Global environmental policy: concepts, principles, and practice
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.]
CRC Press
2011
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XLVIII, 412 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9781439847664 1439847665 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Global environmental policy |b concepts, principles, and practice |c Charles H. Eccleston ; Frederic March |
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| adam_text | Titel: Global environmental policy
Autor: Eccleston, Charles H
Jahr: 2011
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................xxiii
Authors.........................................................................................................xxvii
Introduction...................................................................................................xxix
Section one: Introduction to global environmental concepts
and principles
Chapter 1 Historical context of the environmental movement............3
Case study...........................................................................................................3
Learning objectives............................................................................................4
1.1 Origins of the environmental movement.............................................4
1.1.1 Early twentieth Century............................................................5
1.1.2 Environmental movement takes off in the 1960s..................6
1.2 Historical development of National Environmental Policy Act.......7
1.2.1 Origin of National Environmental Policy Act.......................8
1.2.2 Environmental Impact Statement debate...............................9
1.2.3 Passage of National Environmental Policy Act...................10
1.2.4 Recenttrends............................................................................10
1.2.5 National Environmental Policy Act s influence..................11
1.2.6 Crisis or an opportunity.........................................................12
Discussions, problems, and exercises............................................................13
Notes..................................................................................................................13
Chapter 2 Concepts and principles underlying
environmental policy...............................................................15
Case study.........................................................................................................15
Learning objectives..........................................................................................17
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................17
Part 1: Challenges to the global environment..............................................18
2.2 Tragedy of the commons......................................................................18
2.2.1 Historical perspective.............................................................20
2.2.2 Change does not come easily.................................................22
vii
viii Contents
2.3 Limits to growth....................................................................................24
2.3.1 Malthusian growth model......................................................25
2.3.2 Criticisms of Malthus..............................................................26
2.3.2.1 Constant rate of exponential increase..................27
2.3.2.2 Low rate of growth of food supply.......................27
2.3.3 Neo-Malthusians.....................................................................29
2.4 Gaia principle.........................................................................................30
Part 2: Challenges to environmental policy.................................................33
2.5 Interdependence of environmental and energy policies.................33
2.5.1 National oil policy dilemma..................................................34
2.5.2 How failure to establish a comprehensive energy
policy can lead to disjointed decision making....................35
2.6 Pollution and its environmental impacts...........................................36
Part 3: Additional policy principles and practices......................................37
2.7 Selected principles of international policy and law.........................37
2.7.1 Sustainability principle...........................................................37
2.7.2 Participation principle.............................................................37
2.7.3 Gaia principle...........................................................................37
2.7.4 Effective management principle............................................37
2.7.5 Polluter pays principle............................................................37
2.7.6 Precautionary principle..........................................................38
2.7.7 Procedural rights.....................................................................38
2.7.8 U.S. National Environmental Policy Act..............................39
2.7.9 Environmental impact assessments......................................40
2.8 Policy formulation process and its Promulgation.............................40
2.8.1 Formulating an environmental policy.................................40
2.8.2 Components of policy.............................................................40
2.8.3 Example: Developing an environmentally
responsible energy policy.......................................................41
2.9 Methodology aspects of policy formulation......................................41
2.9.1 Managing uncertainty............................................................42
2.9.1.1 Example: Factors affecting an
environmentally responsible energy
policy........................................................................43
2.9.2 Policy process cycle.................................................................44
2.9.3 Five-phased policy fermentation process............................44
2.9.3.1 Around and around we go, and where
we stop......................................................................45
2.9.3.2 Five-phased problem-identification policy
process......................................................................46
2.9.3.3 Today s policymaking world.................................47
2.9.4 Discrepancies between formal policy and its
implementation........................................................................47
Contents ix
2.9.5 Changes in policies and the theory of punctuated
equilibrium...............................................................................48
2.9.6 How diverging interests affect environmental
policy.........................................................................................48
2.9.7 Schoenbrod s delegation dilemma........................................49
2.9.8 Iron Triangle model: Government and the
corporations..............................................................................51
Discussions, problems, and exercises............................................................51
Classproject......................................................................................................51
Notes..................................................................................................................52
Chapter 3 Sustainability and environmental policy............................55
Case study.........................................................................................................55
Coal saves the Industrial Revolution............................................................55
Learning objectives..........................................................................................56
3.1 Definitions of sustainability.................................................................57
3.1.1 Achieving sustainability........................................................59
3.1.2 Difference between sustainability and sustainable
development.............................................................................60
3.2 Impact, population, affluence, and technology equation................61
3.2.1 Technological paradox............................................................61
3.2.2 Marketing of sustainable products vs. the
goal of profitability..................................................................62
3.3 United Nations sustainability policy: Agenda 21............................62
3.4 Common principles of sustainability.................................................64
3.4.1 Sustainable development, the National
Environmental Policy Act, and the Environmental
Protection Agency...................................................................65
3.4.2 Executive order on sustainability..........................................66
3.4.3 Adoption of sustainability policies.......................................66
3.4.3.1 Basic requirements for global
sustainability...........................................................67
3.4.3.2 Sustainability hierarchy.........................................67
3.4.3.3 Economic costs of sustainability...........................67
3.4.3.4 Sustainable dilemmas............................................68
3.4.4 Critics of sustainability...........................................................68
3.5 Theory of sustainable population growth.........................................69
3.5.1 Approaches to sustainable population policies..................70
3.6 Measuring sustainable development..................................................71
3.6.1 Methods for assessing ecological footprint.........................71
3.6.1.1 Global Footprint Network.....................................71
3.6.1.2 Ecological rucksack................................................73
3.6.1.3 Case studies examples...........................................74
x Contents
3.6.2 Policy options for reducing the environmental
impact or footprint..................................................................75
3.6.2.1 Increasing the carrying capacity with
science and technology..........................................75
3.6.2.2 Reduction in lifestyle or living simpler lives......75
3.6.2.3 Reforming and redistributing resources.............75
3.7 Ecological modernization.....................................................................75
3.7.1 Societal-environmental dialectic..........................................77
3.7.2 Human exemptionalism paradigm and the
new ecological paradigm........................................................77
3.8 Applications of the sustainable resource
development principle..........................................................................78
3.8.1 Application 1: Report by the Worldwatch Institute............78
3.8.2 Application 2: Business and Dow Jones
sustainability concepts............................................................79
3.9 Examples of a sustainable energy policy...........................................80
3.9.1 Plan 1: Jacobson and Delucchi energy plan.........................80
3.9.1.1 Materials scarcity....................................................81
3.9.1.2 Cost...........................................................................81
3.9.1.3 Reliability.................................................................82
3.9.1.4 Time table.................................................................82
3.9.1.5 Plan 1: Phenomenal or fantastic?..........................82
3.9.2 Plan 2: Pickens sustainable energy
generation plan........................................................................83
3.9.2.1 Description of the Pickens plan............................84
3.9.2.2 Intermittency problem...........................................85
3.9.2.3 Cost...........................................................................85
3.9.2.4 Endorsements and criticisms................................85
3.10 Conclusion..............................................................................................86
Discussions, problems, and exercises............................................................86
Notes..................................................................................................................86
Chapter 4 Environmental policy treaties and their
Implementation.........................................................................89
Case study.........................................................................................................89
Learning objectives..........................................................................................90
4.1 Framework for international environmental treaties
andprograms.........................................................................................90
4.1.1 Taxonomy of international Instruments...............................91
4.2 Agenda 21: Principles of global environmental policies..................91
4.3 International law as environmental policy instruments.................96
4.3.1 Customary international law.................................................96
4.3.2 Judicial framework..................................................................97
4.3.2.1 International Court of Justice................................98
Contents xi
4.3.2.2 European Court of Justice......................................98
4.3.2.3 International Tribunal for the Law
oftheSea..................................................................98
4.4 Agenda 21: Strategie implementation program.................................99
4.4.1 Programmatic elements of Agenda 21.....................................99
4.5 Programs that implement global environmental strategy............102
4.5.1 United Nations Environmental Program...........................103
4.5.2 Climate change: Kyoto Protocol and the
European Union.....................................................................104
4.5.3 Additional scope of the United Nations
Environmental Program.......................................................104
4.5.3.1 Environmental assessment..................................105
Discussions, problems, and exercises..........................................................106
Notes................................................................................................................106
Section two: Sustainability, environmental impact assessment,
and decision making
Chapter 5 Environmental impact assessment......................................111
Case study........................................................................................................111
Learning objectives........................................................................................112
5.1 How the National Environmental Policy Act s
environmental impact assessment process has
influenced international policy.........................................................112
5.1.1 How the environmental impact assessment process
promotes demoeraey..............................................................114
5.2 Status of environmental impact assessment legislation.................114
5.2.1 Organizations that have adopted environmental
impact assessment processes................................................115
5.2.1.1 United Nations.......................................................117
5.2.1.2 North American Free Trade Agreement.............117
5.2.1.3 World Bank.............................................................118
5.3 Typical environmental impact assessment process.........................118
5.3.1 Guiding principles..................................................................118
5.3.1.1 Minimal document requirements......................121
5.3.2 Comparison of the National Environmental
Policy Act with other environmental impact
assessment processes............................................................121
5.3.2.1 Comparison with the World Bank.....................122
5.4 Programmatic and Strategie environmental assessments.............123
5.4.1 Goals of Strategie environmental assessment...................124
5.4.2 Performance criteria..............................................................124
5.4.3 Relationship between environmental impact
assessment and Strategie environmental assessment......124
xii Contents
5.4.3.1 Comparison of Strategie environmental
assessment and environmental impact
assessment.............................................................126
5.5 Challenges and limitations................................................................128
5.5.1 Optimism bias and the planning fallacy...........................128
5.5.1.1 Planning fallacy....................................................128
5.5.2 Disadvantages of projeet-speeifie environmental
impact assessments...............................................................129
5.6 Mathematical modeling......................................................................129
Discussions, problems, and exercises.........................................................131
Notes................................................................................................................131
Chapter 6 Environmental decision-making theory and practice.....135
Case study.......................................................................................................135
Learning objectives........................................................................................137
6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................137
6.1.1 Nature of environmental decision making.......................137
6.1.1.1 De facto decision making....................................139
6.1.2 Human nature of polieymaking..........................................140
6.1.3 Cognitive process decision model........................................141
6.2 Biases and mindsets............................................................................143
6.2.1 Mindset...................................................................................145
6.2.2 Attitüde polarization.............................................................145
6.2.2.1 Group polarization...............................................145
6.2.3 Confirmation bias..................................................................145
6.3 Public opinion and risk Communications........................................146
6.3.1 Public opinion and herd behavior.......................................146
6.3.2 Communicating risk to the public and polieymakers.....147
6.4 Policy- and decision-making tools....................................................148
6.4.1 Dealing with uncertainty in environmental impact
assessment documents..........................................................149
6.4.2 Decision making and the Delphi method..........................149
6.4.3 Rogerian argumentation.......................................................149
6.4.4 Computer modeling and environmental
decision making.....................................................................150
6.5 Environmental decision making and choiees.................................151
6.5.1 Size of the choiee set..............................................................151
6.5.1.1 Maximizers-satisfiers..........................................152
6.5.1.2 How the size of the choiee set may affect
environmental polieymaking.............................152
6.5.2 Invalid or illogical choiee-set premises..............................153
6.5.3 Falsus omnibus.........................................................................153
6.5.4 Hobson s choiee......................................................................153
6.5.5 Morton s fork..........................................................................154
Contents xiii
6.5.6 Slippery slope.........................................................................154
6.5.7 Prospect theory and risk-based decisions..........................154
6.5.8 Beck s theory of a risk society..............................................155
6.6 Cognitive dissonance and effort justification..................................156
6.6.1 Doublethink............................................................................157
6.7 Groupthink...........................................................................................157
6.7.1 Asch s conformity..................................................................158
6.7.2 Abilene paradox.....................................................................158
6.7.3 Spiral of silence......................................................................159
6.7.3.1 Internet and promoting equality........................159
6.8 Power and limits of collective intelligence......................................160
6.8.1 Wisdom of crowds.................................................................160
6.8.1.1 Mystique of collective intelligence.....................160
6.8.1.2 Wisdom of crowds vs. independent
experts.....................................................................161
6.8.1.3 When the system fails...........................................162
6.8.1.4 Expert collective intelligence teams....................162
6.8.1.5 Criticism..................................................................162
6.9 Uncertainty in decision making........................................................163
6.9.1 Ellsberg paradox........v..........................................................163
6.9.1.1 Application of the Ellsberg paradox to
environmental policy and decision
making....................................................................164
6.9.2 Risk homeostasis hypothesis...............................................164
6.10 Some food for thought........................................................................165
Discussions, problems, and exercises.........................................................166
Notes.................................................................................................................167
Chapter 7 Environmental management Systems................................171
Case study.......................................................................................................171
Learning objectives........................................................................................172
7.1 International Organization for Standardization.............................173
7.1.1 Development of the ISO 14000 Standard.............................174
7.2 ISO 14000 series of Standards..............................................................174
7.2.1 Difference between ISO 14000 and ISO 14001...................175
7.2.1.1 Improving the EMS vs. improving
environmental Performance...............................175
7.2.2 Proponents and critics of ISO 9000 and
ISO 14000 series.......................................................................176
7.2.2.1 Proponents of ISO 9000 and 14000 series...........176
7.2.2.2 Specific ISO 14001 criticisms...............................177
7.3 ISO 14001 environmental management system process................177
7.3.1 Essential EMS functions.......................................................178
7.3.1.1 Environmental policy...........................................178
xiv Contents
7.3.1.2 Planning function.................................................180
7.3.1.3 Environmental aspects.........................................181
7.3.1.4 Objectives and targets..........................................181
7.3.1.5 Identifying legal and other requirements.........182
7.3.1.6 EMS documents and document control............182
7.3.1.7 Monitoring and measurement............................183
7.3.1.8 Continuous improvement....................................183
7.3.2 Implementation requirements.............................................184
7.3.2.1 Responsibilities.....................................................184
7.3.2.2 Competence, training, and awareness...............185
7.3.2.3 Communications...................................................185
7.3.2.4 Operational control...............................................185
7.4 ISO 14001 certification vs. self-declaration.......................................185
7.4.1 Benefits of ISO 14001 certification.......................................185
7.5 Complementary benefits of integrating sustainability
with a Consolidated NEPA/ISO 14001 EMS.....................................186
7.5.1 Historical development of the integrated EIA/EMS........187
7.5.2 Integrating an EIA process, an EMS, and
sustainable development......................................................189
7.5.3 How an EIA process and an EMS complement
each other................................................................................189
7.5.3.1 Developing policies and plans............................196
7.5.3.2 Substantive vs. procedural
requirements..........................................................196
7.5.3.3 Analysis requirements.........................................197
7.5.3.4 Assessing significance..........................................197
7.5.3.5 Public involvement...............................................198
7.5.3.6 Incorporating pollution prevention
measures................................................................198
7.5.3.7 Incorporating other environmental
requirements..........................................................198
7.6 Developing an integrated EIA/EMS/sustainable
development process...........................................................................199
7.6.1 Policy.......................................................................................201
7.6.2 Planning..................................................................................202
7.6.2.1 Determining the appropriate sustainability
scale and context...................................................202
7.6.3 Analysis, significance, and decision making.....................204
7.6.4 Implementation......................................................................204
7.6.5 Monitoring, enforcement, and corrective-action
phase........................................................................................205
7.7 Summary..............................................................................................205
Discussions, problems, and exercises.........................................................205
Notes................................................................................................................206
Contents xv
Section three: Environmental ethics and economics
Chapter 8 Environmental ethics.............................................................209
Case study.......................................................................................................209
Learning objectives........................................................................................210
8.1 Can, may, and should we?...................................................................211
8.1.1 Some philosophical considerations......................................211
8.1.2 Origin of ethics......................................................................213
8.1.3 Challenge of environmental ethics......................................214
8.2 Judeo-Christian ethics and ecology..................................................215
8.3 Sustainability movement....................................................................218
8.3.1 Africa s environmental ethics crisis....................................219
8.3.1.1 Land........................................................................219
8.3.1.2 Water.......................................................................220
8.3.1.3 National security Syndrome................................220
8.4 Ethical dimensions of coping.............................................................221
8.4.1 Innovative schemes with uncertain ef fects.......................221
8.4.2 Vision of sustainability.........................................................222
8.4.3 Ethical leadership..................................................................223
8.4.4 Ethics and decision making.................................................225
8.4.5 Some thoughts for environmental professionals..............226
8.5 Policy options for reducing the environmental footprint.............227
Problems..........................................................................................................228
Notes................................................................................................................228
Chapter 9 Environmental economics.....................................................231
Case study.......................................................................................................231
Learning objectives........................................................................................232
9.1 Introduction..........................................................................................232
9.1.1 Environmental economics and the tragedy of the
commons.................................................................................233
9.1.2 Applying environmental economics..................................233
9.1.3 Schools of thought.................................................................235
9.2 Elementary economic marketplace and investment theory..........238
9.2.1 Law of supply and demand.................................................238
9.2.2 Law of diminishing returns.................................................239
9.2.3 Enterprise perspective: Maximize profit............................240
9.2.4 Economy perspective: Maximize public welfare..............241
9.3 Externalities..........................................................................................242
9.3.1 Examples of monetary externalities....................................243
9.3.2 Examples of nonmonetary externalities.............................243
9.3.3 Internalizing the externa! effects........................................244
9.4 Cost-benefit analysis...........................................................................244
9.4.1 Uniform series of costs and benefits...................................245
xvi Contents
9.4.2 Nonuniform series of costs and benefits............................246
9.4.3 Opportunity costs..................................................................247
9.4.4 Shadow pricing......................................................................247
9.4.5 History of controversy..........................................................247
9.4.6 Assessment of the pros and cons of cost-benefit
analysis in environmental policy........................................248
9.5 Economic principles important to environmental policy..............248
9.5.1 Economic growth...................................................................249
9.5.1.1 Thermodynamic Systems analysis.....................250
9.5.1.2 Mainstream economic disagreement.................250
9.5.2 Market failures and environmental protection.................251
9.5.3 Coase theorem for external costs........................................251
9.5.4 Economic inequality?the Kuznets hypothesis................253
9.5.4.1 U- or N-shaped curve?.........................................255
9.5.4.2 Environmental Kuznets curve criticisms
and controversy.....................................................256
9.5.5 Environmental policies for enhanced
competitiveness?the Porter hypothesis............................257
9.6 Environmental-economic metrics and effects................................258
9.6.1 Sustainable economies..........................................................258
9.6.1.1 Problem with gross domestic product...............258
9.6.1.2 Sustainable economic welfare index..................258
9.6.2 Measuring contingent valuation.........................................260
9.6.2.1 Surveys...................................................................261
9.6.3 Measuring economic surplus...............................................262
9.7 Non-market-based policies for environmental management.......262
9.7.1 Taxing environmental and social costs:
Pigovian taxes........................................................................263
9.7.2 Ecological taxation.................................................................264
9.8 Market policies for environmental management............................264
9.8.1 Cap and trade: Emissions trading.......................................264
9.8.2 Theory of marginal abatement costs..................................266
9.8.3 Criticism..................................................................................267
9.8.4 Safety valve system...............................................................268
9.8.5 Welfare effects of capitalism and communism.................268
9.8.6 International trade.................................................................268
9.8.7 Environmental regulatory mechanisms............................269
9.9 Interim energy policy?........................................................................269
9.9.1 Recent economic history of energy.....................................269
9.9.2 Oil s roller-coaster ride..........................................................270
9.9.2.1 Coal vs. gas............................................................271
9.9.2.2 Implications for global energy production.......271
9.9.3 Pragmatic interim Option.....................................................272
Contents xvii
Discussions, problems, and exercises.........................................................272
Notes................................................................................................................273
Section four: Critical global environmental issues
Chapter 10 Coming water wars.................................................................277
Case study.......................................................................................................277
Learning objectives........................................................................................278
10.1 Introduction..........................................................................................279
10.2 Is the glass half füll or half empty?..................................................280
10.2.1 Water, water everywhere......................................................281
10.2.2 Will the mere mention of water soon elicit fear?..............281
10.2.3 Demand is exploding............................................................282
10.2.4 What the experts have to say...............................................282
10.2.5 Minimal water requirements...............................................283
10.3 It is bad, and about to get much worse.............................................284
10.3.1 Are the world s aquifers running dry?...............................285
10.4 Wars and rumors of war.....................................................................286
10.4.1 Upstream vs. downstream...................................................286
10.4.1.1 Around the world.................................................288
10.4.2 First blood...............................................................................288
10.4.2.1 Middle Eastern water law....................................289
10.4.2.2 Middle Eastern powder keg................................289
10.4.2.3 Gaza Strip...............................................................290
10.4.2.4 Turning seawater to fresh water:
The Achilles heel..................................................291
10.5 Can we feed ourselves?.......................................................................291
10.5.1 Cropland.................................................................................292
10.6 Water runs dirty..................................................................................292
10.6.1 Wastewater treatment...........................................................293
10.7 Dammed if they do!.............................................................................293
10.7.1 The good, the bad, and the dammed ugly.........................294
10.7.1.1 That dammed pollution.......................................294
10.8 Will technology come to the rescue?................................................295
10.8.1 Desalination...........................................................................295
10.8.2 Drip irrigation........................................................................295
10.8.3 Recycling and conservation.................................................296
10.8.4 Exotic technology..................................................................296
10.8.5 Pricing.....................................................................................296
Discussions, problems, and exercises..........................................................297
Classproblem.................................................................................................297
Notes................................................................................................................297
xviii Contents
Chapter 11 Peak oil, alternatives, and energy policy:
The looming world oil crisis................................................301
Case study.......................................................................................................301
Learning objectives........................................................................................302
11.1 Introduction..........................................................................................302
11.2 Hubbert s prediction...........................................................................303
11.2.1 Peak oil theory.......................................................................303
11.2.1.1 Trajectory of U.S. oil production.........................304
11.2.2 Repeating the peak................................................................304
11.2.2.1 Developments in world oil production..............305
11.2.2.2 Heading into the future.......................................305
11.2.3 Reserve estimates: Are they trustworthy?.........................305
11.3 Growing oil consumption and lowering of exports by
producers..............................................................................................306
11.3.1 Solution to peak oil?..........................................................307
11.3.2 Peak oil assessment of the U.S. Department of Energy... 307
11.4 Peak oil policy implications...............................................................308
11.4.1 Energy source policy alternatives.......................................309
11.4.1.1 Nonconventional petroleum................................310
11.4.1.2 Coal..........................................................................310
11.4.1.3 Hydrogen................................................................310
11.4.1.4 Nuclear....................................................................311
11.4.1.5 Wind, tidal, solar, and geothermal......................311
11.4.2 Developing a comprehensive energy policy......................312
11.4.2.1 Geopolitical repercussions..................................313
11.4.2.2 Preparing for the crisis.........................................313
11.5 Concluding thoughts...........................................................................315
Discussions, problems, and exercises...........................................................316
Classproject.....................................................................................................316
Notes.................................................................................................................316
Chapter 12 Peak food or peak everything: An era of bounty
or begging?...............................................................................319
Case study: Dirty Thirties.............................................................................319
Learning objectives........................................................................................321
12.1 Introduction..........................................................................................321
12.2 Global grocery störe............................................................................322
12.2.1 Malthus s admonition...........................................................323
12.2.1.1 Modern-day Malthusianists................................324
12.3 Green Revolution.................................................................................324
12.3.1 Has the Green Revolution run its course?..........................324
12.3.2 Understanding the peak food concept...........................325
12.4 Peak everything ?..............................................................................326
12.4.1 Reaching our agricultural limits?.......................................326
Contents xix
12.4.1.1 Global warming....................................................327
12.4.1.2 Water woes.............................................................327
12.4.1.3 Ethanol dilemma...................................................328
12.4.1.4 Loss of topsoil and cropland...............................328
12.4.1.5 Collapsing fisheries..............................................328
12.4.1.6 Lagging yield growth...........................................329
12.4.1.7 Phosphorus and fertilizer famine......................329
12.5 Bottom billion.......................................................................................329
12.5.1 Food for thought: Transitioning into an era of
heightened risk.......................................................................330
12.5.2 China: The global joker card................................................331
12.6 Food policy perspectives....................................................................331
12.6.1 International research policy on ways to end hunger......332
12.6.2 Food industry and its technologies.....................................333
12.6.2.1 Agriculture............................................................333
12.6.2.2 Seafood...................................................................333
12.7 Concluding thoughts...........................................................................334
Discussions, problems, and exercises..........................................................334
Notes................................................................................................................335
Chapter 13 Global climate change...........................................................337
Case study.......................................................................................................337
Learning objectives........................................................................................338
13.1 Introduction: Nature of the problem................................................338
13.1.1 Global warming uncertainty and controversy..................339
13.1.1.1 Debate.....................................................................340
13.1.1.2 Framing the global warming policy debate......341
13.2 Global warming causal factors and research..................................343
13.2.1 Gaia as a metaphor for the global ecosystem....................343
13.2.2 Greenhouse gas factor...........................................................343
13.2.2.1 Greenhouse effect: How it warms the Earth.... 344
13.2.3 Climate change research......................................................345
13.2.3.1 Paleoclimatology...................................................345
13.2.3.2 Research based on proxy data............................346
13.2.3.3 Ice-core evidence...................................................346
13.2.3.4 Some uncertainties...............................................348
13.2.4 Alternative scientific explanation........................................348
13.2.5 Vital statistics on greenhouse gases...................................349
13.2.5.1 Deforestation.........................................................350
13.2.5.2 Methane..................................................................350
13.3 Current and future impacts of global warming..............................350
13.3.1 Findings from the Worldwatch Institute............................350
13.3.2 U.S. Global Change Research Program..............................351
13.3.3 Great climate flip-flop...........................................................352
xx Contents
13.3.3.1 Europe s furnace...................................................352
13.3.3.2 Mighty conveyor belt............................................353
13.4 Reducing greenhouse emissions.......................................................354
13.4.1 Carbon capture and Sequestration option.........................355
13.4.1.1 Carbon capture......................................................355
13.4.1.2 Carbon Sequestration...........................................355
13.4.2 Plan G: The geoengineering option....................................356
13.4.2.1 Suspended fire hose method...............................356
13.4.2.2 Whitening the clouds...........................................357
13.4.2.3 Create forests of carbon-absorbing trees...........357
13.4.2.4 Capturing carbon dioxide in the oceans...........357
13.4.2.5 Polieymaking implications..................................357
13.5 Global climate policy..........................................................................359
13.5.1 Current Status of policy: Cap and trade as a lynchpin.....359
13.5.2 U.S. Waxman-Markey cap-and-trade bill...........................360
13.5.2.1 Economy and Jobs.................................................360
13.5.3 Equity issues in global climate policy................................362
13.5.4 Assisting developing countries in reducing
greenhouse emissions...........................................................362
13.5.5 Concerns for cap-and-trade policy......................................363
13.5.5.1 China: The 800-pound gorilla in the
global climate policy debate................................363
13.5.6 Uncertainty, the precautionary principle, and
climate change.......................................................................365
13.5.6.1 Skepticism and scientific scandal?......................366
13.5.7 Global policy implications....................................................368
Discussions, problems, and exercises..........................................................369
Notes................................................................................................................370
Chapter 14 Global population paradox: Population
explosion or implosion?.........................................................373
Case study: St. Matthew Island....................................................................373
Learning objectives.........................................................................................374
14.1 Scientific basis for population growth...............................................374
14.1.1 Fertility and mortality..........................................................376
14.1.1.1 Demographic-economic paradox.......................377
14.1.2 Demographic transition........................................................377
14.2 Nature of the population problem....................................................381
14.2.1 Early calls to action................................................................381
14.2.2 Dissenting view.....................................................................383
14.3 Population and the environment......................................................383
14.3.1 Poverty crisis..........................................................................384
14.3.2 Measuring poverty................................................................384
14.4 Scope of global population policy.....................................................385
Contents xxi
14.4.1 United Nations population policy.......................................385
14.4.2 India s population policy......................................................387
14.4.3 China s population policy....................................................387
14.4.4 Controversies confronting aspects of
population policy...................................................................388
14.5 Population paradox: Simmering socioeconomic crisis?.................388
14.5.1 The birds and the bees..........................................................390
14.5.2 Making babies........................................................................391
14.5.3 Population implosion?...........................................................391
14.5.3.1 World at large........................................................392
14.5.4 Social insecurity.....................................................................392
14.5.5 Pay as yougo..........................................................................393
14.5.6 Swedish experience...............................................................393
14.5.7 Global meltdown?..................................................................394
Discussions, problems, and exercises..........................................................395
Notes................................................................................................................395
Epilogue: Acting locally: Six degrees of Separation..............................397
Capstone problems........................................................................................398
Capstone problem 1: Local economic and environmental
development problems........................................................................398
Capstone problem 2: Global policy problem...................................400
Notes................................................................................................................401
Index................................................................................................................403
|
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| id | DE-604.BV037226577 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:53:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781439847664 1439847665 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Eccleston, Charles H. Verfasser aut Global environmental policy concepts, principles, and practice Charles H. Eccleston ; Frederic March Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2011 XLVIII, 412 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umweltpolitik Umweltschutz Internationale Kooperation (DE-588)4120503-0 gnd rswk-swf Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd rswk-swf Environmental policy Environmental protection Environmental degradation Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 s Internationale Kooperation (DE-588)4120503-0 s DE-604 March, Frederic Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021140345&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Eccleston, Charles H. March, Frederic Global environmental policy concepts, principles, and practice Umweltpolitik Umweltschutz Internationale Kooperation (DE-588)4120503-0 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120503-0 (DE-588)4078523-3 |
| title | Global environmental policy concepts, principles, and practice |
| title_auth | Global environmental policy concepts, principles, and practice |
| title_exact_search | Global environmental policy concepts, principles, and practice |
| title_full | Global environmental policy concepts, principles, and practice Charles H. Eccleston ; Frederic March |
| title_fullStr | Global environmental policy concepts, principles, and practice Charles H. Eccleston ; Frederic March |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global environmental policy concepts, principles, and practice Charles H. Eccleston ; Frederic March |
| title_short | Global environmental policy |
| title_sort | global environmental policy concepts principles and practice |
| title_sub | concepts, principles, and practice |
| topic | Umweltpolitik Umweltschutz Internationale Kooperation (DE-588)4120503-0 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltpolitik Umweltschutz Internationale Kooperation |
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