válkami
ve vybraných evropských státech
....................................................64
Německo a Rakousko
............................................................65
Velká Británie
......................................................................70
Francie
..............................................................................73
Itálie a Španělsko
.................................................................76
Třicátá léta v meziválečné Evropě
....................................................78
IV.
1938-1945:
Doba nesvobody
........................................................85
Arizace židovského majetku
...........................................................87
Plány na znárodnění v domácím odboji
............................................95
Představy zahraničního odboje o znárodnění
....................................104
V·
1945-1948:
Po válce a před Únorem
.............................................135
Košický
vládní program
...............................................................136
Restituce majetku po druhé světové válce
.........................................141
Dekret o národní správě
...............................................................144
Konfiskace nepřátelského majetku
.................................................150
Příprava a projednávání znárodňovacích dekretů
prezidenta republiky
...................................................................158
Dohoda socialistických stran
.........................................................160
Znárodnění československého filmu
...............................................170
Jednání o znárodnění dalších odvětví ekonomiky
..............................174
Spory o rozsah znárodnění
............................................................192
Znárodnění zahraničního kapitálu
.................................................200
Návrhy na znárodnění bank a pojišťoven
..........................................202
Příprava na novou ekonomiku
......................................................207
Provádění znárodnění v oblasti průmyslu
.........................................209
Národní podniky a znárodnění v dalších oblastech
............................212
Oslavy znárodnění
......................................................................220
Problémy znárodnění
v diskuzi Prozatímního Národního shromáždění
...............................237
Trestní ochrana národních podniků
................................................239
Provádění znárodňovacích dekretů
.................................................244
Žádosti o zařazení do znárodňovací akce
..........................................246
Konkrétní případy znárodnění
.......................................................256
Organizace a statut znárodněných podniků
......................................259
Výsledky znárodňovacího procesu
..................................................265
Hospodářské plánování po znárodnění průmyslu
...............................268
Revize pozemkové reformy
...........................................................271
Přidělování
konfiškátu
................................................................276
Spory o další směřování ekonomiky
................................................282
Mezinárodní souvislosti
-
reparace a náhrady
...................................287
Kompenzace za znárodnění zahraničního kapitálu
.............................290
Poválečné znárodňování v dalších státech Evropy
..............................322
Velica
Británie
.....................................................................326
Francie
.............................................................................338
Itálie
.................................................................................348
Srovnání československého znárodnění se zahraničím
........................352
Znárodnění ve střední Evropě a vznikajícím sovětském bloku
...............357
Jugoslávie a Polsko
......................................................................358
Maďarsko, Bulharsko a Rumunsko
.........................................364
Sovětská okupační zóna v Německu
........................................370
Albánie
.............................................................................373
Rakousko
..........................................................................375
Jednání Československa o náhradách
za konfiskovaný a znárodněný majetek
...........................................377
Švédsko
.............................................................................
3&2
Velká Británie
.....................................................................
383
Jednání o uloupeném československém zlatu
....................................385
Itálie
.................................................................................391
Rakousko
..........................................................................
392
VII.
Po roce
1989:
Restituce a privatizace
...........................................397
Restituce znárodněného majetku po roce
1989..................................398
Resumé
............................................................................................421
Užité zkratky
....................................................................................427
Právní předpisy týkající se znárodnění majetku v Československu
.............428
Bibliografìe a
prameny
........................................................................43°
Rejstřík
............................................................................................434
RESUME
Nationalized Czechoslovakia
The book deals with the changes in the concept of private ownership as well as
with various expropriations, land reforms, confiscations and restitutions during
the whole history of Czechoslovakia, i.e. between
1918
and
1992.
It starts with the
investigation on the roots of the nationalization and the so called „socialization
concept based on the ideology of Marx, Engles and European social democratic
and socialist parties throughout the 19th century. The Czech social democratic
party as a part of Austrian one was heavily influenced especially by German
social democratic programs and later also by the Bolshevik revolution in Russia.
421
Socialization of industry was also supported by other left wing parties, especially
Czech National Socialist, who combined socialist and nationalistic ideas. When
Czechoslovakia was established after WWI. in
1918,
the Social Democrats,
National Socialists and other left wing political parties together with the Trade
Unions demanded radical land reform and large scale socialization of industry,
especially heavy industry and coal mines. Land reform was backed also by the
Agrarian party, so it was agreed in the Government and Parliament and gradually
carried out. It represented relatively moderate land reform based on strengthen¬
ing of small and medium sized private owners and the expropriation was in the
most cases for adequate compensation. The land reform had however strong
anti
German,
anti
Church and
anti
feudal focus and some politicians, historians and
lawyers from the conservative part of the political system saw possible danger
for the future developments. The socialization of industry was discussed for two
years after the WWI. and with the fading of the post war revolutionary wave, it
was abandoned with the notable exception of the establishment of the workers
councils with limited powers
.
The establishment of the Czechoslovak Communist
party in
1921
meant that also the Soviet style of nationalization without compen¬
sation, socialist ownership (state and cooperative) and central planning were
brought into the Czechoslovak political debate.
The Czechoslovak development in
1918-1920
period was compared with Austria
and Germany, because they were all based on similar ideological and political con¬
cepts. Because the Czechoslovak nationalization in
1945
was connected with the
establishment of strong state sector, the book also examined the development of
the state-owned enterprises in France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Swe¬
den, Netherlands and Poland in the late 19th century and throughout the interwar
period. It was compared with the situation in Czechoslovakia, where one could
find relatively strong state sector in mining, production of electricity, transport or
forestry. The state-owned companies and their activities in the interwar Czecho¬
slovakia however represented not socialist
buťstate
capitalist way of economic
thinking. It is possible to conclude, that the state ownership in European history
was not connected only with the socialist or communist views and the strong state
sector could be found also in the democratic as well as the right wing totalitarian
regimes. The reasons for its creation were however very different.
The concept of private ownership was in the interwar Czechoslovakia based
on the Austrian Civil Code from
1811.
Its principles were derived from the Roman
and Natural law, regarded the ownership to be a basic civic right protected both by
private and constitutional law. On the other hand it stipulated that it was possible
to expropriate on the bases of the Act of Parliament and in the interest of general
public. Also the Czechoslovak Constitution of
1920
protected the private owner¬
ship but stipulated that it was possible to expropriate even without the adequate
compensation if it is laid down by the provisions of the Act of Parliament. The
Constitution opened the way not only for the land reform but also for future
socialization (nationalization) of industry.
The core of the book could be seen in chapters related to the Czechoslovak
nationalization, confiscations of the so-called enemy property and land reform
422
after the end of the WWII. At first the main ideological, economic and political
roots of nationalization are examined. The proposals for nationalization of key
industries and economic planning were also in Czechoslovakia connected with
the outcomes of the Great Depression in the 30th Already before the beginning of
WWII, the Czechoslovak Social Democrats and the left wing intellectuals regarded
the nationalization of industry, state intervention and economic planning as
a suitable mean to prevent the economic crises. The liberal free market economy
(as well as liberal democracy as such) was attacked also from the nationalistic right
wing positions and Christian democrats came with their policy based on the Popes
decrees on the society of estates.
After Munich
1938
and March 15th
1939
Czechoslovakia ceased to exist as an
independent country. The Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia was occupied by the
Germans and pro-German Slovak puppet state were created. During WWII, the
national resistance movement both at home and abroad demanded far reaching
political, social and economic reforms of the re-established Czechoslovakia. The
nationalization connected with economic planning was seen as an obvious result
of the victory in the war. The nationalization had very stron^ national ,
anti
Ger¬
man content, because most of the Czech industry was in the German hands during
the war. The Germans also applied their racial theory on the Jewish population and
before they planned to exterminate them in the concentration camps, almost all
their property was confiscated in various ways.
There was also an important notion to punish the most of the Czech capitalist
for their collaboration with Germans within the Czechoslovak resistance move¬
ment. The nationalization was advocated not only by the left wing but also by the
most of other politicians and economists, who took part in the resistance move¬
ment at home or abroad. This lead to the establishment of the so called National
front, in which the Communist party was seen as a leading political force, espe¬
cially when the Agrarian party was not allowed to renew its activities.
The nationalization was planned as an integral part of other important social
and economic reforms. It was connected with the imposition of the so-called
national administration (freezing of property) and confiscation of enemy prop¬
erty, that is to say, property of persons of German and Hungarian origin. The Ger¬
man and Hungarian minorities in Czechoslovakia were accused of collaboration
with Nazi Germany and as the enemy citizens expelled from the country. Their
property together with the property of German Reich, Nazi organizations and
Czech collaborators were confiscated without compensation and it was used to
cover the Czechoslovak war loses.
Far reaching nationalization of coal mines, leading industry and banks was
advocated at first mainly by the Social Democrats and Trade Unions. When the
Communists saw how popular this policy was among the people, they joined
their forces with the Social Democrats and proposed the nationalization of all coal
mines and electric power stations and all industrial plants with more then
500
employees even before the Provisional National Assembly was established. The
Czech National Socialist Party together with President
Beneš
were also in favor of
nationalization, but they advocated the step by step strategy and they paid more
attention to the interests of foreign investors, especially from Allied countries.
The non-Communist democratic parties in the National Front did not manage
to mitigate the radical proposals of the Communists and Social Democrats for
the nationalization of not only mines and industries but also the food industry,
banks, and private insurance companies. There was virtually no opposition to the
nationalization from the Christian Democrats and some critical voices were heard
only from the Slovak Democratic Party.
The nationalization was connected with economic planning and reconstruc¬
tion. Nationalized plants were put together and bigger units called the state owned
national enterprises were established. They were subjected to the Two years plan
of reconstruction in terms of allocation of capital and output, but enjoyed some
economic liberty. The national enterprises were also partly controlled by the Trade
Unions and their representatives, especially in terms of labor and social condi¬
tions. At the end between
65-70
per cent of all industry was in the state hands
in
1946-1948.
Some areas, such as coal mines, banks, insurance companies,
production of electricity, arms or film industries were nationalized completely, i.e.
Czechoslovak state was given a monopoly. There were not only economic reasons
for nationalization, because for example the production and distribution of films
was seen as an important mean of propaganda. The previous owners were prom¬
ised compensation, but the Czechoslovak Government was ready to negotiate only
with former foreign investors.
The book is also trying to compare the Czechoslovak nationalization between
1946-1948
with other European states to see, if the Czechoslovak nationalization
was closer to the British, French or Italian ones or if it was more comparable
with the states of emerging Soviet block. There were certain common features
especially between the Czechoslovak and French nationalizations, both from legal
and economic points of view, but the Czechoslovak was more far-reaching and it
has also stronger confiscation character. Also the usage of the nationalization by
the Czechoslovak Communists to strengthen their political and economic position
and to create a foundation for their political take over is another difference, which
proved to be decisive especially in February
1948,
when Czechoslovakia finally
went the communist way.
After
1948
the Communists carried out the second wave of the nationalization
of industry combined with far reaching land reform and confiscations of property
of political opponents. The private property was gradually limited only to small
holders of land or small private business and all leading branches of industry were
nationalized between
1948-1950
almost completely. It is noted in this book, that
the nationalization in Czechoslovakia was more rapid and far reaching to compare
it with German Democratic Republic, Poland, Hungary or Rumania. No compen¬
sation was paid to the Czechoslovak citizens, so the nationalization finally became
a confiscation.
In
1945
foreign diplomats in Czechoslovakia first began to concern themselves
in greater detail also with Czechoslovak nationalization, which was to affect for¬
eign investments as well. Particularly with the change in the British government
and the ascent of Labour after the general elections of
1945,
it was clear that Great
Britain would not question the right of Czechoslovakia to begin nationalization,
but the question of providing adequate compensation in sterling remained open.
The similar attitude was presented by France, the United States took more negative
approach.
British investments in Czechoslovakia were among the most important of
those of all West European states. The British side was particularly interested in
the big cases such as the Alliance Assurance Company, the Witkowitz Mines and
Iron Works
(Vítkovické horní a hutní těžířstvo,
in Czech), Unilever, and Imperial
Chemical Industries. Unilever was a common investment of Anglo-Dutch com¬
pany. American investments were vested mainly in oil production (Vacuum Oil
Company), film industry and telecommunications (International Telephone and
Telegraph). French investments included
Škoda
Works, Metal and Steel Works
in
Třinec,
Michelin,
Chemical Worsk Explosia and Synthesie as well as the oil
processing plant Apollo in Bratislava.
The British side estimated the extent of nationalized British investments at
£35
million, which was the most of any Western country. In second place were
payments for the USA, estimated at
£20
million, followed by the Netherlands at
£15
million, France at
£13
million, and Switzerland at
£7
million. On the whole,
the British estimated the total sum of compensation owed by Czechoslovakia at
the astronomically high sum of
£100
million. By contrast, the Czechoslovak side
started lower, estimating British claims, for example, at
£13
million.
Between
1948
and
1982
the Communist Czechoslovakia concluded several
agreements to compensate the foreign investors and foreign owners hit by Czecho¬
slovak nationalizations, land reforms or confiscation on condition that such
former owners were citizens of Allied or Neutral states during WWII. The agree¬
ments are also
calleď lump
sum indemnity agreements because Czechoslovakia
usually agreed to pay a certain sum in foreign currency for nationalization and
confiscations, while foreign Government distributed the sum among its citizens
and companies on condition that no other claims would be supported by the party
to such an agreement in the future. The money for compensation was usually
generated from the surplus of the Czechoslovak export. The Communist regime,
which had just taken power, showed great interest in maintaining foreign trade
with the West European countries, chiefly with the aim of acquiring the foreign
currency necessary for the purchase of scarce raw materials and manufactures.
First lump sum agreements were negotiated between
1948-1950
with Switzerland,
Great Britain, France, Belgium and Netherlands. Then the agreements with
Denmark, Norway and Sweden followed. The most complicated negotiations
were with Italy, Canada, Austria and the USA. With Italy they ended in
1966
and
the main obstacle was the sum promised as compensation for nationalized
Ital-
ian
insurance companies, especially
Generali.
The agreement with Canada was
reached in
1973
and at the same time Czechoslovakia closed long term negotiations
also with Austria, which were complicated mainly by Czechoslovak confiscations
of Sudeten German property. With the United States the negotiations ended only
in
1982,
because the United States Government tied the negotiations on the nation¬
alized American property in Czechoslovakia with the return of the Czechoslovak
monetary gold looted by Nazis during the WWII. The Tripartite Commission,
established in Paris in January
1946
for the restitution of looted monetary gold,
officially awarded the Czechoslovak Republic
64
per cent of its claim to
44
metric
tons of monetary gold, which Czechoslovakia had lost during the Second World
War. Following a decision of the Tripartite Commission, Czechoslovakia took over
6,074
metric tons of monetary gold in
1948,
in the form of St Wenceslas ducats,
while another
18,433
metric tons remained blocked, particularly by the USA, until
the settlement of mutual financial and property questions. The Tripartite Com¬
mission comprised representatives of the USA, Great Britain, and France; their
decisions had to be unanimous. In
1981
the Czechoslovak government undertook
to make compensation payments amounting to
$81.5
million, which, with the
settlement of some other intergovernmental debts and after the deduction of some
Czechoslovak counterclaims, came to a total of
$90
million. In this case, the US
administration was able to persuade Congress of the advantageousness of the
agreement with Czechoslovakia, and also gave its consent, postponed for decades,
to the release of Czechoslovak monetary gold in the Tripartite Commission. In
1982
similar agreement was reached with Great Britain.
The final chapter of the book deals with the privatization and restitution of pre¬
viously nationalized or confiscated property after the so called Velvet revolution of
1989.
After some discussion the political and economic leaders of new democratic
Czechoslovak Government decided to start economic reform with large scale and
rapid privatization to create a free market economy based on the private ownership
of previously state-owned enterprises. The privatization which started with the
so
calleď smalľ
privatization of small and medium sized enterprises was in
1990
combined with the restitution of property. It was regarded not only as a just solu¬
tion but also as another way of privatization. At first it was decided to return back
only the property nationalized or confiscated after the Communist take over, i.e
after February
25,1948.
There was limited restitution also of the Church property,
with the rest to be decided later. Only the Czechoslovak citizens with permanent
residency in the country were eligible. It also meant that the restitution of some
parts of the Jewish property and of the Sudeten German property was excluded.
Between
1990
and
1991
three main laws on restitution were adopted, one on
nationalized property, one on the restitution of land and the last one on the general
restitution in all other remaining cases. When it was not possible to return the
property to the original owners or their heirs, there were paid compensation. The
rest of the state property was privatized in another way of the privatization process
called the big privatization organized mainly as so called coupon privatization. It
was combined with direct sell of the property to foreign investors.
The strict rules on restitution were changed especially because of international
pressure and because of the role of the Czech Constitutional Court. Therefore the
key decisions of the European Court on Human Rights and the Czech Constitu-
tional
Court are mentioned and individual cases analyzed. At first in
1994
the
restitution was opened also for
non
residents and first major step for the Jewish
restitutions was adopted. Finally in
2000
special Act on restitution of Jewish real
estate property and arts was adopted.
The final chapter also shows how difficult it is to resolve cases of injustices con¬
nected with nationalizations or confiscations, which were committed more than
60
years ago. The actual implementation of the Czechoslovak and Czech restitu¬
tion laws has not always taken into account the nature of historical developments,
methods of expropriations but also for example the content of the compensation
lump sum agreements. This chapter of Czech history has yet to be written in more
details. The main lesson, which we can learn from the past mentioned in this book
is to set and promote adequate political, economic, constitutional and legal safe-
426
guards to the private property and property rights and not to allow the mistakes of
the past to be repeated.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kuklík, Jan 1967- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133005631 |
| author_facet | Kuklík, Jan 1967- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kuklík, Jan 1967- |
| author_variant | j k jk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037272912 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)711855090 (DE-599)BVBBV037272912 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1989-1992 gnd Geschichte 1918-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1989-1992 Geschichte 1918-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tschechoslowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV037272912 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:54:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788087284124 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021185851 |
| oclc_num | 711855090 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 444 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Auditorium |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Edice 20. století |
| spelling | Kuklík, Jan 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)133005631 aut Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě Jan Kuklík Vyd. 1. Praha Auditorium 2010 444 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Edice 20. století Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Nationalized Czechoslovakia Geschichte 1989-1992 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1918-1989 gnd rswk-swf Verstaatlichung (DE-588)4129671-0 gnd rswk-swf Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Verstaatlichung (DE-588)4129671-0 s Geschichte 1918-1989 z DE-604 Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 s Geschichte 1989-1992 z Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021185851&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021185851&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kuklík, Jan 1967- Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě Verstaatlichung (DE-588)4129671-0 gnd Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129671-0 (DE-588)4047297-8 (DE-588)4078435-6 |
| title | Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě |
| title_auth | Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě |
| title_exact_search | Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě |
| title_full | Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě Jan Kuklík |
| title_fullStr | Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě Jan Kuklík |
| title_full_unstemmed | Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě Jan Kuklík |
| title_short | Znárodněné Československo |
| title_sort | znarodnene ceskoslovensko od znarodneni k privatizaci statni zasahy do vlastnickych a dalsich majetkovych prav v ceskoslovensku a jinde v evrope |
| title_sub | od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě |
| topic | Verstaatlichung (DE-588)4129671-0 gnd Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Verstaatlichung Privatisierung Tschechoslowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021185851&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021185851&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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