Wielka imigracja: Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kielce
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczego Jana Kochanowskiego
2010
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The great immigration |
| Physical Description: | 328 s. il. 25 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788371334412 |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wykaz skrótów
........................................................ 7
Wstęp
................................................................ 9
1.
Zarys osadnictwa Szkotów w Koronie Polskiej
.......................... 15
1.1
Szkoci w Prusach, Wielkopolsce, dzielnicach środkowopolskich
i na Mazowszu
................................................ 15
1.2
Szkoci w Małopolsce, na Rusi i Wołyniu
.......................... 20
1.3
Społeczno-ekonomiczne uwarunkowania szkockiego osadnictwa
.... 23
2.
Szkoci a prawo miejskie Krakowa
...................................... 35
2.1
Początki osadnictwa w wielonarodowej aglomeracji
................ 35
2.2
Okoliczności przyjmowania prawa miejskiego
przez krakowskich Szkotów
..................................... 44
2.3
Pochodzenie społeczne i terytorialne imigrantów
.................. 51
2.4
Szkoccy imigranci
-
krakowscy
cives
i
íncolas
...................... 56
3.
Szkoci w handlu krajowym i zagranicznym Krakowa
.................... 63
3.1
Uwagi wstępne
................................................ 63
3.2
Towary, miejsca ich zakupu i zbytu
............................... 64
3.3
Organizacja handlu
............................................ 78
4.
Szkoci w sklepach i kramach
.......................................... 89
4.1
Na Rynku Krakowa
............................................ 89
4.2
Na Rynku Lublina
............................................. 95
4.3
Pospólstwo przeciw szkockim przekupniom
...................... 99
5.
Poziomy zamożności materialnej Szkotów
-
krakowskich obywateli
....... 109
5.1
Uwagi wstępne
................................................ 109
5.2
Właściciele i dzierżawcy nieruchomości
.......................... 109
5.3
Zapisy wiana i posagi
.......................................... 115
5.4
Zapisy testamentowe i inwentarze mienia
......................... 118
5.5
Podatki
....................................................... 128
6.
Więzi środowiskowe
-
rodzina, korporacje, języki
....................... 131
6.1
Uwagi wstępne
................................................ 131
6.2
Protektorzy Szkotów
-
kandydatów do korporacji miejskiej
......... 132
6.3
Egzekutorzy testamentów Szkotów
.............................. 136
6
SPIS TREŚCI
6.4
Kredyt, handel, poręczenia majątkowe
............................ 139
6.5
Znaczenie bractw
.............................................. 141
6.6
Język
......................................................... 145
7.
Wśród współwyznawców, wrogów i przyjaciół
.......................... 151
7.1
Zagadnienia wyznaniowe
....................................... 151
7.2
Szwedzcy stronnicy
............................................ 168
Zakończenie
........................................................... 175
Tabele
................................................................ 181
Katalog Szkotów związanych z aglomeracją Krakowa
w
XVI -
pierwszej połowie
XVII
w
.................................... 247
Bibliografia
............................................................ 271
Spis tabel
............................................................. 295
Indeks osób
........................................................... 297
Indeks miejscowości
.................................................... 319
The Great Immigration. Scots in Cracow and Little Poland
(Małopolska)
in the Sixteenth Century
-
First Half of the Seventeenth Century
(Summary)
........................................................ 323
THE GREAT IMMIGRATION.
Scots in Cracow and Little Poland
(Małopolska)
in the Sixteenth Century
-
First Half of the Seventeenth Century
SUMMARY
The monograph examines the case of Scots in the towns of Little Poland with
particular emphasis on Cracow. The choice of the agglomeration of Cracow was not
dictated simply by its economic and political significance but also by the exception¬
ally well preserved sources. The basis of the work is, therefore, first and foremost
the Cracow municipal ledgers as well as those of the satellite cities of Kleparz and
Kazimierz
though also to a lesser degree those of other cities like Aberdeen, Lublin
and
Sandomierz.
The first chapter presents an outline of the development of Scottish settlement
within the Polish Crown. The beginnings of this settlement goes back to the end
of the fifteenth Century when Scottish traders and migrants started to arrive not
only from their homeland but also from German countries and from Scandinavia.
In the second half of the sixteenth century they had settled in the majority of Prus¬
sian towns. The biggest concentration of which was to be found in
Gdańsk
(Dan¬
zig), where, in the final two decades of the sixteenth century and the first half of
the seventeenth century, there is estimated to have lived all in all over
500.
At this
time Scots were already present in all the larger and medium-sized towns of the
Polish Crown. According to contemporary opinions, their number could even have
exceeded
40,000.
However, modern historians suppose these estimations to be ex¬
aggerated and that the number of immigrants did not exceed several thousand.
Wh-V?h century opinions voiced both in Poland as well as in Scotland point to the
economic backwardness of the country as the reason forcing emigration; while the
Commonwealth of the time had created advantageous conditions for both trade
and craft. There came not only the poor whose occupation was itinerant trade but
equally wealthy merchants who found favourable conditions in the Crown for the
investment of capital. However, there is no doubt whatsoever that Poland chief¬
ly received poor young men. In the widely held opinion of the Polish gentry and
burghers, the Scots quickly came by increasingly significant fortunes. Often they
started off from itinerant wanderings with their wares on their back through the
towns and villages of the whole country.
On the whole it was the owners of private towns like
Tarnów, Pińczów
or
Zamość
that allowed Scottish settlement. So as to ensure the economic growth of
their properties they granted civil rights to all prepared to invest their fortunes
regardless of ethnic or religious denomination. The urban civic councils of more
significant centres, royal cities as well as equally certain smaller private towns con-
324
SUMMARY
ducted a more restrictive policy in this respect. The bestowing of citizenship was
there secured by limitations
-
first and foremost financial though also religious
ones. Besides the severe selection process for candidates to civil rights as was the
case in
Toruń
(Thorn) and periodically in
Gdańsk,
Scots were sometimes excluded
the right to enter towns even on market days. The Scottish presence in a town was
consequently dependent on the decision of the council and the policy of its owner.
The gentry accepted the presence of wandering Scottish traders, for in sup¬
plying the peasants they limited the peasantry s contacts with towns. At the same
time, however, within the general feeling as expressed at the Diet, dietines and in
publications, outsiders including Scots were criticised for the insufficient way they
helped the Royal Exchequer by avoiding the payment of duties and taxes.
The second chapter presents the circumstances surrounding the settlement of
the Scots in Cracow and its satellite towns. At the turn of the
Ιό ΎΙΤ*
century the
entirety of this agglomeration could have numbered from
34,000
to
37,000
individu¬
als while at the turn of the 1640S/1650S
-
at most slightly over
30,000.
Presumably
the Scots could have constituted at the turn of the centuries researched at most
0.7%
of the population of Cracow. Although their presence in the capital is attested for
the entire
Іб 1
century, they started to adopt civil rights only from the early 1570s.
Undoubtedly they were encouraged by the duty exemptions that came with the
possession of such a privilege as well as the Diet act of
1562
requiring Cracow Scots
to make efforts to be included in the urban corporation. The obtaining of citizen¬
ship brought with it costs however, while the payments were different depending
on the financial condition of the applicant. The Cracow ledgers of acceptance for
civil rights show that the registered Scots they contain belonged to the relatively
wealthy; for they were merchants or artisans of more elevated professions, chiefly
goldsmiths. For the years
1509-1655
civil rights were bestowed on at least eighty
Scots. This is for certain a lowered figure for at least a few immigrants of this na¬
tional group were citizens (cives), about which there is an absence of entries in the
acceptance ledgers. An unknown, presumably sizeable, number of Cracow Scots
settled within the area of the agglomeration merely as
incolse
i.e. without belonging
to the corporation of citizens.
Scots striving for civic citizenship presented birth-brieves, which they had re¬
ceived mostly in the ports of the eastern seaboard. Arrivals from Aberdeen and
environs constituted
40%
of all the Cracow Scottish settlers. From the turn of the
16*717*
century Aberdeen maintained lively contacts with
Gdańsk.
There is, how¬
ever, a lack of correlation between the frequency of the trading contacts of Scottish
towns and the Commonwealth and the number of arrivals from these towns in
Cracow. It is equally not possible to show an exact dependence of the number of
immigrants on the economic and social changes in Scotland. Yet the hierarchical
social structure of cities, of which only the upper strata benefited from the eco¬
nomic revival post
1550,
may have induced emigration. The lack of possibilities for
social advancement, access to credit, and the accumulation of capital are factors fa¬
vouring the search for economic well-being on the continent, including in eastern
countries .
Chapter
3
describes the significance of Scots in the domestic and foreign trade
of Cracow. The basis for which is chiefly the ledgers of the local customs office
preserved from
1589.
Unfortunately they rarely inform at length about the type of
SUMMARY
325
transported goods, the quantity of transports and their aim. The basis category of
goods declared by those merchants of interest to us was so-called bric-a-brac (in¬
cluding cards, knives, ribbons, thread, combs and other articles of fancy goods, but
also haberdashery). Cracow was the regional centre for trade in bric-a-brac, which
was transported from the cities of Slovakia, Hungary and Moravia, though also
exported to cities in Slovakia and northern Hungary. The Scots traded, however,
in a significantly wider assortment of goods, such as fabrics, clothing, weapons,
metal goods as well as foodstuffs including wine. From the beginning of the 17th
century Eva Forbess specialised in this trade on a large scale, buying Hungarian
wine in Slovak towns as well as importing Austrian wine. A part of such transports
were sent on further to Warsaw. Dutch fancy goods were imported from Prussia.
Metal goods defined as of Nuremburg manufacture were equally produced in the
towns of Silesia, Moravia and Austria. Scots stocked up on these goods chiefly in
Leipzig and
Wrocław
(Breslau). In
the 1640s and 1650s Scots dominated in the trade
exchange of Cracow and
Wrocław.
At the end of the
Іб 1
century, and in the second decade of the seventeenth,
Cracow Scots received contracts first and foremost with the towns of Little Poland
and
Rus,
chiefly with Lublin and Lvov, to where they travelled for fairs. The lack
of such evidence of trade activity from the turn of the 1640s and 1650s may be ex¬
plained by the growing profitability of trade with
Gdańsk.
In the mid century Cra¬
cow Scots no longer involved themselves in the distribution at the regional markets
of Little Poland of goods brought from distant trading centres. Possibly they were
helped out in this by the Scots inhabiting the towns of the palatinates of
Sando¬
mierz,
Lublin and
Rus.
The significance of trade with the cities of Slovakia, Hungary
and with Prussia constantly grew. At this same level (about
20%
of customs decla¬
rations) trade was maintained with Silesia, chiefly with
Nysa
(Neiße)
and
Wrocław.
Trade with German countries was to only have a relatively greater importance in
the mid seventeenth century.
Fancy goods were carried around the towns and villages by Scots who often
were unable to give a fixed place of abode. These items were carried in bags on
their backs or in crates on horses. They travelled alone or with company . These
goods were bought from their richer countrymen or they supplied entrusted goods.
Rich Scottish merchants employed their own countrymen as intermediaries. They
also granted them long and short term loans. Cracow Scots going to fairs would
often organise joint transports of goods and on these occasions would form part¬
nerships.
The subsequent chapter shows the Scots in local trade. They were present on
the Cracow Market Square during the whole of the period under study, where they
leased stalls with chiefly iron and textile goods. Although we know the rate of the
leases, the criteria according to which they were established on the scale of the
whole city remains unknown, something which significantly limits conclusions to
be drawn regarding the property and trading positions of these merchants. More¬
over not all merchants, including the relatively very rich, appear as lessees of stalls.
Scots resold themselves the right to lease urban stalls and the plots under their
buildings in Cracow,
Sandomierz,
Lublin and other settlements.
Cracow Scots possessed stalls also in other towns including on the Lublin Mar¬
ket Square where they neighboured with their countrymen from the main settle-
326
SUMMARY
ments
of Little Poland and
Rus.
These stalls they leased and sold each other with
the permission of the civic council. There is little known, however, about Scots trad¬
ing on the Cracow Market Square from outside the agglomeration.
The ordinary populace did not view these Scottish stall keepers with enthu¬
siasm. The elders of guilds and merchant congregations accused the Scots of sup¬
porting crafts outside of the guild monopoly as well as of door-to-door trade. Such
conflicts were an everyday occurrence in the towns of the time. In
1623
prices were
established for Scottish goods within the framework of the so-called palatine taxes.
Scots did not want to succumb to these rigors. They cited the privileges of Stephen
Báthory
of
1585
which allowed eight Scottish merchants, or rather trading compa¬
nies supplying the royal court, free trade in the whole country. This privilege was
inherited by subsequent generations of what became merely nominal Scottish serv¬
ants of the Polish monarchs. Their privileged position was unsuccessfully fought
against by those positioned to represent Cracow merchant and traders circles, the
so-called Rich Stalls, amongst which Scots, citizens of the capital, were represented
in the ranks of the leasees. The elders of the Rich Stall guild, despite the support of
the city council, were in a losing position in a conflict that lasted at least from
1595
to
1646.
For the Scots had greater influence at the royal court and undercut the
Cracow merchants with the attractiveness of their corrupt offers.
The fifth chapter examines the living conditions of Scottish inhabitants of Cra¬
cow. Only a few Scots were burghers in possession of tenement houses or their
part as inherited property. More convenient or equally simply more accessible
for them were long-term leases. A decisive majority lived in the principle streets
of the centre.
Relatively most systematic sources useful in evaluating the material position
are the annually recorded registers of urban payments that combined poll and es¬
tate tax
(szos, Schoss).
From this it results that although there was no absence of poor
members of this nation, the majority were calculated within the average or well-
-to-do plebeians. The contribution of Scottish goldsmiths, merchants and peddlers
to the city treasury was not sizeable yet it was to rise in the decades of interest to
us
-
from around
0.3%
in
1578
through
1.4% (1607), 4.6% (1628), 9% (1642)
up to
15%
for the year
1647.
This may indicate their growing material position. Only the taxa¬
tion register for
1655
was to see analyses in relation to the material hierarchy of the
inhabitants of the whole city. One may claim on this basis that the Scots belonged to
the wealthy though still not to the narrow circle of the most affluent citizens.
Cracow Scots conducted registrations of dowries at a level typical for other citi¬
zens of the upper strata of the middle class. Their inclusion within this social bracket
is shown by the wills that have been preserved. However, only a few Scots can be in¬
cluded on this basis to the most moneyed citizens of the Commonwealth s capital.
In chapter
6
there is illustrated the social bonds linking Cracow Scots. This
chapter answers the question as to whether Scots living in Cracow and other towns
of Little Poland perceived each other and were perceived by their surroundings as
a separate social community. In striving for civil rights Scots made use first and
foremost of the protection of their fellow countrymen who had obtained such
a privilege and could recommend new candidates. Certain relations submitted
in such circumstances before the city council inform one of the already advanced
processes of candidate integration within Polish society, showing their social and
SUMMARY
327
territorial mobility as well as the high material position. From these sources it does
not result, however, that the elders of the Cracow Scottish brotherhood, one of
many such associations in the Polish Commonwealth, controlled entrance to the
town corporation even though some of these appeared before the Cracow council
as door openers .
The executors of the Scots wills were chiefly Cracovians although only less
than one third of them were non-Scots. Guardians for minors were generally from
family circles following the recommendations of Roman family law.
Scots most often performed credit transactions within their own circles, with
this observation coming from records in ledgers from Cracow, Lvov and other
towns of Little Poland. Scots would, however, engage in widespread transactions
of buying and selling with individuals from outside of their environment as well as
sometimes lending them money.
The task of the above mentioned brotherhoods, present in the main centres
of Scottish settlement in the whole of Europe, was control over the appropriately
deemed moral levels of the diaspora. Cracow sources suggest, however, that plac¬
ing oneself before brotherhood courts was done voluntarily and that these were
arbitration courts. Hence only those cases were sent to the municipal court where
there was no chance of an effective execution of the rulings of the brotherhoods
elders. As the Scottish brotherhoods were in fact the self-government of the nation
their leaders would appear in court in order to give a statutory warranty. These
were, however, private testimonies resulting from the court practice accepted at
that time; which is why in the cases known to us, in which the responsibility of the
community represented by its elders is clear, there is no talk of brotherhoods or the
offices occupied by witnesses in them. However, we may suppose as to their high
social position taking into consideration the varied circumstances of their appear¬
ance before the Cracow council, bench or its alderman
(wójt),
including as guaran¬
tors of good birth as well as executors of wills. Although the elders of the brother¬
hoods tried for total control over the immigrants, the effectiveness of this control
was in practice extremely limited.
The burghers of interest to us communicated amongst themselves in Scots.
However, at least the elite of Cracow Scottish society used Polish fluently and prob¬
ably German. The city authorities and presumably other inhabitants of Cracow re¬
called the Scottish origin even of citizens who had been appointed to lower city
offices and whose relatives had settled on the Vistula over fifty years earlier.
The majority of Cracow Scots belonged to the local evangelical Reformed chap¬
el. There are no bases to conclude that Scots in the Polish Commonwealth possessed
their own congregations, though an exception was
Gdańsk.
Scottish Evangelicals
attended the very same churches as their coreligionists of other nationalities. They
did choose though their own deacons who attended the poor. According to an entry
from the beginning of the seventeenth century, Scots were conscious of their own
Scottish religion but this name possibly related to differences in language and cus¬
tom rather than particularly dogmatic ones. Before
1616,
when there occurred the
union of different nations , the Scots in the Cracow chapel possessed a more unde¬
fined organisational autonomy. From that year the Scots were elected to a group
of superiors of the whole local congregation, they were appointed to audit chapel
accounts. Similar relations were noted in the Lublin chapel.
328
SUMMARY
The participation of Scots in the functioning of the chapel are known only frag-
mentarily and then only for the seventeenth century. Undoubtedly they were able
to help the vegetating community to a degree far greater than that documented by
the chapel accounts. For it is, however, to wealthy Scottish merchants, members of
the congregation that
Wojciech Węgierski,
a pastor and author of a chronicle docu¬
menting the history of the chapel, dedicated his work.
Will records attest in a typical way to individual piety for the poor
-
though
not only of their own denomination but also of the Roman Catholic creed. Earnest
belief in the power of the Word is infrequently documented with biblical quotes,
and sporadically there are traces of collision with God s law.
Although the Scots did not avoid anti-Protestant repression their contacts with
Catholic countrymen were on the whole proper. This corresponds with the recent
observations from Steve Murdoch and Douglas Catterall that national ties and eco¬
nomic interests were placed above denominational differences. Denominational di¬
visions occurred even amongst blood brothers.
Scots inhabiting smaller towns were almost always Catholics which was a con¬
sequence of the domination of the Roman creed even at the height period of devel¬
opment for Polish Protestantism. Some of them involved themselves in a more than
average way in the life of the local Church. Representatives of Polonised Scottish
families bolstered the ranks of the clergy.
Scottish Evangelicals in the main actively supported the Swedish occupants who
took Cracow in October
1655;
one may suppose here economic and denominational
motivations. They spied for the Swedes as well as looting with them the churches in
Cracow and other towns of Little Poland. Taking into consideration the diplomatic
and intelligence activity of the diaspora for Swedish interests prior to invasion, one
may suppose that Cracow merchants were also involved in such acts. Their conse¬
quence was not punishment, for the victorious king of the Commonwealth,
Jan Kazi¬
mierz
(John
Casimir),
required the money of these recent Swedish collaborators.
Thanks to their professional activity, denominational affiliation as well as pre¬
sumably their cultural separateness, Scots stood out in the multiethnic Cracow ag¬
glomeration for the entire period of interest to us. Although they were involved
in local, national and international trade, they were to play a more important role
in distant trading only at certain times and in certain directions; they significantly
yielded in this to Jewish and Italian merchants. Of more significance could have
been the presence of Scots at the regional and local markets of Little Poland but also
there they were numerically a minority amongst stall holders and traders.
Their assimilation undoubtedly took place faster in smaller towns where there
would have lived at most a few Scottish families. While a significant number, ma¬
terial independence as well as belonging to an oppressed denominational minor¬
ity would have allowed for them to survive in a separate group, with integration
with local society occurring first and foremost in the economic sphere. The barrier
for more complete integration of the Scots in Cracow and Lublin was in the less
well defined and presumably variable area of their cultural separateness, includ¬
ing the denominational aspect. The few known contacts of Cracow Scots with their
homeland and with the diaspora outside of the Polish Commonwealth amount to
financial obligations, chiefly inheritance, and do not have to be representative of the
frequency and nature of these contacts.
Г
Bayerische
J
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|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kowalski, Waldemar |
| author_facet | Kowalski, Waldemar |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kowalski, Waldemar |
| author_variant | w k wk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036781694 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705975977 (DE-599)BVBBV036781694 |
| era | Geschichte 1500-1650 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1500-1650 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Krakau (DE-588)4073760-3 gnd Kleinpolen (DE-588)4098501-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Krakau Kleinpolen |
| id | DE-604.BV036781694 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:47:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788371334412 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020698321 |
| oclc_num | 705975977 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 328 s. il. 25 cm. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczego Jana Kochanowskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kowalski, Waldemar Verfasser aut Wielka imigracja Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku Waldemar Kowalski Kielce Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczego Jana Kochanowskiego 2010 328 s. il. 25 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The great immigration Geschichte 1500-1650 gnd rswk-swf Schotten (DE-588)4270093-0 gnd rswk-swf Krakau (DE-588)4073760-3 gnd rswk-swf Kleinpolen (DE-588)4098501-5 gnd rswk-swf Kleinpolen (DE-588)4098501-5 g Schotten (DE-588)4270093-0 s Geschichte 1500-1650 z DE-604 Krakau (DE-588)4073760-3 g Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020698321&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020698321&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kowalski, Waldemar Wielka imigracja Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku Schotten (DE-588)4270093-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4270093-0 (DE-588)4073760-3 (DE-588)4098501-5 |
| title | Wielka imigracja Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku |
| title_auth | Wielka imigracja Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku |
| title_exact_search | Wielka imigracja Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku |
| title_full | Wielka imigracja Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku Waldemar Kowalski |
| title_fullStr | Wielka imigracja Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku Waldemar Kowalski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wielka imigracja Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku Waldemar Kowalski |
| title_short | Wielka imigracja |
| title_sort | wielka imigracja szkoci w krakowie i malopolsce w xvi pierwszej polowie xvii wieku |
| title_sub | Szkoci w Krakowie i Małopolsce w XVI - pierwszej połowie XVII wieku |
| topic | Schotten (DE-588)4270093-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schotten Krakau Kleinpolen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020698321&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020698321&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kowalskiwaldemar wielkaimigracjaszkociwkrakowieimałopolscewxvipierwszejpołowiexviiwieku |