Rules of patent drafting: guidelines from federal circuit case law
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2011
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XXXVI, 477 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199734924 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Root, Joseph E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rules of patent drafting |b guidelines from federal circuit case law |c Joseph E. Root |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XXXVI, 477 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Patent practice |z United States | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Patent laws and legislation |z United States | |
| 651 | 4 | |a USA | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xxi
PREFACE
xxiii
Rule-Based Patent Drafting
xxiv
Using this Book
xxv
Development
xxv
Standard
xxv
Statute
xxvi
Requirement
xxvi
Drafting Rules
xxvi
INTRODUCTION: THE DISCLOSURE REVOLUTION
xxvii
I. The Disclosure Revolution
xxviii
II. The
Ancien
Regime
xxix
A. Claim construction
xxx
III. The Revolution
xxxi
A. Phase I:
Markmän
xxxii
B.
Phase II: Phillips
xxxii
IV. Permanent Revolution
xxxiv
A. Claim construction
xxxiv
B. Written description
xxxiv
C. Enablement
xxxv
D. Conclusion
xxxv
Parti: Patenting for Breadth
1
CHAPTER
1:
Drafting for Breadth
3
I. Development
4
II. Standard
4
III. Drafting Rules
6
A. Rule
1 :
Never describe the invention as a whole, or
characterize the invention. Ground performance
measures explicitly on objective standards
6
1.
The invention as a whole
—
Patent Profanity
6
a. The invention
6
b. The invention as a whole
9
viii Contents
2.
Characterizing
11
a. Required characteristic or property
11
b. Objects of the invention
14
3.
Objective standards
16
B. Rule
2:
Describe multiple embodiments or examples,
and within those embodiments, set out alternatives and
variations. Use both generic and specific
language to describe claim items
18
1.
Multiple embodiments
18
2.
Alternatives and variations
23
a. Alternatives
25
b. Variations
28
3.
Generic language
30
C. Rule3: Avoid boilerplate
—
it does not work
32
IV. Conclusion
36
CHAPTER
2:
Claiming for Breadth
37
1.
Development
38
II. Standard
39
A. Statute
39
B. Required
39
III. Drafting Rules
39
A. Rule
1:
Draft claims of varying class, scope, and focus,
using claim differentiation to ensure broad construction
39
1.
Claim differentiation
40
2.
Varying class
42
3.
Varying scope
43
4.
Beware of exceptions
44
B. Rule
2:
Carefully evaluate claims to ensure the broadest
supportable scope; and select claim terms to
achieve that scope, avoiding unnecessary restrictions
46
1.
Evaluate overall claim scope
47
2.
Evaluate claim terms
48
3.
Avoid unnecessary restrictions
51
4.
Avoid limiting to existing technology
53
С
Rule3: To achieve broad construction of quantitative
claim terms, coordinate specific claiming
techniques with focused specification support
55
1.
Singular vs. plural
55
2.
Ranges
60
3.
Imported quantitative limitations
60
4.
Qualifiers
61
IV. Conclusion
64
Contents ix
CHAPTERS: Prosecuting for Breadth
65
1.
Development
67
II. Standard
69
A. Statute
69
B. Required
69
1.
Claim construction
70
2.
Prosecution disclaimer
70
3.
Prosecution history estoppel
71
4.
Caveat
71
III. Drafting Rules
72
A. Rulei: Bear in mind that all statements made
during prosecution can affect claim construction;
ensure that all limitations required to obtain
allowance are reflected in the issued claims
72
B. Rule
2:
Review amendments and remarks to
eliminate the possibility of unanticipated
prosecution disclaimer; when narrowing scope via
amendment or argument, expressly define the limits
of the disclaimer or disavowal
75
1.
Prosecution disclaimer
76
2.
Disclaimer by Amendment
78
3.
Disclaimer by Argument
81
С
Rule
3:
Assume that prosecution history estoppel
will apply to any amendment related to patentability,
and structure any amendments accordingly.
If applicable, expressly set out how an amendment is
tangential to patentability
83
1.
DOEandPHE
84
2.
By amendment
85
3.
By argument
86
4.
Rebuttable presumption of surrender
—
Scope
88
5.
Clear and unmistakable
89
6.
Rebuttal
90
a. Foreseeable
90
b. Tangential
92
с
Other
94
IV. Conclusion
95
Part II: Specification Drafting
97
CHAPTER
4:
Utility
99
1.
Development
100
II. Standard
101
A. Statute
101
B. Required
101
χ
Contents
III. Drafting Rules
102
A. Rule
1 :
Draft the claims and supporting material in the
specification to define an invention that provides
actual beneficial results fitting clearly into a statutory class
102
1.
Beneficial results
102
2.
Statutory class
104
a. Article of manufacture
107
b. Process
107
с
Composition of matter
108
d. Machine
109
e. Actual results
—
operability
109
f.
Overlap with enablement
113
B. Rule
2:
Ensure that claims do not embrace a law of nature,
natural phenomenon, mental process, or abstract idea by
expressly tying a claim to a particular machine or demonstrating
a transformation of an article into a different state
113
1.
General
113
2.
Computer software
114
3.
Business methods
117
С
Rule
3:
Particularly for inventions in the unpredictable arts,
explicitly set out substantial and specific utility for any new
composition of matter
121
IV. Conclusion
125
CHAPTER
5:
Written Description
127
I. Development
129
II. Standard
131
A. Statute
131
B. Required
132
III. Drafting Rules
133
A. Rule
1 :
Include a statement setting out the scope
of the broadest claim in each included statutory class
of the invention, using terms either understood in the
relevant art or defined in the specification, in sufficient
detail to show with reasonable clarity that the applicant
was in possession of the invention as of the filing date
134
1.
Include a statement setting out the scope of the broadest
claim in each included statutory class of the invention
134
a. Set out the scope of the broadest claim in each class
134
b. Do not confuse the written description with enablement
135
с
Disclosure is measured by the understanding of
those in the art
136
d. Drawing suffices
137
2.
Using terms either understood in the relevant art or
defined in the specification
138
3.
In sufficient detail to show with reasonable clarity that
the applicant was in possession of the invention
140
Contents xi
a. Showing possession of the invention
140
b. Parameters vs. homologs
142
с
Continuations
143
d. Inherency
144
e. Generic claims
145
f. Conclusion
146
4.
As of the filing date
146
a. Provisional patent applications
146
b. Amendments
148
с
Continuing applications
149
d. Foreign priority
149
B. Rule
2:
Anticipate claim refinements during prosecution
by including alternate embodiments and broadening
terms. Avoid characterizing particular aspects
of embodiments
149
1.
The Gentry Gallery problem
150
2.
Gentry Gallery solutions
153
C. Rule
3:
In the unpredictable arts, describe a composition
of matter, either directly claimed or involved in a method,
and define the composition by
(1)
structure or other
physical or chemical properties,
(2)
functional
characteristics coupled with a known or disclosed correlation
between function and structure,
(3)
deposit of claimed
biological material. If dealing with a generic description,
describe a representative number of examples
falling within the scope of the genus
156
1.
Structure
157
2.
Function/Structure correlation
160
3.
Deposit
161
4.
Generic claims
162
IV. Conclusion
164
CHAPTER
6:
Enablement
165
I. Development
167
II. Standard
168
A. Statute
168
B. Required
168
III. Drafting Rules
169
A. Rulei: Set out at least one embodiment or example
of the claimed invention; explain the structure, function,
and co-operative action of each element; extend
the explanation to the full scope of the claims; show
operation to produce a useful result; establish
enablement as of the date of the application
169
1.
Claimed invention
169
2.
Embodiments and examples
171
3.
Explaining the makeup and function of each component
173
xii
Contents
4.
Including how the components work together
174
a. Individual elements
175
5.
Combining express disclosure and the level of
skill in the art to teach an artisan how to make
and use the claimed invention
176
6.
To the full scope of the claims
178
7.
Producing a useful result
181
8.
As of the date of the application
182
B. Rule
2:
If any gap exists between the scope of the
disclosure and the full scope of the claims, state that fact
and point the reader toward experiments required to
extrapolate the disclosed or known results to the full
scope of the claims, including guidance regarding
the quantity of experimentation required and the
protocols for conducting such experiments
184
1.
Quantity of experimentation necessary
186
2.
Amount of direction or guidance presented
187
3.
Presence or absence of working examples
187
4.
Nature of the invention
188
5.
State of the prior art
188
6.
Relative skill of those in the art
189
7.
Predictability or unpredictability of the art
190
8.
Breadth of the claims
190
IV. Conclusion
191
CHAPTER
7:
Best Mode
193
I. Development
194
II. Standard
195
A. Statute
195
B. Requirement
196
III. Drafting Rules
198
A. Rule
1 :
Never appear to hide the ball; always disclose
specially made materials, inventor choices based
on test results, and essential process steps
198
1.
Specially made materials or components
198
2.
Inventor choices based on testing
200
3.
Essential steps or components
201
B. Rule
2:
Omit nonessential, unclaimed details
205
С
Rule
3:
Expressly describe the best way of practicing
the invention (if a best way exists) known to the
inventor at the time the application was filed,
in an objectively complete manner
208
1.
Expressly describe
208
2.
The best way of practicing the invention
209
3.
If a best way exists
209
4.
Known to the inventor at the time the
application was filed
210
Contents
xiii
5.
In an objectively
complete
manner
212
6.
Provisional patent applications
215
IV. Conclusion
215
PARTIU:
Claim Drafting
217
CHAPTER
8:
Preamble
219
1.
Development
220
II. Standard
222
A. Statute
222
B. Required
222
III. Drafting Rules
223
A. Rule
1:
To avoid limiting the claim, use the preamble to
introduce the invention, to provide context or purpose,
and to indicate the statutory class of the invention
224
1.
Introduce the invention
224
a. General
224
b. Unclaimed feature
225
2.
Context or purpose
226
a. Context
—
Apparatus
226
b. Purpose
—
Intended use of apparatus
226
с
Purpose
—
Goal for method
228
3.
Indicate statutory class
229
B. Rule
2:
To create limitations in the preamble, include an
essential claimed feature; introduce terms that provide
an antecedent basis to the claim body; set out the goal
of a method; or draft the preamble in Jepson form
230
1.
Essential feature
230
a. Defines the invention
230
b. Defines apparatus
231
с
Defines method
231
d. Avoids definition
232
e. Essential to the invention
233
f. Used in prosecution
235
2.
Antecedent basis
236
3.
Jepson claims
237
IV. Conclusion
238
CHAPTER
9:
Transition
239
1.
Development
240
II. Standard
241
A. Statute
241
B. Required
242
xiv Contents
III. Drafting Rules
242
A. Rule
1:
Use the transitional term comprising to
secure an open claim; comprising should be employed
almost exclusively in the mechanical and electrical arts
242
B. Rule
2:
Use the transitional term consisting of to secure
a closed claim or within a claim to define a closed element
244
С
Rule3: Use the transitional term consisting essentially of
to secure a partially open claim, but expressly define
the contours of what constitutes a material effect
on the basic and novel properties of the invention
246
D. Rule
4:
Use alternative forms of comprising within
the claim body to define an open element but do not
use alternative forms as the transition term
248
IV. Conclusion
251
CHAPTER
10:
Claim Body
253
1.
Development
254
II. Standard
255
A. Statute
255
B. Required
255
III. Drafting Rules
257
A. Rule
1 :
Draft claim terms clearly and precisely. A clear
claim term enables construction based on the ordinary
meaning of the language, an express definition, or the
context; a precise claim term exactly captures
the inventor s manifest intent
257
1.
A clear claim term enables construction based
on the ordinary meaning of the language.
an express definition, or the context
257
a. Ordinary meaning
257
b. Express definition
260
с
Definition
260
d. Lexicographer
263
e. Covering all claim terms
265
f. Consistency of meaning
267
g. Problems with definitions
269
h. Context—the specification
271
2.
A precisely drafted claim term exactly captures
the inventor s manifest intent
276
a. Capturing intent
276
b. Precision issues
279
i. Grammar
279
ii. Multiple vs. single meaning
280
iii.
Ambiguity
282
iv.
Word choice
283
IV. Conclusion
284
Contents
xv
Definiteness
285
1.
Development
287
II. Standard
288
A. Statute
288
В.
Required
288
1.
Standard
288
2.
Preliminary distinctions
290
a. Means-plus-function claims
290
b. Prosecution vs. litigation
291
с
Indefiniteness vs. enablement
291
d. Indefiniteness vs. claim construction
292
III. Drafting Rules
293
A. Rulei: Avoid contextual ambiguity by concretely defining
the bounds of the claims; exercise particular care to
ensure precision of qualitative, relative, and functional
terms; and avoid errors of reference and grammar
293
1.
Contextual ambiguity
293
2.
Concretely define
295
3.
Insolubly ambiguous
296
4.
Understandable by one of skill in the art
298
5.
Defined in the specification
300
B. Rule
2:
Avoid inherent ambiguity to ensure precision
of qualitative, relative, and functional terms and
avoiding errors of reference and grammar
301
1.
Inherent ambiguity
301
2.
Ensure desired precision
301
a. Qualitative terms
302
b. Relative terms
304
i. Terms of approximation
305
ii. Terms of degree
307
iii.
Functional claims
309
iv.
Other situations
311
3.
Referential claims
311
a. Numbers and ranges
312
b. Negative claiming
313
С
Rule
3:
Avoid errors of reference and grammar
313
1.
Reference
314
2.
Grammar
317
IV. Conclusion
318
CHAPTER
12:
Means-plus-Function Claims
319
I. Development
320
II. Standard
323
A. Statute
323
B. Requirement
323
xvi Contents
III. Drafting Rule
325
A. Rulei: Begin a means-plus-function claim element
with the phrase means for and identify the function to
be performed. In the specification, describe corresponding
structure to perform the function, together with at least
a suggestion of, and preferably a description of, one or
more equivalent structures, and clearly link the function
with the structure
325
1.
Begin a means-plus-function claim element
with the phrase means for
325
a. The phrase means for plus functional element
invokes a presumption that the claim is in a
means-plus-function form
325
b. The means-plus-function presumption can be
defeated by the inclusion of structure
325
2.
Identify the function to be performed
329
3.
Describe corresponding structure to perform the
function together with at least a suggestion of, and
preferably a description of, one or more
equivalent structures
330
a. General
330
b. Software
332
с
Mechanical/Electrical
334
d. Equivalents and claim scope
335
4.
Clearly link the function with structure in the specification
337
IV. Conclusion
339
PART IV: Avoiding Problems
341
CHAPTER
13:
Bars: Printed Publication
343
I. Development
344
II. Standard
346
A. Statute
346
B. Required
346
III. Drafting Rule
347
A. Rulei: Ensure that the claimed invention was not
disseminated in a manner that resulted in its being
accessible to persons skilled in or interested in the
relevant art, before the critical date
347
1.
The claimed invention
347
2.
Disseminated
348
3.
Accessible
349
a. Temporary dissemination
35О
b. Confidentiality
351
с
Indexing
352
IV. Conclusion
354
Contents xvii
CHAPTER
14: Bars: Public
Use
355
I. Development
356
II. Standard
357
A. Statute
357
B. Required
358
III. Drafting Rules
359
A. Rule
1:
Ensure that the claimed invention was not
used in public before the critical date, unless the
use was subject to an obligation of confidentiality
or as part of an experimental use
359
1.
The claimed invention
359
2.
Used in public
360
3.
Before the critical date
362
4.
Subject to an obligation of confidentiality
362
5.
Experimental use
363
a. Inventor control
364
b. Need for public testing
365
с
Experimental purpose
366
d. Experimental duration
367
IV. Conclusion
368
CHAPTER
15:
Bars: On Sale
371
I. Development
372
II. Standard
373
A. Statute
373
B. Required
374
III. Drafting Rules
375
A. Rulei: Ensure that the claimed invention was not
both subject to a commercial offer for sale and ready
for patenting before the critical date, unless the
sale was incidental to an experimental use
375
1.
The claimed invention
375
2.
Commercial offer for sale
376
a. Offers
—
tangible articles
376
b. Offers and sales
—
processes
378
i. R&D
Agreements
379
ii. Performance of processes
379
iii.
Computerprograms
380
3.
Ready for patenting
380
a. Reduction to practice
381
b. Drawings or descriptions
382
4.
Incidental to experimental use
382
IV. Conclusion
383
xviii Contents
CHAPTER
16: Inventorship
and Priority
385
I. Development
386
II. Standard
386
A. Statute
386
B. Required
388
III. Drafting Rules
388
A. Originality—Who invented
388
1.
Rulei: Ensure that the named inventors on a patent
application include all persons who have contributed
In a significant way to the conception of the claimed
invention, as shown by corroborated evidence
388
a. Claimed invention
389
b. Conception in joint inventions
390
с
Significant contribution
391
d. Corroboration
393
2.
Rule
2:
Where indicated, investigate the circumstances
surrounding an invention to determine whether
the invention had been conceived by another
person, who communicated the conception to the
supposed inventor
395
a. Conception
396
b. Communication
396
B. Priority—Who invented first
397
1.
Rule3:
Assign the priority date of an original U.S.
patent application as the earliest of the filing date;
the date of actual reduction to practice; or the date of
conception, provided that conception is coupled with
reasonable diligence. If indicated, determine
whether the invention was abandoned,
concealed, or suppressed
397
a. Conception
399
b. Reduction to practice
402
с
Reasonable diligence
405
d. Abandoned, concealed, or suppressed
409
IV. Conclusion
412
CHAPTER
17:
Inequitable Conduct
415
I. Development
416
II. Standard
419
A. Statute
419
B. Standard
420
1.
Materiality
420
2.
Intent
421
3.
Standard of proof
423
4.
Duty of candor
424
Contents xix
III. Drafting Rules
425
A. Rulei: Completely disclose all information
that a reasonable examiner might possibly
believe important to patentability
425
1.
Information subject to disclosure
426
a. Prior art
426
b. Application content
427
i. Examples
428
ii. Errors
429
iii.
Inventorship
430
с
Declaration and affidavits
430
d. Test results
431
e. Litigation information
432
f. Related cases
432
g. Other agency filings
434
2.
Complete disclosure
435
B. Rule
2:
Carefully document all decisions
not to submit information
437
1.
Cumulative information
438
2.
Demonstrating good faith
440
3.
Curing misrepresentation
440
IV. Conclusion
441
TABLE OF CASES
443
INDEX
471
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Patents are invalidated every day for reasons often
stemming from avoidable error. Rules of Patent
Drafting: Guidelines from Federal Circuit Case
Law helps avoid such errors with a set of patent
drafting rules derived from Federal Circuit de¬
cisions. By focusing on drafting principles, in¬
stead of abstract legal concepts, the reader gains
a coherent, integrated understanding of what the
Federal Circuit requires. The rules point the way
to confident drafting.
Rules of Patent Drafting: Guidelines from Feder¬
al Circuit Case Law addresses a major develop¬
ment in patent law over the last two decades
-
the
Disclosure Revolution. Claim construction now
depends more on support from the specification
than any other factor, and other determinants of
validity have followed suit. Written description,
the doctrine of equivalents, and definiteness, all
look to the specification to determine the applica¬
tion of each of these doctrines, and others as well.
This book guides the drafter in meeting all the
requirements that the Federal Circuit has set out
for patent validity. Beyond demonstrating how
to ensure bare validity, the book goes further to
illustrate techniques for achieving desired cover¬
age through rules teaching breadth in drafting,
claiming, and prosecuting.
The rules-based approach to patent drafting pro¬
vides a clear framework to assist both the begin¬
ner and the experienced practitioner.
Λ
learner
is guided through the facets of a rule piece by
piece, looking to the Federal Circuit rationale
for each clause. Seasoned drafters can quickly
update themselves or clarify specific points with
precision. For either reader, the clear exposi¬
tion communicates essential information rapidly
and thoroughly.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Root, Joseph E. |
| author_facet | Root, Joseph E. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Root, Joseph E. |
| author_variant | j e r je jer |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036758363 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KF3125 |
| callnumber-raw | KF3125.C5 |
| callnumber-search | KF3125.C5 |
| callnumber-sort | KF 43125 C5 |
| callnumber-subject | KF - United States |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705946319 (DE-599)BVBBV036758363 |
| dewey-full | 346.7304/86 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.7304/86 |
| dewey-search | 346.7304/86 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.7304 286 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | USA |
| geographic_facet | USA |
| id | DE-604.BV036758363 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:47:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199734924 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2010032100 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020675469 |
| oclc_num | 705946319 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| physical | XXXVI, 477 S. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Root, Joseph E. Verfasser aut Rules of patent drafting guidelines from federal circuit case law Joseph E. Root Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2011 XXXVI, 477 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Patent practice United States Patent laws and legislation United States USA Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020675469&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020675469&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Root, Joseph E. Rules of patent drafting guidelines from federal circuit case law Patent practice United States Patent laws and legislation United States |
| title | Rules of patent drafting guidelines from federal circuit case law |
| title_auth | Rules of patent drafting guidelines from federal circuit case law |
| title_exact_search | Rules of patent drafting guidelines from federal circuit case law |
| title_full | Rules of patent drafting guidelines from federal circuit case law Joseph E. Root |
| title_fullStr | Rules of patent drafting guidelines from federal circuit case law Joseph E. Root |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rules of patent drafting guidelines from federal circuit case law Joseph E. Root |
| title_short | Rules of patent drafting |
| title_sort | rules of patent drafting guidelines from federal circuit case law |
| title_sub | guidelines from federal circuit case law |
| topic | Patent practice United States Patent laws and legislation United States |
| topic_facet | Patent practice United States Patent laws and legislation United States USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020675469&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020675469&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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