Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista?:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Masarykův Ústav [u.a.]
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Práce z Archivu Akademie věd. Řada B, Monografie
20 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 389 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788086495682 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Jediný opravdový komunista? |
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1952-1982 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1822792528551739392 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Obsah
I. Úvod
.7
II.
Ivan Málek před vznikem ČSAV
.17
III.
Vznik Československé akademie věd a její biologické sekce
z pohledu Ivana Málka
.34
IV.
„Boj nového se starým v dnešní naší védě"
.63
V. Krize Ivana Málka
1954-55
a její překonávání
.79
VI.
Usnesení ÚV KSČ a vlády ze dne
22.
února
1956
z pohledu Ivana Málka
.93
VII.
„Proporcionální rozvoj vědy"
.107
VIII.
Prověrky v ČSAV v roce
1958
a Ivan Málek
.117
IX.
Zachránce zemědělství? aneb Opravdu komplexní úkol
.132
X.
Přes hranice aneb Ivan Málek a rozšiřování zahraničních
styků české vědy po roce
1956 .145
XI.
ČSAV na počátku šedesátých let a Ivan Málek
.165
XII.
Socialistická akademie
.184
XIII.
„Otevřené otázky naší vědy"
aneb Věda jako naplnění života
.205
XIV
Rok
1967 -
vrchol kariéry?
.245
XV.
Ivan Málek a roky
1968-70
aneb Z jarní atmosféry
do nocí nejtmavších a domu smutku
.254
XVI.
Ivan Málek za tzv. normalizace aneb Limity vzdoru
.283
XVII.
Závěr
.301
XVIII.
Seznam použitých pramenů a literatury
.357
XIX.
Příloha
-
strukturovaný životopis Ivana Málka
.370
Jmenný rejstřík
.375
Resumé
.383
6
Abstract
When the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences was established in
1952
microbiologist Ivan
Málek (1909-1994)
was already a man in his maturity
with a fair number of scientific achievements to his name. His career had
taken a sharp upturn after the Second World War when he was appointed
a senior lecturer and shortly afterwards a professor. From
1950
he had
directed the Central Institute of Biology, which became one of the
foundation stones for the new Academy of Sciences. He was one of the
communist scientists who were to play a prominent role in the formation of
scientific policy over the next few decades. However, Ivan
Málek
was also
very active in organizational matters, becoming a member of the Govern¬
ment Commission for the Establishment of the Academy of Sciences, while
the preliminary Biology Section was headed by agricultural specialist
Anto¬
nín Klečka.
Before the CSAS was actually created, however,
Málek
succee¬
ded in putting himself forward as the Director of this Section. He took
a prominent role in the creation of the membership base at the CSAS
Biological and Medical Section and himself became an Academician in the
„first wave". However,
Málek's
further career options at the CSAS were
limited to some extent by the fact that his great rival, the biochemist
Fran¬
tišek Šorm,
who had repeatedly cast doubt on
Málek's
professional abiliti¬
es, had acquired great influence in its directorship. Moreover, Lysenkoism,
which Ivan
Málek
had most vociferously supported, was considerably
weakened after Stalin's death. In
1954
Ivan
Málek
underwent a profound
personal crisis following the suicide of his first wife and after one of his
studies in which he committed several crude errors of fact had been sharply
criticized. Nor was there a happy conclusion to his first great work on
scientific policy, the essay Struggle of the New with the Old in our Modern
Science, which came out the following year. In addition to its reca¬
pitulation of previous developments, Ivan
Málek
also came up with several
interesting ideas on the position of academic institutes in scientific systems,
on their management procedures, on the limits to planning in science and
383
on the necessity of international collaboration in science, but he wrapped
all this in numerous quotations from Stalin and other contentious autho¬
rities who were being cast in doubt at that time. Hence unsurprisingly,
Málek's
previous career began to appear problematic. Ivan
Málek
sought
solace and new strength in the Soviet Union, where he went on a trip
lasting several weeks. After he had received some support for himself there
and sized up Soviet attitudes, he returned to Czechoslovakia, where he
attempted a turnaround in opinions corresponding to the stance of Soviet
authorities, but he definitely did not alter his previous views to any
significant extent. This became fully apparent at the seminar to mark the
hundredth anniversary of the birth of I. V. Michurin in early
1956.
At this
meeting
Málek
succeeded to a considerable extent in reestablishing his
authority among biologists and in promoting his brand of Michurin's
biology. But shortly afterwards he faced a massive weakening of his
position within science
-
a joint Communist Party and government resolu¬
tion on issues surrounding science excluded biology from the list of priori¬
ty fields of research. Ivan
Málek
did attempt to confront this situation by
drawing up a special party document on the biological sciences to re¬
establish its position within the system of science, but in spite of drawing
up a number of versions he did not manage to have it adopted. However,
Málek's
position in scientific structures stabilized in the latter half of the
fifties and the early sixties and he lived to see many official honours. In
1958
as the Chairman of the CSAS Presidium Party Group he took
a prominent role in what were known as the „specialist political screenings"
at the Academy of Sciences, which were the last large-scale event of this
kind until the purges at the beginning of the normalization period. At the
end of the
1950s
Ivan
Málek
became CSAS Vice President (later Deputy
President) and this prominent position was underpinned by his election as
deputy to the National Assembly
(i960)
and particularly as a member of
the Communist Party Central Committee
(1962).
He endeavoured to
restore the position of the biological sciences, weakened particularly since
1956
by the quest for various practical applications in this field, in addition
to efforts to develop e.g. several fields associated with healthcare research
he focused primarily on dealing with scientific aid for the increasingly
ailing agriculture, becoming a leading coordinator in this field. As part of
the solution to the „complex task" of healthcare assistance he also assisted
considerably in the dissolution of the Czechoslovak Academy of
Agricultural Sciences in
1962.
384
At the same time, however, Ivan
Málek
also succeeded in reestablishing
his scientific reputation primarily through his research into continuous
cultivations, which was well received even abroad. He became intensively
involved in the restoration of international scientific relations
-
and the
arrangement of the first international symposium on continuous culti¬
vations of microorganisms in Prague in
1958
was of key importance for micro¬
biology, leading on to a series of similar events taking place alternately in
Prague and Great Britain. In addition to his scientific and organizational
activities, Ivan
Málek
also endeavoured to get involved in the theory of
science. At that time he paid great attention to what was known as the
proportional development of science, propounding the idea that it was
practically impossible to overdevelop the scientific base in a socialist
society. The only limit that he recognized was that of an adequate number
of creatively thinking individuals, and he focused increasingly on the issue
of creativity and its development.
Málek's
position at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences was
considerably jeopardized in the early
1960s.
In
1962
the CSAS President
Zdeněk Nejedlý
died and was succeeded by
Málek's
long-time rival
František Šorm,
who subsequently restricted the powers of the other CSAS
executives including
Málek.
At about the same time the establishment of
the State Commission for Science and Technology resulted in a certain
curtailment of the powers of the CSAS, which now only centred around the
management of basic research. On the one hand this released the
Academy's hand to a certain extent, helping it to achieve relative inde¬
pendence from performance of its role as a transmission lever for the state,
while on the other hand with the creation of a competing body promising
faster economic output from research activities, CSAS's position in the
state mechanism became weaker. During the first half of the
1960s,
CSAS
underwent restructuring with the previous sections being replaced by
a larger number of scientific boards. Ivan
Málek
resisted this move because
it threatened the unity of the biological sciences, on which he placed great
stress, considering himself to be the one to integrate the entire field. The
problem was to be at least dealt with by the creation of three primary CSAS
departments. However,
František Šorm
ignored these departments and
aimed to quickly close them down. The unity of the biological sciences as
Málek
conceived it was further threatened in the early sixties by the fact
that the enormous CSAS Biology Institute headed by Ivan
Málek
split up
into several separate parts. Ivan
Málek
himself was appointed Director of
385
the CSAS Microbiology Institute. He had himself long planned for this
step and fully approved of it.
Málek's
complicated position within CSAS management was also
shown by the fact that for a long time he failed to successfully complete
a large project involving the construction of a complex of biological
institutes at
Prague-Krč,
which was also to play a certain integrating role.
The difficulties in his relationship with
František Šorm
resulted in efforts
to place Ivan
Málek
outside the CSAS as Chancellor at Charles University
in Prague. This did not happen, but in
1965
Ivan
Málek
lost his position as
Deputy Chairman and only remained on the CSAS Presidium as an
ordinary member. He was to be compensated to some degree that same
year by obtaining the position of Chairman of the Central Committee at
the Socialist Academy (previously the Czechoslovak Association for the
Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge), the main
organization involved in promoting public education and out-of-school
adult education. Ivan
Málek
was sent to ideologically reinforce the Socia¬
list Academy after it started developing some excessively liberal ideas in the
view of the party leadership. But not even he could avert the trend towards
reform, even though the process was slowed down to some extent by the
new Socialist Academy Executive Secretary.
Málek
wanted to turn the
Socialist Academy into a base for developing the creativity of the popu¬
lation, but due to his numerous other duties he only took part to a limited
extent in operations at the organization.
Ivan
Málek's
withdrawal from his positions at CSAS led him,
particularly from the mid
1960s
onwards, to intensify his activities within
the framework of international scientific networks and organizations, in
which he often closely collaborated in particular with Swedish bacterio¬
logist
Carl-Göran Hedén.
This primarily involved specialist organizations
and networks (e.g. IBP International Biological Programme, IUBS Inter¬
national Union of Biological Sciences and
IAM
S
International Association
of Microbiological Societies), as well as research institutes with a clear
political dimension, particularly involving the peace movement. Ever since
1952
Ivan
Málek
had been significantly involved in the World Federation
of Scientific Workers (WFSW) and from the
1960s
he also held important
positions in the famous Pugwash movement and at the Stockholm Inter¬
national Peace Research Institute. He focused attention increasingly on
international issues and it was evidently only developments in Czecho¬
slovakia at the end of the
1960s
that prevented him from shifting the focus
of his activities entirely into this area.
386
During the
1960s
Ivan
Málek
also dealt intensively with the issues
surrounding the theory of science and its development in Czechoslovakia.
The result primarily consisted in another extensive study entitled Open
Issues in Modern Science, which he published in
1966.
Besides
František
Šorm's
substantially slimmer Science in a Socialist Society
(1967),
which
was written in a more austere tone, this is evidently the most important
work on science policy in Czechoslovakia in the given period. It carried on
from
Málek's
earlier essay Struggle of the New with the Old in our Modern
Science and to some extent overestimated some of its views which were
beholden to their time, while it naturally carried on from other ideas
formulated during the
mid-1950s.
The new book placed key stress on the
development of human creativity and the training of new scientific
workers. In the spirit of Khrushchev's ideas regarding the imminent
transition to communism he attempted to sketch out the position of science
in the creation of a new social system. In addition to promoting inter¬
national scientific relations he also stressed the necessity of dynamizing
scientific establishments and of replacing scientific workers at individual
establishments more rapidly and easily, as well as the introduction of time-
restricted employment contracts. As in his study from the
mid-1950s
he
attempted to deal with the issue of basic and applied research, but his
exposition remained relatively vague and in comparison with some other
texts by leading scientists at that time it was less penetrating. He carried on
from his essay Struggle of the New with the Old in our Modern Science
with his demand to assign the management of science to the scientists
themselves, which was further enhanced by a demand to extend the
influence of scientists to decision-making on important social issues.
Málek
also continued along these lines while taking a share in preparing the
supporting documents for the Communist Party Central Committee
meeting on scientific issues that was to take place in autumn
1967.
This
prepared material significantly enhanced the role of scientists as experts
involved in political decision-making of various kinds. However, under the
influence of the rapid political developments this meeting did not take
place at the expected time, but later in
1974
under entirely different
circumstances. Ivan
Málek
described
1967
as the peak of his career. This
was evidently due in part to the fact that in that year he received an award
which he considered extraordinary
-
the International Lenin Prize „for
consolidating peace among nations".
387
Even though
Málek
was rightly considered to be in the reform wing of the
Communist party, his public activities in early
1968
did not come up to the
standard that many people expected of him. Gradually he began to express
himself more forthrightly on social affairs, but at the same time he had to
deal with criticism levelled again him regarding some controversial chapt¬
ers in his life, such as his long-time support for Lysenkoism and his part in
the
1958
purges. As for the occupation of Czechoslovakia in August
1968,
he adopted a very clear position and condemned it, maintaining this view
in the following months and years. He also incensed later „normalizers"
with his views on the requirement for a new conception of the leading role
of the Communist Party in society, which was meant to ensue in future
from the truly avant-garde activity of this party and not from its legally
enshrined position. For his views in 1968-1969 Ivan
Málek
was gradually
relieved of all his positions and then expelled from the Communist Party.
He also lost the opportunity to travel abroad. The position of Director at
the CSAS Microbiology Institute was taken over by Vladislav
Zalabák,
whose professional and personal abilities were quite negligible. In
1973
Málek
was forced into retirement. He was subsequently denied access to
the Microbiology Institute and after experiencing the Communist Party
Central Committee's dealings over science in May
1974,
involving the
superficially promoted combination of science and practice, he wrote
a letter to the CSAS Presidium and other bodies, sharply criticizing current
scientific policy. This letter was then published in the emigre journal
Listy.
CSAS management and repressive bodies at the time reacted with great
irritation and threatened to expel
Málek
from his position as a CSAS
member and evidently to initiate criminal proceedings as well. Ultimately,
however, they did not, and the ageing scientist only had to undergo a very
unpleasant interview with CSAS management. Ivan
Málek
did not get
involved in any subsequent opposition activity against the regime, which
might have been a result of his deteriorating health. However, the regime's
shrewd policy towards him did play an important role too
-
at the end of
the
1970s
after the intervention of the Interior Minister
Jaromír Obzina,
he
was allowed to a limited extent to again travel to the west and to renew
some of his earlier scientific contacts. Otherwise during the latter half of
the
1970s
and the
1980s,
Ivan
Málek
focused primarily on writing his me¬
moirs. Despite his great efforts to get them published in Czechoslovakia,
he did not manage to achieve this. Due to his age and health he was unable
to get significantly involved in any way in the social transformation follow¬
ing November
1989.
388
Málek's
ideas on scientific policy, to which this work is primarily
devoted, indeed underwent fundamental changes over the years, but at the
same time they maintained continuity in many key areas. They bear the
clear stamp of their times, including both late Stalinism, the era of Khrush¬
chev's optimistic vision, to which
Málek
definitely had the greatest affinity,
and the technocratic perspectives associated with the scientific and tech¬
nical revolution. A quite specific key role which is barely conceivable today
was played in all this by the issue of the Communist Party and its function
as the leading force in science. On the other hand
Málek's
thought, which
is indeed often weighed down by the barely digestible rhetoric of the era,
includes a number of ideas that are still of topical importance to this day
and resonate in some way even with modern-day discussions.
Málek's
strong personal involvement in the issues surrounding scientific policy and
his faith that even there he would contribute towards building a better
world, remain vivid, albeit less comprehensible today to many.
389 |
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| author | Franc, Martin 1973- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037269368 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)711849074 (DE-599)BVBBV037269368 |
| era | Geschichte 1952-1982 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1952-1982 |
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| geographic | Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tschechoslowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV037269368 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-31T19:06:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788086495682 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021182352 |
| oclc_num | 711849074 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M333 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M333 |
| physical | 389 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Masarykův Ústav [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Práce z Archivu Akademie věd. Řada B, Monografie |
| series2 | Práce z Archivu Akademie věd. Řada B, Monografie |
| spelling | Franc, Martin 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)1036161048 aut Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista? Martin Franc Jediný opravdový komunista? Praha Masarykův Ústav [u.a.] 2010 389 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Práce z Archivu Akademie věd. Řada B, Monografie 20 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Málek, Ivan 1909-1994 (DE-588)106511149 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1952-1982 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Málek, Ivan 1909-1994 (DE-588)106511149 p DE-604 Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 s Geschichte 1952-1982 z Práce z Archivu Akademie věd. Řada B, Monografie 20 (DE-604)BV019331303 20 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021182352&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021182352&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Franc, Martin 1973- Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista? Práce z Archivu Akademie věd. Řada B, Monografie Málek, Ivan 1909-1994 (DE-588)106511149 gnd Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)106511149 (DE-588)4140181-5 (DE-588)4078435-6 |
| title | Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista? |
| title_alt | Jediný opravdový komunista? |
| title_auth | Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista? |
| title_exact_search | Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista? |
| title_full | Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista? Martin Franc |
| title_fullStr | Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista? Martin Franc |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista? Martin Franc |
| title_short | Ivan Málek a vědní politika 1952-1989, aneb Jediný opravdový komunista? |
| title_sort | ivan malek a vedni politika 1952 1989 aneb jediny opravdovy komunista |
| topic | Málek, Ivan 1909-1994 (DE-588)106511149 gnd Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Málek, Ivan 1909-1994 Wissenschaftspolitik Tschechoslowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021182352&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021182352&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV019331303 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT francmartin ivanmalekavednipolitika19521989anebjedinyopravdovykomunista AT francmartin jedinyopravdovykomunista |