Fundamentals of petroleum refining:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2010
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 496 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780444527851 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Fahim, Mohamed A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamentals of petroleum refining |c Mohamed A. Fahim, Taher A. Alsahhaf, and Amal Elkilani |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 496 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Petroleum / Refining | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pétrole / Raffinage | |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P R E F A CE XV
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. INTRODUCTION I
1.2. REFINING P R O C E S S ES I
1.2.1. P H Y S I C AL S E P A R A T I ON P R O C E S S ES I
1.2.1.1. C R U DE D I S T I L L A T I ON I
1.2.1.2. S O L V E NT D E A S P H A L T I NG 2
1.2.1.3. S O L V E NT EXTRACTION 2
1.2.1.4. S O L V E NT D E W A X I NG 3
1.2.2. C H E M I C AL CATALYTIC C O N V E R S I ON P R O C E S S ES 3
1.2.2.1. CATALYTIC R E F O R M I NG 3
1.2.2.2. H Y D R O T R E A T I NG 3
1.2.2.3. CATALYTIC H Y D R O C R A C K I NG 3
1.2.2.4. CATALYTIC C R A C K I NG 3
1.2.2.5. A L K Y L A T I ON 3
1.2.2.6. ISOMERIZATION 4
1.2.3. T H E R M AL C H E M I C AL C O N V E R S I ON P R O C E S S ES 4
1.2.3.1. D E L A Y ED C O K I NG 4
1.2.3.2. F L E X I C O K I NG 4
1.2.3.3. V I S B R E A K I NG 4
1.3. REFINERY C O N F I G U R A T I ON 4
1.3.1. TYPE OF P R O D U C TS 6
1.3.2. E N V I R O N M E N T AL R E G U L A T I ON 6
1.3.3. CRUDE A S S AY A ND Q U A L I TY 6
1.3.4. R E F I N E R Y - P E T R O C H E M I C AL INTEGRATION 9
1.3.5. D E V E L O P M E NT OF NEW T E C H N O L O GY 9
2. REFINERY FEEDSTOCKS A ND P R O D U C TS 2.1. INTRODUCTION 11
2.2. C O M P O S I T I ON OF CRUDE OILS 11
2.2.1. PARAFFINS 12
2.2.2. OLEFINS 13
2.2.3. N A P H T H E N ES (CYCLOALKANES) 14
2.2.4. A R O M A T I CS 14
2.2.5. S U L P H UR C O M P O U N DS 16
2.2.6. O X Y G EN C O M P O U N DS 17
2.2.7. NITROGEN C O M P O U N DS 18
2.2.8. M E T A L L IC C O M P O U N DS 19
2.2.9. A S P H A L T E N ES AND R E S I NS 19
V
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VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.3. P R O D U C TS C O M P O S I T I ON 20
2.3.1. L I Q U E F I ED P E T R O L E UM GAS (LPG) 21
2.3.2. G A S O L I NE 21
2.3.3. K E R O S E NE 22
2.3.4. JET FUEL 22
2.3.5. D I E S EL FUEL 22
2.3.6. F U EL O IL 22
2.3.7. R E S I D U AL F U EL O IL 23
2.3.8. L U BE O IL 23
2.3.9. A S P H A LT 23
2.3.10. P E T R O L E UM C O KE 23
2.4. P H Y S I C AL P R O P E R TY C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I ON DATA
23
2.4.1. FRACTIONATION 23
2.4.2. TRUE B O I L I NG POINT D I S T I L L A T I ON 23
2 . 4 . 3. A S TM D I S T I L L A T I ON 24
2.4.4. S I M U L A T ED D I S T I L L A T I ON BY G AS C H R O M A T O G
R A P HY 24
2.4.5. API GRAVITY 24
2.4.6. P O UR POINT 25
2.4.7. V I S C O S I TY 25
2 . 4 . 8. REFRACTIVE INDEX 25
2.4.9. F R E E Z I NG P O I NT 25
2.4.10. A N I L I NE P O I NT 25
2.4.11. F L A SH POINT 26
2.4.12. O C T A NE N U M B ER 26
2.4.13. CETANE N U M B ER 26
2.4.14. S M O KE P O I NT 26
2.4.15. REID V A P O UR P R E S S U RE 27
2.4.16. WATER, S A LT A ND S E D I M E NT 27
2.4.17. M O L E C U L AR W E I G HT 27
2.5. C H E M I C AL A N A L Y S IS DATA 27
2.5.1. E L E M E N T AL A N A L Y S IS 27
2.5.2. C A R B ON R E S I D UE 28
2.5.3. D E T A I L ED H Y D R O C A R B ON A N A L Y S IS 28
2.5.4. H Y D R O C A R B ON FAMILY A N A L Y S IS 28
2.5.5. A R O M A T IC C A R B ON CONTENT 28
2.5.6. S A RA A N A L Y S IS 29
3. T H E R M O P H Y S I C AL P R O P E R T I ES OF P E T R O L E UM
FRACTIONS A ND CRUDE O I LS 3.1. INTRODUCTION 33
3.2. B A S IC INPUT DATA 34
3.2.1. S P E C I F IC GRAVITY 34
3 . 2 . 2. B O I L I NG P O I NT C U R V ES 35
3 . 2 . 3. A S TM D I S T I L L A T I ON 35
3 . 2 . 4. TRUE B O I L I NG POINT D I S T I L L A T I ON 36
3.2.5. C O N V E R S I ON B E T W E EN A S TM A ND T BP D I S T I L L A
T I ON 36
3 . 3. P S E U D O - C O M P O N E N TS 40
3.3.1. B R E A K UP OF T BP CURVE INTO P S E U D O - C O M P O N E N TS
41
3 . 3 . 2. B R E A K UP OF T BP CURVE INTO P S E U D O - C O M P O N E N
TS
U S I NG G E N E R A L I Z ED FORM 43
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TABLE OF CONTENTS V II
3.3.3. C A L C U L A T I ON OF P S E U D O - C O M P O N E N TS S P E C
I F IC G R A V I T I ES 47
3.4. T H E R M O P H Y S I C AL P R O P E R T I ES C A L C U L A T I ON
48
3.4.1. M O L E C U L AR W E I G HT 48
3.4.2. V I S C O S I TY 49
3.4.3. REFRACTIVE INDEX 49
3.4.4. M O L E C U L AR TYPE C O M P O S I T I ON OF P E T R O L E UM
FRACTIONS 50
3.4.5. P S E U D O - C R I T I C AL C O N S T A N TS A ND A C E N T R IC
FACTORS 52
3.4.5.1. P S E U D O - C R I T I C AL T E M P E R A T U RE 53
3.4.5.2. P S E U D O - C R I T I C AL P R E S S U RE 53
3.4.5.3. A C E N T R IC FACTOR 53
3.4.6. G E N E R A L I Z ED E Q U A T I ON FOR T H E R M O P H Y S I C
AL P R O P E R T I ES 54
3.5. C A L C U L A T I ON OF E N T H A L PY OF P E T R O L E UM
FRACTIONS 55
3.6. E S T I M A T I ON OF P R O P E R T I ES R E L A T ED TO P H A SE C
H A N G ES 58
3.6.1. C U B IC E Q U A T I O NS OF STATE 58
3.6.2. V A P O U R - L I Q U ID E Q U I L I B R I UM 59
3.7. C A L C U L A T I NG P R O P E R T I ES U T I L I Z I NG U N I S IM
S O F T W A RE 64
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 66
4. CRUDE D I S T I L L A T I ON
4.1. INTRODUCTION 69
4 . 2. P R O C E SS D E S C R I P T I ON 70
4 . 3. O P E R A T I ON OF C R U DE D I S T I L L A T I ON U N I TS 72
4.3.1. FRACTIONATION 72
4.3.1.1. CUT P O I N TS 74
4.3.1.2. DEGREE OF FRACTIONATION 74
4 . 3 . 2. OVERFLASH 74
4 . 3 . 3. C O L U MN P R E S S U RE 75
4 . 3 . 4. O V E R H E AD TEMPERATURE 75
4.3.5. PRE-FLASH C O L U M NS A ND C R U DE C O L U MN C A P A C I TY 76
4.4. CRUDE O IL D E S A L T I NG 76
4.4.1. TYPES OF S A L TS IN C R U DE O IL 76
4 . 4 . 2. D E S A L T I NG P R O C E SS 77
4 . 4 . 3. D E S C R I P T I ON OF D E S A L T ER 78
4 . 4 . 4. DESALTER O P E R A T I NG V A R I A B L ES 79
4.5. V A C U UM D I S T I L L A T I ON 80
4.5.1. P R O C E SS D E S C R I P T I ON 81
4.6. CRUDE D I S T I L L A T I ON M A T E R I AL B A L A N CE 82
4.6.1. C R U DE A S S AY DATA 82
4 . 6 . 2. M A T E R I AL B A L A N CE 85
4 . 6 . 3. S U L P H UR M A T E R I AL B A L A N CE 86
4.7. DESIGN OF C R U DE D I S T I L L A T I ON U N I TS U S I NG P R O C
E SS S I M U L A T O RS 88
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 92
5. C A T A L Y T IC R E F O R M I NG A ND I S O M E R I Z A T I ON 5.1.
INTRODUCTION 95
5.2. CATALYTIC R E F O R M I NG 95
5.2.1. REFORMER FEED C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I ON 95
5.2.2. ROLE OF REFORMER IN THE REFINERY A ND FEED P R E P A R A T I ON
96
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V I II TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.2.3. R E S E A R CH O C T A NE N U M B ER 96
5.2.4. R E F O R M I NG R E A C T I O NS 98
5.2.4.1. N A P H T H E NE D E H Y D R O G E N A T I ON OF C Y C L O H E
X A N ES 98
5.2.4.2. PARAFFIN D E H Y D R O G E N A T I ON 98
5.2.4.3. D E H Y D R O C Y C L I Z A T I ON 98
5.2.4.4. I S O M E R I Z A T I ON 98
5.2.4.5. H Y D R O C R A C K I NG R E A C T I O NS 99
5.2.4.6. C O KE D E P O S I T I ON 99
5.2.5. T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS OF R E F O R M I NG REACTIONS 99
5.2.6. REACTION K I N E T I CS A ND C A T A L Y S TS 102
5.2.7. P R O C E SS T E C H N O L O GY 102
5.2.7.1. S E M I - R E G E N E R A T I VE FIXED B ED P R O C E SS 102
5.2.7.2. C O N T I N U O US REGENERATIVE ( M O V I NG BED)
CCR P L A T F O R M I NG U OP P R O C E SS 106
5.2.8. M A T E R I AL B A L A N CE IN R E F O R M I NG 106
5.2.8.1. M A T E R I AL B A L A N CE U S I NG E M P E R I C AL C O R R E
L A T I O NS 106
5 . 2 . 8 . 2. M A T E R I AL B A L A N CE U S I NG C O N V E R S I ON
CRITERIA 106
5.2.9. P R O C E SS S I M U L A T I ON OF REFORMER BY E Q U I L I B R I
UM REACTIONS 106
5.3. I S O M E R I Z A T I ON OF LIGHT N A P H T HA 118
5.3.1. T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS OF I S O M E R I Z A T I ON 118
5.3.2. I S O M E R I Z A T I ON R E A C T I O NS 119
5.3.3. I S O M E R I Z A T I ON C A T A L Y S TS 119
5.3.3.1. S T A N D A RD I S O M E R I Z A T I ON CATALYST 120
5.3.3.2. ZEOLITE CATALYST 120
5.3.4. I S O M E R I Z A T I ON Y I E L DS 120
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 121
6. T H E R M AL C R A C K I NG A ND C O K I NG 6.1. INTRODUCTION 123
6 . 2. C O KE F O R M A T I ON 123
6.3. T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS OF C O K I NG OF LIGHT H Y D R O C A R B
O NS 125
6.4. V I S B R E A K I NG 126
6.4.1. FEED S O U R C ES 127
6 . 4 . 2. V I S B R E A K I NG R E A C T I O NS 127
6 . 4 . 3. V I S B R E A K I NG S E V E R I TY 127
6 . 4 . 4. K I N E T I CS OF V I S B R E A K I NG 127
6.4.5. P R O D U CT Y I E LD A ND P R O P E R T I ES 128
6 . 4 . 6. P R E D I C T I ON OF V I S B R E A K I NG Y I E L DS 128
6.4.7. P R O C E SS D E S C R I P T I ON 131
6.4.7.1. C O IL V I S B R E A K ER 131
6.4.7.2. S O A K ER V I S B R E A K ER 132
6.5. D E L A Y ED C O K I NG 133
6.5.1. ROLE OF D E L A Y ED C O K ER 133
6.5.2. P R O C E SS D E S C R I P T I ON 134
6.5.3. D E L A Y ED C O K I NG V A R I A B L ES 136
6.5.4. TYPES OF C O KE A ND T H E IR P R O P E R T I ES 137
6.5.5. C O K I NG A ND D E C O K I NG O P E R A T I ON 138
6.5.6. D E L A Y ED C O K ER Y I E LD P R E D I C T I ON 140
6.5.7. P R O C E SS S I M U L A T I ON OF D E L A Y ED C O K I NG 142
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TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
6.6. FLUID C O K I NG 144
6.7. F L E X I C O K I NG 147
6.7.1. Y I E LD C O R R E L A T I O NS FOR F L E X I C O K I NG 147
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 152
7. H Y D R O C O N V E R S I ON 7.1. INTRODUCTION 153
7.2. H Y D R O T R E A T I NG 153
7.2.1. OBJECTIVES OF H Y D R O T R E A T I NG 153
7.2.2. ROLE OF H Y D R O T R E A T I NG 153
7.2.3. C H E M I S T RY OF H Y D R O T R E A T I NG 155
7.2.4. H Y D R O T R E A T I NG C A T A L Y S TS 157
7.2.5. T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS OF H Y D R O T R E A T I NG 158
7.2.6. REACTION KINETICS 162
7.2.7. H Y D R O T R E A T I NG P R O C E S S ES 164
7.2.7.1. N A P H T HA H Y D R O T R E A T I NG 164
7.2.7.2. M I D D LE D I S T I L L A T ES H Y D R O T R E A T I NG 166
7.2.7.3. A T M O S P H E R IC R E S I D UE D E S U L P H U R I Z A T I
ON 167
7.2.8. M A K E - UP H Y D R O G EN 170
7.2.9. O P E R A T I NG C O N D I T I O NS 171
7.2.10. H Y D R O T R E A T I NG C O R R E L A T I O NS 171
7.2.10.1. N A P H T HA A ND G AS O IL H Y D R O T R E A T I NG C O R R E
L A T I O NS 171
7.2.10.2. M I D D LE DISTILLATE H Y D R O T R E A T I NG C O R R E L A T
I O NS 175
7.2.10.3. A T M O S P H E R IC R E S I D UE D E S U L P H U R I Z A T I
ON (ARDS) 176
7.2.11. S I M U L A T I ON OF A R DS UNIT 176
7.3. H Y D R O C R A C K I NG 180
7.3.1. ROLE OF H Y D R O C R A C K I NG IN THE REFINERY 180
7.3.2. FEEDS A ND P R O D U C TS 180
7.3.3. H Y D R O C R A C K I NG C H E M I S T RY 180
7.3.4. H Y D R O C R A C K I NG C A T A L Y S TS 182
7.3.5. T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS A ND KINETICS OF H Y D R O C R A C K I
NG 185
7.3.5.1. T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS 185
7.3.5.2. KINETICS 186
7.3.6. H Y D R O C R A C K I NG P R O C E S S ES 186
7.3.7. P R O C E SS C O N F I G U R A T I ON 188
7.3.8. H Y D R O C R A C K I NG SEVERITY 189
7.3.9. CATALYTIC D E W A X I NG 190
7.3.10. H Y D R O C R A C K I NG C O R R E L A T I O NS 192
7.3.10.1. Y I E LD C O R R E L A T I O NS 192
7.3.10.2. M A X I M UM ATK C O R R E L A T I O NS 192
7.3.11. S I M U L A T I ON OF H Y D R O C R A C K I NG U N I TS 194
Q U E S T I ON AND P R O B L E MS 197
8. F L U I D I S ED C A T A L Y T IC C R A C K I NG 8.1. INTRODUCTION
199
8.2. ROLE OF FCC IN THE REFINERY 199
8 . 3. FEEDSTOCK A ND P R O D U C TS 2 00
8.4. F L U I D I S A T I ON 2 02
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X TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.5. FCC REACTIONS 202
8.5.1. P R I M A RY REACTIONS 204
8 . 5 . 2. S E C O N D A RY REACTIONS 205
8.6. T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS OF FCC REACTIONS 2 06
8.7. FCC CATALYST 2 08
8.7.1. ZEOLITE 2 08
8.7.2. M A T R IX 209
8 . 8. FCC C O N F I G U R A T I ON 209
8 . 9. P R O C E SS D E S C R I P T I ON 210
8.10. M O D ES OF F L U I D I S A T I ON IN FCC UNIT 212
8.11. FCC Y I E LD C O R R E L A T I O NS 212
8.12. M A T E R I AL A ND ENERGY B A L A N C ES 216
8.12.1. M A T E R I AL B A L A N CE 216
8.12.1.1. REACTOR M A T E R I AL B A L A N CE 216
8.12.1.2. R E G E N E R A T OR M A T E R I AL BALANCE 217
8.12.2. ENERGY B A L A N CE 217
8.12.2.1. REACTOR HEAT B A L A N CE 217
8.12.2.2. R E G E N E R A T OR HEAT B A L A N CE 218
8.13. KINETIC M O D EL FOR FCC REACTOR 219
8.14. C O N C E N T R A T I ON A ND TEMPERATURE PROFILES IN THE RISER
222
8.15. S I M U L A T I ON OF FCC UNIT 227
8.16. NEW TECHNOLOGY 230
8.16.1. D E EP CATALYTIC C R A C K I NG 230
8.16.2. CATALYTIC P Y R O L Y S IS P R O C E SS 230
8.16.3. PETRO-FCC 231
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 232
9. PRODUCT B L E N D I NG
9.1. INTRODUCTION 237
9 . 2. REID V A P O UR P R E S S U RE B L E N D I NG 2 38
9 . 3. FLASH POINT B L E N D I NG 2 40
9.4. POUR POINT B L E N D I NG 242
9.5. C L O UD POINT B L E N D I NG 244
9 . 6. A N I L I NE POINT B L E N D I NG 245
9.7. S M O KE POINT B L E N D I NG 246
9 . 8. V I S C O S I TY B L E N D I NG 247
9 . 9. G A S O L I NE O C T A NE N U M B ER B L E N D I NG 2 48
9.10. LINEAR P R O G R A M M I NG (LP) FOR B L E N D I NG 254
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 259
10. A L K Y L A T I ON
10.1. INTRODUCTION 263
10.2. ROLE OF A L K Y L A T I ON A ND P O L Y M E R I Z A T I ON UNITS
IN THE REFINERY 263
10.3. A L K Y L A T I ON P R O C E S S ES 263
10.3.1. S U L P H U R IC A C ID A L K Y L A T I ON P R O C E SS 264
10.3.2. H Y D R O F L U O R IC A C ID A L K Y L A T I ON 267
10.3.3. S O L ID CATALYST A L K Y L A T I ON 267
10.3.4. A L K Y C L E AN P R O C E SS 2 68
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
10.4. KINETICS A ND T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS OF A L K Y L A T I ON 2
69
10.4.1. EFFECT OF O P E R A T I NG C O N D I T I O NS 272
10.4.1.1. OLEFIN TYPE 272
10.4.1.2. ISOBUTANE C O N C E N T R A T I ON 273
10.4.1.3. A C ID S T R E N G TH 273
10.4.1.4. DEGREE OF A G I T A T I ON 273
10.4.1.5. S P A CE V E L O C I TY 274
10.4.1.6. REACTION TEMPERATURE 274
10.5. PERFORMANCE OF A L K Y L A T I ON P R O C E SS 275
10.6. M A T E R I AL B A L A N CE C A L C U L A T I O NS U S I NG Y I E
LD FACTORS 277
10.7. S I M U L A T I ON OF THE A L K Y L A T I ON P R O C E SS 279
Q U E S T I O NS AND P R O B L E MS 2 82
11. H Y D R O G EN P R O D U C T I ON 11.1. INTRODUCTION 2 85
11.2. H Y D R O G EN R E Q U I R E M E N TS IN M O D E RN REFINERIES 2
85
11.3. S T E AM R E F O R M I NG 2 86
11.3.1. FLOW P R O C E SS 2 86
11.3.2. FEED P R E P A R A T I ON 2 88
11.3.3. S T E AM R E F O R M I NG REACTIONS 2 88
11.3.4. T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS OF S T E AM R E F O R M I NG 2 89
11.3.5. O P E R A T I NG V A R I A B L ES (CREW A ND S H U M A K E,
2006) 2 93
11.3.5.1. S T E AM TO C A R B ON RATIO 2 93
11.3.5.2. REFORMER INLET TEMPERATURE 2 93
11.3.5.3. REFORMER OUTLET TEMPERATURE 2 93
11.3.5.4. REACTION P R E S S U RE 2 93
11.3.5.5. FEED TYPE 2 94
11.3.5.6. S P A CE V E L O C I TY 2 94
11.3.5.7. CATALYST ACTIVITY 2 94
11.3.6. REFORMER P R O C E SS S I M U L A T I ON 2 94
11.4. PRODUCT PURIFICATION 2 96
11.4.1. HIGH-TEMPERATURE SHIFT C O N V E R T ER 2 96
11.4.2. LOW-TEMPERATURE SHIFT CONVERTER 2 97
11.4.3. C A R B ON DIOXIDE R E M O V AL 297
11.4.3.1. A M I NE TREATING 297
11.4.3.2. M E T H A N A T I ON 2 98
11.4.3.3. P R E S S U RE S W I NG A D S O R P T I ON (PSA) 2 99
11.5. NEW D E V E L O P M E N TS IN S T E AM R E F O R M I NG 3 00
Q U E S T I O NS AND P R O B L E MS 301
12. CLEAN FUELS
12.1. INTRODUCTION 3 03
12.2. S P E C I F I C A T I O NS OF CLEAN FUELS 3 03
12.3. P R O D U C T I ON OF CLEAN FUELS FROM C R U DE O IL 305
12.3.1. DEEP D E S U L P H U R I Z A T I ON 305
12.3.1.1. DEEP H Y D R O D E S U L P H U R I Z A T I ON (DHDS) 3 08
12.3.1.2. DEEP N O N - H Y D R O D E S U L P H U R I Z A T I ON ( D N H
D S) 310
IMAGE 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
12.4. P R O D U C T I ON OF C L E AN FUELS FROM N A T U R AL GAS A ND C
O AL 313
12.4.1. S Y N T H E S IS G AS P R O D U C T I ON 315
12.5. P R O D U C T I ON OF C L E AN FUELS FROM B I O L O G I C AL S O U
R C ES (BIOFUELS) 317
12.5.1. B I O - D I E S EL 319
12.5.2. E T H A N OL A ND M E T H A N OL 3 20
12.5.3. B I O - F U EL FROM FLASH P Y R O L Y S IS 321
12.5.4. B I O - F U EL FROM H Y D R O T H E R M AL U P G R A D I NG
(HTU) 322
12.5.5. G A S I F I C A T I ON ROUTES 322
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 323
13. R E S I D UE U P G R A D I NG
13.1. INTRODUCTION 325
13.2. U P G R A D I NG O P T I O NS 3 26
13.3. NON-CATALYTIC R E S I D UE U P G R A D I NG P R O C E S S ES 327
13.3.1. S O L V E NT D E A S P H A L T I NG 327
13.3.1.1. C O R R E L A T I O NS FOR S O L V E NT D E A S P H A L T I NG
332
13.3.2. T H E R M AL P R O C E S S ES 333
13.3.2.1. C O K I NG 333
13.3.2.2. G A S I F I C A T I ON 333
13.4. CATALYTIC P R O C E S S ES 3 38
13.4.1. R E S I D U E - F L U I D I Z ED CATALYTIC C R A C K I NG 3 38
13.4.2. H Y D R O P R O C E S S I NG 342
13.4.2.1. FIXED B ED P R O C E SS 344
13.4.2.2. M O V I NG B ED P R O C E SS 344
13.4.2.3. E B U L L A T ED B ED P R O C E SS 347
13.4.2.4. S L U R RY B ED P R O C E SS 3 48
13.4.3. A Q U A C O N V E R S I ON 3 48
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 353
14. S A F E TY IN P E T R O L E UM REFINERIES
14.1. I N T R O D U C T I ON 357
14.2. H A Z A R DS IN REFINERY U N I TS 357
14.2.1. C R U DE O IL PRE-TREATMENT 357
14.2.2. C R U DE O IL D I S T I L L A T I ON 357
14.2.3. CATALYTIC R E F O R M I NG 3 58
14.2.4. T H E R M AL C R A C K I NG 358
14.2.5. H Y D R O T R E A T I NG A ND H Y D R O C R A C K I NG 3 58
14.2.6. F L U ID CATALYTIC C R A C K I NG 3 58
14.2.7. A L K Y L A T I ON 359
14.2.8. H Y D R O G EN P R O D U C T I ON 359
14.3. SAFETY P R O G R A MS A ND R E G U L A T I O NS 359
14.4. A C C I D E N TS A ND L O SS P R E V E N T I ON M E A S U R ES 359
14.5. R I SK M A N A G E M E NT A ND R I SK A S S E S S M E NT 3 60
14.6. FIRE A ND E X P L O S I O NS 363
14.7. H A Z A RD A N A L Y S IS 365
14.7.1. W O R ST C A SE S C E N A R IO 365
14.7.2. FAULT TREE A N A L Y S IS 3 66
14.7.3. H A Z OP C A SE S T U DY 3 68
14.8. SAFETY C O N S I D E R A T I O NS IN PLANT LAYOUT 370
IMAGE 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS X I II
14.9. SAFE O P E R A T I ON S Y S T E MS 371
14.9.1. P R E S S U RE RELIEF S Y S T E MS 372
14.9.2. FLARE RELIEF S Y S T EM 372
14.9.3. A IR E M I S S I ON M O N I T O R I NG 373
14.9.4. W A T ER E M I S S I ON M O N I T O R I NG 373
14.9.5. S O L ID W A S TE M O N I T O R I NG 373
14.10. EMERGENCY A L A R MS 374
14.11. NOISE IN REFINERY 3 74
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 375
15. A C ID G AS P R O C E S S I NG A ND M E R C A P T A NS R E M O V AL
15.1. INTRODUCTION 377
15.2. A B S O R P T I ON OF A C ID G A S ES 377
15.2.1. C H E M I C AL S O L V E N TS 379
15.2.1.1. A M I NE P R O C E SS 3 79
15.2.1.2. C A R B O N A TE P R O C E SS 3 88
15.2.2. P H Y S I C AL S O L V E N TS 3 89
15.2.2.1. S E L E X OL P R O C E SS 3 90
15.2.2.2. M O R P H Y S O RB P R O C E SS 391
15.2.3. M E M B R A NE A B S O R P T I ON 3 92
15.3. S U L P H UR RECOVERY 3 93
15.3.1. C L A US P R O C E SS 3 93
15.3.2. TAIL G AS C L E AN UP 3 97
15.4. M E R C A P T A NS R E M O V AL 3 97
15.4.1. G A S O L I NE M E R OX 3 99
15.4.2. K E R O S E NE M E R OX 4 00
Q U E S T I ON A ND P R O B L E MS 4 00
16. REFINERY E C O N O M I CS 16.1. INTRODUCTION 4 03
16.2. REFINING C A P A C I TY 4 03
16.3. REFINING COSTS 4 04
16.3.1. C A P I T AL C O S TS 4 04
16.3.2. O P E R A T I NG C O S TS 4 05
16.3.2.1. VARIABLE COST 4 05
16.3.2.2. FIXED COST 4 05
16.3.3. FACTORS AFFECTING REFINERY C O S TS 4 06
16.4. R E F I N I NG M A R G I NS 4 08
16.5. REFINERY C O M P L E X I TY 4 09
16.6. E C O N O M IC A N A L Y S IS 410
16.6.1. C A SH FLOW D I A G R AM 410
16.6.2. TIME V A L UE OF M O N EY 411
16.6.3. INFLATION 413
16.6.4. TAXATION A ND AFTER-TAX C A SH FLOW 414
16.6.5. PROFITABILITY A ND PROJECT EVALUATION 414
16.6.6. CASE S T U D Y: REFINERY E C O N O M IC EVALUATION 416
16.7. G L O B AL TRENDS 418
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 419
IMAGE 10
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS
17. E N V I R O N M E N T AL A S P E C TS IN R E F I N I NG 17.1.
INTRODUCTION 4 23
17.2. W A S T ES IN REFINERY U N I TS 4 23
17.2.1. D E S A L T ER 4 23
17.2.2. C R U DE D I S T I L L A T I ON 4 24
17.2.3. CATALYTIC R E F O R M I NG A ND I S O M E R I Z A T I ON 4 24
17.2.4. T H E R M AL C R A C K I NG A ND C O K I NG 4 24
17.2.5. H Y D R O C R A C K I NG 4 25
17.2.6. H Y D R O T R E A T I NG 4 25
17.2.7. FLUID CATALYTIC C R A C K I NG (FCC) 4 25
17.2.8. A L K Y L A T I ON 4 26
17.2.9. A S P H A LT P R O D U C T I O N, S O L V E NT EXTRACTION A ND D
E W A X I NG 4 26
17.2.10. H Y D R O G EN P R O D U C T I ON 4 26
17.3. W A S TE M A N A G E M E NT 4 27
17.3.1. G AS W A S TE 4 27
17.3.1.1. E M I S S I ON E S T I M A T I ON 4 28
17.3.1.2. TREATMENT A ND C O N T R OL 4 39
17.3.1.3. W A S TE M I N I M I Z A T I ON A ND P R E V E N T I ON 4 45
17.3.2. W A S T E W A T ER 445
17.3.2.1. E M I S S I ON E S T I M A T I ON 4 45
17.3.2.2. TREATMENT A ND C O N T R OL 4 48
17.3.3. S O L ID W A S TE 4 52
Q U E S T I O NS A ND P R O B L E MS 4 53
18. O V E R A LL REFINERY C A SE S T U DY
18.1. INTRODUCTION 457
18.2. THE CASE S T U DY 457
A P P E N D I C ES 4 65
A P P E N D IX A C O N V E R S I ON F A C T O RS 4 65
A P P E N D IX B D E F I N I T I ON OF T E R MS 4 69
A P P E N D IX C P R O C E SS S I M U L A T OR (UNISIM) M A N U AL 4 75
A P P E N D IX D R E S E A R CH O C T A NE N U M B ER F OR H Y D R O C A
R B O NS 4 85
N O T A T I ON 4 87
I N D EX 4 93
|
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| id | DE-604.BV037199807 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:53:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780444527851 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021114077 |
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| spelling | Fahim, Mohamed A. Verfasser aut Fundamentals of petroleum refining Mohamed A. Fahim, Taher A. Alsahhaf, and Amal Elkilani 1. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2010 XVI, 496 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Petroleum / Refining Pétrole / Raffinage Raffinerie (DE-588)4176876-0 gnd rswk-swf Erdölraffinerie (DE-588)4152697-1 gnd rswk-swf Erdölraffination (DE-588)4208752-1 gnd rswk-swf Raffinerie (DE-588)4176876-0 s DE-604 Erdölraffination (DE-588)4208752-1 s Erdölraffinerie (DE-588)4152697-1 s 1\p DE-604 Alsahhaf, Taher A. Verfasser aut Elkilani, Amal Verfasser aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021114077&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Fahim, Mohamed A. Alsahhaf, Taher A. Elkilani, Amal Fundamentals of petroleum refining Petroleum / Refining Pétrole / Raffinage Raffinerie (DE-588)4176876-0 gnd Erdölraffinerie (DE-588)4152697-1 gnd Erdölraffination (DE-588)4208752-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4176876-0 (DE-588)4152697-1 (DE-588)4208752-1 |
| title | Fundamentals of petroleum refining |
| title_auth | Fundamentals of petroleum refining |
| title_exact_search | Fundamentals of petroleum refining |
| title_full | Fundamentals of petroleum refining Mohamed A. Fahim, Taher A. Alsahhaf, and Amal Elkilani |
| title_fullStr | Fundamentals of petroleum refining Mohamed A. Fahim, Taher A. Alsahhaf, and Amal Elkilani |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamentals of petroleum refining Mohamed A. Fahim, Taher A. Alsahhaf, and Amal Elkilani |
| title_short | Fundamentals of petroleum refining |
| title_sort | fundamentals of petroleum refining |
| topic | Petroleum / Refining Pétrole / Raffinage Raffinerie (DE-588)4176876-0 gnd Erdölraffinerie (DE-588)4152697-1 gnd Erdölraffination (DE-588)4208752-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Petroleum / Refining Pétrole / Raffinage Raffinerie Erdölraffinerie Erdölraffination |
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