On the origin of planets: by means of natural simple processes
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Imperial College Press
2011
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XLV, 454 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781848165984 1848165986 9781848165991 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a On the origin of planets |b by means of natural simple processes |c Michael M. Woolfson |
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| adam_text | Titel: On the origin of planets
Autor: Woolfson, Michael M
Jahr: 2011
Contents
Preface v
An Historical Sketch of the Progress of Opinion
on the Origin of Planets xix
1. Observations of Stars 1
1.1 Locations of Stars................. 1
1.2 Stellar Material.................. 4
1.3 Determining the Distances of Stars....... 5
1.3.1 The distances of nearby stars...... 5
1.3.2 Distance measurements using
variable stars............... 7
1.4 The Temperature of Stars............ 9
1.5 Stellar Radii.................... 12
1.6 Estimating Stellar Masses............ 13
1.7 The Physical Properties of Main-Sequence
Stars........................ 14
1.8 Stellar Spin Rates................. 15
1.9 Summary..................... 15
2. Producing Protostars - Embryonic Stars 19
2.1 Star-Forming Regions .............. 19
2.2 The Formation of Dense Cool Clouds...... 21
2.3 Maser Emission from Star-Forming Regions . . 26
2.4 The Process of Protostar Formation...... 27
2.5 The Formation of Binary Systems........ 28
x On the Origin of Planets
2.6 Modelling the Collapse of a Cloud ....... 32
2.7 The Spin of Stars................. 33
2.8 Summary..................... 36
3. The Life and Death of a Star 39
3.1 The Journey to the Main Sequence....... 39
3.2 Energy Generation in Main-Sequence Stars . . 42
3.3 Leaving the Main Sequence for Low-
and Moderate-Mass Stars............ 46
3.4 The Evolution of Higher-Mass Stars...... 50
3.5 Summary..................... 53
4. The Evolution of a Galactic Cluster 55
4.1 Embedded Clusters................ 55
4.2 The Formation of Massive Stars......... 58
4.3 The Embedded Cluster Environment
and Binary Star Frequencies........... 60
4.4 The Progress of Star Formation
in a Galactic Cluster............... 61
4.5 Summary..................... 62
5. Exoplanets - Planets Around Other Stars 65
5.1 Planets Orbiting Neutron Stars......... 65
5.2 The Characteristics of Orbits.......... 68
5.3 Planets Around Main-Sequence Stars;
Doppler-Shift Detection............. 69
5.4 The Direct Imaging of Exoplanets........ 77
5.5 Exoplanets and the Solar System........ 82
5.6 Summary..................... 83
6. The Formation of Planets: The Capture Theory 85
6.1 The Interaction of a Star with a Protostar ... 86
6.2 The Interaction of a Star with
a High-Density Region.............. 90
6.3 Summary..................... 93
Contents xi
7. Orbital Evolution 95
7.1 The Nature of the Disk.............. 96
7.2 The Force on a Planet Due to the Medium ... 99
7.2.1 Viscosity-based resistance........ 99
7.2.2 Mass-based resistance.......... 100
7.3 Modelling the Medium and Details
of the Calculation Method............ 101
7.4 Calculations of Orbital Decay
and Round-off................... 105
7.5 Orbits of High Eccentricity ........... 107
7.6 The Range of Semi-Major Axes......... 113
7.7 Simple Ratios of Orbital Periods........ 113
7.8 Stellar Spin Axes................. 114
7.9 Summary..................... 117
8. The Frequency of Planetary Systems 119
8.1 Observations and Observational
Constraints.................... 119
8.2 Initial Formation Statistics ........... 122
8.3 The Disruption of Planetary Systems...... 126
8.4 Summary..................... 129
9. Satellite Formation 131
9.1 Angular Momentum Considerations....... 132
9.2 The Form of the Disk .............. 135
9.3 The Settling of Dust............... 137
9.4 The Formation of Satellitesimals........ 141
9.5 Satellite Formation................ 144
9.6 Comments..................... 147
9.7 Summary..................... 148
10. Features of the Solar System 151
10.1 The Planets.................... 151
10.1.1 The terrestrial planets.......... 152
10.1.2 The major planets............ 154
10.1.3 Tilts of planetary spin axes....... 155
xii On the Origin of Planets
10.2 Satellites...................... 157
10.2.1 The satellites of Jupiter......... 158
10.2.2 The satellites of Saturn......... 162
10.2.3 The satellites of Uranus......... 167
10.2.4 The satellites of Neptune........ 169
10.2.5 Other satellites.............. 171
10.3 Dwarf Planets and the Kuiper Belt....... 172
10.4 Asteroids ..................... 177
10.4.1 Types of asteroids and their orbits . . . 177
10.4.2 The composition of asteroids...... 180
10.5 Comets ...................... 181
10.6 Summary..................... 183
11. Interactions Between Planets 185
11.1 The Precession of Planetary Orbits....... 185
11.2 Close Interactions of Planets and the Tilts
of Spin Axes.................... 186
11.3 The Problem of the Terrestrial Planets..... 190
11.4 Deuterium and the Major Planets........ 191
11.5 Earth and Venus................. 196
11.6 Summary..................... 201
12. The Moon 203
12.1 The Earth-Moon Relationship ......... 203
12.2 Satellites of the Colliding Planets........ 206
12.3 Features of the Moon............... 208
12.4 The Hemispherical Asymmetry of the Moon . . 212
12.5 The Evolution of the Moon s Orbit....... 215
12.6 Summary..................... 217
13. Mars and Mercury 219
13.1 Larger Solid Bodies of the Solar System .... 219
13.2 Mars as a Satellite................ 221
13.2.1 The hemispherical asymmetry
of Mars.................. 221
Contents xiii
13.2.2 Mars - now and in the past...... 223
13.2.3 The Martian spin axis and hemispherical
asymmetry................ 226
13.3 Mercury as a Satellite.............. 228
13.4 The Orbits, Spins and Tilts of Mercury
and Mars..................... 232
13.5 Summary..................... 233
14. Neptune, Triton and Pluto 235
14.1 The Neptune-Pluto Relationship........ 235
14.2 The Strange Satellites of Neptune........ 235
14.3 The Neptune-Triton-Pluto Relationship
Explained..................... 237
14.4 Summary..................... 239
15. Dwarf Planets, Asteroids, Comets and the Kuiper Belt 241
15.1 Dwarf Planets................... 241
15.1.1 Ceres................... 241
15.1.2 The outer dwarf planets......... 242
15.2 Asteroids and Comets.............. 245
15.2.1 Asteroids................. 245
15.2.2 Comets and the Kuiper Belt...... 248
15.2.3 Long-period comets and the
Oort cloud................ 249
15.2.4 The survival of the Oort cloud..... 251
15.3 Summary..................... 252
16. Meteorites: Their Physical and Chemical Properties 255
16.1 The Broad Classes of Meteorites........ 256
16.2 The Physical and Chemical Characteristics
of Meteorites................... 258
16.2.1 Stony meteorites............. 258
16.2.2 Iron meteorites.............. 262
16.2.3 Stony-iron meteorites.......... 263
xiv On the Origin of Planets
16.3 Interpreting the Physical Properties
and Appearance of Meteorites.......... 264
16.4 Summary..................... 266
17. Isotopic Anomalies in Meteorites 269
17.1 Isotopes and Anomalies............. 269
17.2 The Planetary Collision and Nuclear
Reactions..................... 271
17.3 Explanations of the Anomalies ......... 275
17.4 Individual Isotopic Anomalies and How
They Are Produced................ 275
17.4.1 The oxygen anomaly .......... 276
17.4.2 The magnesium anomaly........ 279
17.4.3 Neon in meteorites............ 282
17.4.4 Anomalies associated with silicon
carbide.................. 284
17.4.4.1 Silicon in silicon carbide .... 284
17.4.4.2 Carbon and nitrogen in silicon
carbide ............. 286
17.4.4.3 Neon in silicon carbide..... 288
17.5 General Remarks Concerning
Isotopic Anomalies................ 291
17.6 Summary..................... 291
18. Overview and Conclusions 295
18.1 What Constitutes a Good Theory?....... 295
18.2 Protostars and Stars............... 298
18.3 Creating the Conditions for the Capture-Theory
Process ...................... 300
18.4 The Capture-Theory Process .......... 301
18.5 The Frequency of Planetary Systems...... 302
18.6 Satellite Formation................ 303
18.7 The Tilts of Spin Axes of the Planets
and Stars..................... 303
18.8 A Planetary Collision - Earth and Venus . . . 304
Contents xv
18.9 The Moon, Mars and Mercury.......... 305
18.10 Neptune, Triton and Pluto............ 307
18.11 Small Bodies of the Solar System........ 307
18.12 The Characteristics of Meteorites........ 308
18.13 Conclusions.................... 309
Appendix A: Angular Momentum 313
Appendix B: Equipotential Surfaces of a Tidally
Distorted Star 316
Appendix C: The Instability of a Gaseous Filament 318
Appendix D: The Jeans Critical Mass 320
Appendix E: The Lynden-Bell and Pringle Mechanism 322
Appendix F: Grains in Molecular Clouds 324
Appendix G: The Structure of a Spiral Galaxy 328
Appendix H: The Centre of Mass and the Orbits
of Binary Stars 330
Appendix I: The Doppler Effect 333
Appendix J: Atomic Energy Levels and Stellar Spectra 335
Appendix K: Stellar Masses from Observations
of Binary Systems 338
Appendix L: Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics 341
Appendix M: Free-Fail Collapse 345
xvi On the Origin of Planets
Appendix N: Fragmentation and Binary Characteristics 348
Appendix O: Spin Slowing Due to a Stellar wind 351
Appendix P: The Virial Theorem and Kelvin-Helmholtz
Contraction 353
Appendix Q: The Lifetime of Stars on the Main Sequence 356
Appendix R: The Eddington Accretion Mechanism 358
Appendix S: The Mass and Orbit of an Exoplanet 360
Appendix T: Radiation Pressure and the
Poynting-Robertson Effect 361
Appendix U: Active Stars and Their Effect on a Stellar Disk 364
Appendix V: The Structure and Decay of a Stellar Disk 369
Appendix W: The Formation of Exoplanets 372
Appendix X: Disrupting a Planetary System 376
Appendix Y: From Dust to Satellitesimals 383
Appendix Z: From Satellitesimals to Satellites 387
Appendix AA: The Tidal Heating of Io 391
Appendix AB: The Trojan Asteroids 395
Appendix AC: Orbital Precession 399
Contents xvii
Appendix AD: The Temperature Generated
by Colliding Planets 401
Appendix AE: Heating by Deuterium-Based Reactions 414
Appendix AF: The Thermal Evolution of the Moon 416
Appendix AG: The Abrasion of a Hemisphere of the Moon 420
Appendix AH: The Rounding-off of a Highly Eccentric
Satellite Orbit 422
Appendix AI: Continental Drift on Mars 426
Appendix AJ: The Oort Cloud and Perturbing Stars 429
Appendix AK: Planetary Perturbation of New Comets 433
Appendix AL: Reactions and Decays 435
Appendix AM: Cooling and Grain Formation 440
Index 445
|
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| spelling | Woolfson, Michael M. 1927-2019 Verfasser (DE-588)133390403 aut On the origin of planets by means of natural simple processes Michael M. Woolfson London Imperial College Press 2011 XLV, 454 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Planetenentstehung (DE-588)4174796-3 gnd rswk-swf Planetenentstehung (DE-588)4174796-3 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021174115&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Woolfson, Michael M. 1927-2019 On the origin of planets by means of natural simple processes Planetenentstehung (DE-588)4174796-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4174796-3 |
| title | On the origin of planets by means of natural simple processes |
| title_auth | On the origin of planets by means of natural simple processes |
| title_exact_search | On the origin of planets by means of natural simple processes |
| title_full | On the origin of planets by means of natural simple processes Michael M. Woolfson |
| title_fullStr | On the origin of planets by means of natural simple processes Michael M. Woolfson |
| title_full_unstemmed | On the origin of planets by means of natural simple processes Michael M. Woolfson |
| title_short | On the origin of planets |
| title_sort | on the origin of planets by means of natural simple processes |
| title_sub | by means of natural simple processes |
| topic | Planetenentstehung (DE-588)4174796-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Planetenentstehung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021174115&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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