Principles of development:
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
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Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2011
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| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXV, 616 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199549078 9780199554287 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of development |c Lewis Wolpert ... |
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| _version_ | 1804143366016860160 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
FOURTH EDITION
LEWIS WOLPERT | CHERYLL TICKLE
THOMAS JESSELL
PETER LAWRENCE
ELLIOT MEYEROWITZ
ELIZABETH ROBERTSON
JIM SMITH
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
IMAGE 2
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
PREFACE V ABOUT THE AUTHORS VII CONTENTS XI REVIEWER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
XIX FIGURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XX CHAPTER 1 HISTORY AND BASIC CONCEPTS
1CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DROSOPHILA BODY PLAN 35 CHAPTER 3
VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT I: LIFE CYCLES AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES .
93CHAPTER 4 VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT II: AXES AND GERM LAYERS 128 CHAPTER
5 VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT III: PATTERNING THE EARLY NERVOUS SYSTEM AND
THE SOMITES 173CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPMENT OF NEMATODES, SEA URCHINS, AND
ASCIDIANS 215 CHAPTER 7 PLANT DEVELOPMENT 255CHAPTER 8 MORPHOGENESIS:
CHANGE IN FORM IN THE EARLY EMBRYO 289 CHAPTER 9 GERM CELLS,
FERTILIZATION, AND SEX 329CHAPTER 10 CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND STEM CELLS
365CHAPTER 11 ORGANOGENESIS 411CHAPTER 12 DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM 468CHAPTER 13 GROWTH AND POST-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 505 CHAPTER
14 REGENERATION 535CHAPTER 15 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT 556 GLOSSARY 589
INDEX 605
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS
PREFACE V ABOUT THE AUTHORS VII SUMMARY OF CONTENTS IX REVIEWER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIX FIGURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXCHAPTER 1 HISTORY AND
BASIC CONCEPTS 1 * BOX 1A BASIC STAGES OF XENOPUS LAEVIS DEVELOPMENT 2
THE ORIGINS OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 4 1.1 ARISTOTLE FIRST DEFINED THE
PROBLEM OF EPIGENESIS AND PREFORMATION 41.2 CELL THEORY CHANGED THE
CONCEPTION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND HEREDITY 5 1.3 TWO MAIN TYPES OF
DEVELOPMENT WERE ORIGINALLY PROPOSED 6 * BOX IB THE MITOTIC CELL CYCLE 7
1.4 THE DISCOVERY OF INDUCTION SHOWED THAT ONE GROUP OF CELLS COULD
DETERMINE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEIGHBORING CELLS 8 1.5 THE STUDY OF
DEVELOPMENT WAS STIMULATED BY THE COMING TOGETHER OF GENETICS AND
DEVELOPMENT 81.6 DEVELOPMENT IS STUDIED MAINLY THROUGH SELECTED MODEL
ORGANISMS 91.7 THE FIRST DEVELOPMENTAL GENES WERE IDENTIFIED AS
SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS 11 SUMMARY 13A CONCEPTUAL TOOL KIT 13 1.8
DEVELOPMENT INVOLVES THE EMERGENCE OF PATTERN, CHANGE IN FORM, CELL
DIFFERENTIATION, AND GROWTH 14 * BOX 1C GERM LAYERS 151.9 CELL BEHAVIOR
PROVIDES THE LINK BETWEEN GENE ACTION AND DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES 17
1.10 GENES CONTROL CELL BEHAVIOR BY SPECIFYING WHICH PROTEINS ARE MADE
17 1.11 THE EXPRESSION OF DEVELOPMENTAL GENES IS UNDER TIGHT CONTROL 19*
BOX ID TRACKING GENE EXPRESSION IN EMBRYOS 20 1.12 DEVELOPMENT IS
PROGRESSIVE AND THE FATE OF CELLS BECOMES DETERMINED AT DIFFERENT TIMES
211.13 INDUCTIVE INTERACTIONS CAN MAKE CELLS DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER
23 1.14 THE RESPONSE TO INDUCTIVE SIGNALS DEPENDS ON THE STATE OF THE
CELL 25 1.15 PATTERNING CAN INVOLVE THE INTERPRETATION OF POSITIONAL
INFORMATION 25
13 BOX IE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING 26
1.16 LATERAL INHIBITION CAN GENERATE SPACING PATTERNS 27
1.17 LOCALIZATION OF CYTOPLASMIC DETERMINANTS AND ASYMMETRIC
CELL DIVISION CAN MAKE DAUGHTER CELLS DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER 27
3 BOX IF WHEN DEVELOPMENT GOES AWRY 28
1.18 THE EMBRYO CONTAINS A GENERATIVE RATHER THAN A DESCRIPTIVE PROGRAM
29
1.19 THE RELIABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT IS ACHIEVED BY A VARIETY OF MEANS 30
1.20 THE COMPLEXITY OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IS DUE
TO THE COMPLEXITY OF CELLS THEMSELVES 30
1.21 DEVELOPMENT IS INTIMATELY INVOLVED IN EVOLUTION 31
SUMMARY 32
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 1 32
CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DROSOPHILA
BODY PLAN 35
DROSOPHILA LIFE CYCLE AND OVERALL DEVELOPMENT 36
2.1 THE EARLY DROSOPHILA EMBRYO IS A MULTINUCLEATE SYNCYTIUM 36
2.2 CELLULARIZATION IS FOLLOWED BY GASTRULATION AND
SEGMENTATION 38
2.3 AFTER HATCHING, THE DROSOPHILA LARVA DEVELOPS THROUGH SEVERAL LARVAL
STAGES, PUPATES, AND THEN UNDERGOES METAMORPHOSIS TO BECOME AN ADULT 38
2.4 MANY DEVELOPMENTAL GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN DROSOPHILA THROUGH
INDUCED LARGE-SCALE GENETIC SCREENING 39
SETTING UP THE BODY AXES 40
2.5 THE BODY AXES ARE SET UP WHILE THE DROSOPHILA EMBRYO IS STILL A
SYNCYTIUM 40
2.6 MATERNAL FACTORS SET UP THE BODY AXES AND DIRECT THE EARLY STAGE OF
DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT 41
M BOX 2A MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC SCREENING STRATEGY FOR IDENTIFYING
DEVELOPMENTAL MUTANTS IN DROSOPHILA 42
2.7 THREE CLASSES OF MATERNALGENES SPECIFY THE ANTERO- POSTERIOR AXIS
43
2.8 BICOID PROTEIN PROVIDES AN ANTERO-POSTERIOR GRADIENT OF A MORPHOGEN
44
IMAGE 4
XII CONTENTS
2.9 THE POSTERIOR PATTERN IS CONTROLLED BY THE GRADIENTS OF IMANOS AND
CAUDAL PROTEINS 46
2.10 THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR EXTREMITIES OF THE EMBRYO ARE SPECIFIED
BY CELL-SURFACE RECEPTOR ACTIVATION 47
2.11 THE DORSO-VENTRAL POLARITY OF THE EMBRYO IS SPECIFIED BY
LOCALIZATION OF MATERNAL PROTEINS IN THE EGG VITELLINE ENVELOPE 48
2.12 POSITIONAL INFORMATION ALONG THE DORSO-VENTRAL AXIS
IS PROVIDED BY THE DORSAL PROTEIN 49
B BOX 2B THE TOLL SIGNALING PATHWAY: A MULTIFUNCTIONAL
PATHWAY 50
SUMMARY 50
LOCALIZATION OF MATERNAL DETERMINANTS DURING OOGENESIS 51
2.13 THE ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS OF THE DROSOPHILA EGG IS SPECIFIED BY
SIGNALS FROM THE PRECEDING EGG CHAMBER AND
BY INTERACTIONS OF THE OOCYTE WITH FOLLICLE CELLS 52
2.14 LOCALIZATION OF MATERNAL MRNAS TO EITHER END OF THE EGG DEPENDS ON
THE REORGANIZATION OF THE OOCYTE CYTOSKELETON 53
2.15 THE DORSO-VENTRAL AXIS OF THE EGG IS SPECIFIED BY MOVEMENT OF THE
OOCYTE NUCLEUS FOLLOWED BY SIGNALING BETWEEN OOCYTE AND FOLLICLE CELLS
54
SUMMARY 56
PATTERNING THE EARLY EMBRYO 56
2.16 THE ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS IS DIVIDED UP INTO BROAD REGIONS BY
GAP-GENE EXPRESSION 57
2.17 BICOID PROTEIN PROVIDES A POSITIONAL SIGNAL FOR THE ANTERIOR
EXPRESSION OF ZYGOTIC HUNCHBACK 57
2.18 THE GRADIENT IN HUNCHBACK PROTEIN ACTIVATES AND REPRESSES OTHER GAP
GENES 58
2.19 THE EXPRESSION OF ZYGOTIC GENES ALONG THE DORSO- VENTRAL AXIS IS
CONTROLLED BY DORSAL PROTEIN 59
& BOX 2C P-ELEMENT-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION 60
@ BOX 2D TARGETED GENE EXPRESSION AND MISEXPRESSION SCREENING 61
2.20 THE DECAPENTAPLEGIC PROTEIN ACTS AS A MORPHOGEN
TO PATTERN THE DORSAL REGION 63
SUMMARY 65
ACTIVATION OF THE PAIR-RULE GENES AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PARASEGMENTS
66
2.21 PARASEGMENTS ARE DELIMITED BY EXPRESSION OF PAIR-RULE GENES IN A
PERIODIC PATTERN 66
2.22 GAP-GENE ACTIVITY POSITIONS STRIPES OF PAIR-RULE
GENE EXPRESSION 68
SUMMARY 70
SEGMENTATION GENES AND COMPARTMENTS 70
2.23 EXPRESSION OF THE ENGRAILED GENE DELIMITS A CELL-LINEAGE BOUNDARY
AND DEFINES A COMPARTMENT 70
U BOX 2E GENETIC MOSAICS AND MITOTIC RECOMBINATION 73
2.24 SEGMENTATION GENES STABILIZE PARASEGMENT BOUNDARIES AND SET UP A
FOCUS OF SIGNALING AT THE BOUNDARY THAT
PATTERNS THE SEGMENT 74
2.25 INSECT EPIDERMAL CELLS BECOME INDIVIDUALLY POLARIZED
IN AN ANTERO-POSTERIOR DIRECTION IN THE PLANE OF THE EPITHELIUM 77
M BOX 2F PLANAR CELL POLARITY IN DROSOPHILA 78
2.26 SOME INSECTS USE DIFFERENT MECHANISMS FOR PATTERNING
THE BODY PLAN 79
SUMMARY 80
SPECIFICATION OF SEGMENT IDENTITY 81
2.27 SEGMENT IDENTITY IN DROSOPHILA IS SPECIFIED BY HOX GENES 81
2.28 HOMEOTIC SELECTOR GENES OF THE BITHORAX COMPLEX ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
DIVERSIFICATION OF THE POSTERIOR SEGMENTS 82
2.29 THE ANTENNAPEDIA COMPLEX CONTROLS SPECIFICATION OF ANTERIOR REGIONS
84
2.30 THE ORDER OF HOX GENE EXPRESSION CORRESPONDS TO THE ORDER OF GENES
ALONG THE CHROMOSOME 84
2.31 THE DROSOPHILA HEAD REGION IS SPECIFIED BY GENES
OTHER THAN THE HOX GENES 85
SUMMARY 85
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 2 86
CHAPTER 3 VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT I: LIFE CYCLES AND EXPERIMENTAL
TECHNIQUES 93
VERTEBRATE LIFE CYCLES AND OUTLINES OF DEVELOPMENT 94
3.1 THE FROG XENOPUS LAEVIS IS THE MODEL AMPHIBIAN FOR DEVELOPMENTAL
STUDIES 96
3.2 THE ZEBRAF ISH EMBRYO DEVELOPS AROUND A LARGE MASS OF YOLK 101
3.3 BIRDS AND MAMMALS RESEMBLE EACH OTHER AND DIFFER FROM XENOPUS IN
SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES OF EARLY
DEVELOPMENT 103
3.4 THE EARLY CHICKEN EMBRYO DEVELOPS AS A FLAT DISC OF CELLS OVERLYING
A MASSIVE YOLK 103
3.5 EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN THE MOUSE INVOLVES THE ALLOCATION OF CELLS TO
FORM THE PLACENTA AND EXTRA-EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES 109
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO STUDYING VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT 113
3.6 NOT ALL TECHNIQUES ARE EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO ALL VERTEBRATES 114
9 BOX 3A GENE-EXPRESSION PROFILING BY DNA
MICROARRAY 115
3.7 FATE MAPPING AND LINEAGE TRACING REVEAL WHICH CELLS IN THE EARLY
EMBRYO GIVE RISE TO WHICH ADULT STRUCTURES 117
11 BOX 3B INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS AND GENE KNOCK-OUTS IN MICE: THE
CRE/LOXP SYSTEM 118
3.8 DEVELOPMENTAL GENES CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY SPONTANEOUS MUTATION AND BY
LARGE-SCALE MUTAGENESIS SCREENS 119
B BOX 3C LARGE-SCALE MUTAGENESIS IN ZEBRAFISH 120
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XIII
3.9 TRANSGENIC TECHNIQUES ENABLE ANIMALS TO BE PRODUCED WITH MUTATIONS
IN SPECIFIC GENES 120
3.10 GENE FUNCTION CAN ALSO BE TESTED BY TRANSIENT TRANSGENESIS AND GENE
SILENCING 123
3.11 GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS IN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT CAN BE REVEALED
BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION TECHNIQUES 124
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 3 124
CHAPTER 4 VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT II: AXES AND
GERM LAYERS 1Z8
SETTING UP THE BODY AXES 129
4.1 THE ANIMAL-VEGETAL AXIS IS MATERNALLY DETERMINED IN XENOPUS AND
ZEBRAF ISH 129
4.2 LOCALIZED STABILIZATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR P-CATENIN
SPECIFIES THE FUTURE DORSAL SIDE AND THE LOCATION OF THE MAIN EMBRYONIC
ORGANIZER IN XENOPUS AND ZEBRAFISH 130
* BOX 4A INTERCELLULAR PROTEIN SIGNALS IN VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT 131
4.3 SIGNALING CENTERS DEVELOP ON THE DORSAL SIDE OF XENOPUS AND
ZEBRAFISH BLASTULAS 133
4.4 THE ANTERO-POSTERIOR AND DORSO-VENTRAL AXES OF THE CHICK
BLASTODERM ARE RELATED TO THE PRIMITIVE STREAK 136
4.5 THE DEFINITIVE ANTERO-POSTERIOR AND DORSO-VENTRAL AXES
OF THE MOUSE EMBRYO ARE NOT RECOGNIZABLE EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT 138
4.6 MOVEMENT OF THE DISTAL VISCERAL ENDODERM INDICATES THE DEFINITIVE
ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS IN THE MOUSE EMBRYO 140
4.7 THE BILATERAL SYMMETRY OF THE EARLY EMBRYO IS BROKEN
TO PRODUCE LEFT-RIGHT ASYMMETRY OF INTERNAL ORGANS 141
* BOX4B FINE-TUNING NODAL SIGNALING 143
SUMMARY 145
THE ORIGIN AND SPECIFICATION OF THE GERM LAYERS 145
4.8 A FATE MAP OF THE AMPHIBIAN BLASTULA IS CONSTRUCTED
BY FOLLOWING THE FATE OF LABELED CELLS 146
4.9 THE FATE MAPS OF VERTEBRATES ARE VARIATIONS ON A BASIC PLAN 147
4.10 CELLS OF EARLY VERTEBRATE EMBRYOS DO NOT YET HAVE THEIR FATES
DETERMINED AND REGULATION IS POSSIBLE 149
4.11 IN XENOPUS THE ENDODERM AND ECTODERM ARE SPECIFIED BY MATERNAL
FACTORS, BUT THE MESODERM IS INDUCED FROM
ECTODERM BY SIGNALS FROM THE VEGETAL REGION 150
* BOX 4C IDENTICAL TWINS 152
* BOX 4D PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC SCREENING 153
4.12 MESODERM INDUCTION OCCURS DURING A LIMITED PERIOD IN THE BLASTULA
STAGE I 54
4.13 ZYGOTIC GENE EXPRESSION IS TURNED ON IN XENOPUS AT THE MID-BLASTULA
TRANSITION 155
4.14 MESODERM-INDUCING AND PATTERNING SIGNALS IN XENOPUS ARE PRODUCED BY
THE VEGETAL REGION, THE ORGANIZER, AND THE VENTRAL MESODERM 156
4.15 MEMBERS OF THE TGF-P FAMILY HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED
AS MESODERM INDUCERS 157
4.16 THE ZYGOTIC EXPRESSION OF MESODERM-INDUCING AND PATTERNING SIGNALS
IN XENOPUS IS ACTIVATED BY THE COMBINED
ACTIONS OF MATERNAL VEGT AND WNT SIGNALING 158
4.17 SIGNALS FROM THE ORGANIZER PATTERN THE MESODERM
DORSO-VENTRALLY BY ANTAGONIZING THE EFFECTS OF VENTRAL SIGNALS 159
4.18 THRESHOLD RESPONSES TO GRADIENTS OF SIGNALING
PROTEINS ARE LIKELY TO PATTERN THE MESODERM 161
M BOX 4E A ZEBRAFISH GENE REGULATORY NETWORK 162
4.19 MESODERM INDUCTION AND PATTERNING IN THE CHICK
AND MOUSE OCCURS DURING PRIMITIVE-STREAK FORMATION 163
SUMMARY 165
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 4 166
CHAPTER 5 VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT III: PATTERNING
THE EARLY NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE SOMITES 173
THE ROLE OF THE ORGANIZER AND NEURAL INDUCTION 175
5.1 THE INDUCTIVE CAPACITY OF THE ORGANIZER CHANGES
DURING GASTRULATION 175
5.2 THE NEURAL PLATE IS INDUCED IN THE ECTODERM 179
@ BOX 5A CHROMATIN-REMODELING COMPLEXES 182
W BOX 5B THE FGF SIGNALING PATHWAY 184
5.3 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS INITIALLY PATTERNED BY SIGNALS
FROM THE MESODERM 185
5.4 NEURAL CREST CELLS ARISE FROM THE BORDERS OF THE NEURAL PLATE 186
SUMMARY 186
SOMITE FORMATION AND ANTERO-POSTERIOR PATTERNING 187
5.5 SOMITES ARE FORMED IN A WELL-DEFINED ORDER ALONG THE
ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS 187
M BOX 5C THE NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAY 190
5.6 IDENTITY OF SOMITES ALONG THE ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS IS SPECIFIED BY
HOX GENE EXPRESSION 191
M BOX 5D RETINOIC ACID: A SMALL-MOLECULE INTERCELLULAR SIGNAL 192
& BOX 5E THE HOX GENES 194
5.7 DELETION OR OVEREXPRESSION OF HOX GENES CAUSES CHANGES IN AXIAL
PATTERNING 197
5.8 HOX GENE EXPRESSION IS ACTIVATED IN AN ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR PATTERN
198
5.9 THE FATE OF SOMITE CELLS IS DETERMINED BY SIGNALS
FROM THE ADJACENT TISSUES 199
SUMMARY . 201
THE INITIAL REGIONALIZATION OF THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN 202
5.10 LOCAL SIGNALING CENTERS PATTERN THE BRAIN ALONG THE
ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS 203
5.11 THE HINDBRAIN IS SEGMENTED INTO RHOMBOMERES BY
BOUNDARIES OF CELL-LINEAGE RESTRICTION 203
IMAGE 6
XIV CONTENTS
B BOX 5F EPH RECEPTORS AND THEIR EPHRIN LIGANDS 205
5.12 HOX GENES PROVIDE POSITIONAL INFORMATION IN THE DEVELOPING
HINDBRAIN 206
5.13 NEURAL CREST CELLS FROM THE HINDBRAIN MIGRATE TO
POPULATE THE BRANCHIAL ARCHES 207
5.14 THE EMBRYO IS PATTERNED BY THE NEURULA STAGE INTO ORGAN-FORMING
REGIONS THAT CAN STILL REGULATE 208
SUMMARY 209
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 5 209
CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPMENT OF NEMATODES, SEA
URCHINS, AND ASCIDIANS 215
NEMATODES 216
6.1 THE ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS IS DETERMINED BY
ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION 218
B BOX 6A GENE SILENCING BY ANTISENSE RNA AND RNA INTERFERENCE 220
6.2 THE DORSO-VENTRAL AXIS IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS IS DETERMINED BY
CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS 221
6.3 BOTH ASYMMETRIC DIVISIONS AND CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS
SPECIFY CELL FATE IN THE EARLY NEMATODE EMBRYO 223
6.4 HOX GENES SPECIFY POSITIONAL IDENTITY ALONG THE ANTERO-POSTERIOR
AXIS IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS 226
6.5 THE TIMING OF EVENTS IN NEMATODE DEVELOPMENT IS UNDER GENETIC
CONTROL THAT INVOLVES MICRORNAS 226
FFL BOX 6B GENE SILENCING BY MICRORNAS 228
6.6 VULVAL DEVELOPMENT IS INITIATED BY THE INDUCTION OF A SMALL NUMBER
OF CELLS BY SHORT-RANGE SIGNALS FROM A SINGLE INDUCING CELL 229
SUMMARY 231
ECHINODERMS 232
6.7 THE SEA-URCHIN EMBRYO DEVELOPS INTO A FREE-SWIMMING LARVA 232
6.8 THE SEA-URCHIN EGG IS POLARIZED ALONG THE ANIMAL-VEGETAL AXIS 235
6.9 THE SEA-URCHIN FATE MAP IS FINELY SPECIFIED, YET CONSIDERABLE
REGULATION IS POSSIBLE 236
6.10 THE VEGETAL REGION OF THE SEA-URCHIN EMBRYO ACTS AS AN ORGANIZER
236
6.11 THE SEA-URCHIN VEGETAL REGION IS DEMARCATED BY THE NUCLEAR
ACCUMULATION OF P-CATENIN 238
6.12 THE GENETIC CONTROL OF THE SKELETOGENIC PATHWAY IS KNOWN IN
CONSIDERABLE DETAIL 238
6.13 THE ORAL-ABORAL AXIS IN SEA URCHINS IS RELATED TO THE
PLANE OF THE FIRST CLEAVAGE 241
6.14 THE ORAL ECTODERM ACTS AS AN ORGANIZING REGION FOR
THE ORAL-ABORAL AXIS 242
SUMMARY 243
ASCIDIANS 244
6.15 ANIMAL-VEGETAL AND ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXES IN THE ASCIDIAN EMBRYO ARE
DEFINED BEFORE FIRST CLEAVAGE 244
6.16 IN ASCIDIANS, MUSCLE IS SPECIFIED BY LOCALIZED CYTOPLASMIC FACTORS
246
6.17 NOTOCHORD, NEURAL PRECURSORS, AND MESENCHYME IN
ASCIDIANS REQUIRE INDUCING SIGNALS FROM NEIGHBORING CELLS 247
SUMMARY 249
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 6 249
CHAPTER 7 PLANT DEVELOPMENT 255
7.1 THE MODEL PLANT ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HAS A SHORT
LIFE-CYCLE AND A SMALL DIPLOID GENOME 256
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 258
7.2 PLANT EMBRYOS DEVELOP THROUGH SEVERAL DISTINCT STAGES 258
B BOX 7A ANGIOSPERM EMBRYOGENESIS 259
7.3 GRADIENTS OF THE SIGNAL MOLECULE AUXIN ESTABLISH THE EMBRYONIC
APICAL-BASAL AXIS 260
7.4 PLANT SOMATIC CELLS CAN GIVE RISE TO EMBRYOS AND SEEDLINGS 263
§9 BOX 7B TRANSGENIC PLANTS 264
SUMMARY 264
MERISTEMS 265
7.5 A MERISTEM CONTAINS A SMALL, CENTRAL ZONE OF SELF- RENEWING STEM
CELLS 265
7.6 THE SIZE OF THE STEM-CELL AREA IN THE MERISTEM IS KEPT CONSTANT BY A
FEEDBACK LOOP TO THE ORGANIZING CENTER 266
7.7 THE FATE OF CELLS FROM DIFFERENT MERISTEM LAYERS CAN BE CHANGED BY
CHANGING THEIR POSITION 267
7.8 A FATE MAP FOR THE EMBRYONIC SHOOT MERISTEM CAN BE
DEDUCED USING CLONAL ANALYSIS 268
7.9 MERISTEM DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON SIGNALS FROM OTHER PARTS OF THE
PLANT 270
7.10 GENE ACTIVITY PATTERNS THE PROXIMO-DISTAL AND ADAXIAL- ABAXIAL AXES
OF LEAVES DEVELOPING FROM THE SHOOT MERISTEM 270
7.11 THE REGULAR ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES ON A STEM IS GENERATED BY
REGULATED AUXIN TRANSPORT 272
7.12 ROOT TISSUES ARE PRODUCED FROM ARABIDOPSIS ROOT APICAL MERISTEMS BY
A HIGHLY STEREOTYPED PATTERN OF CELL
DIVISIONS 273
7.13 ROOT HAIRS ARE SPECIFIED BY A COMBINATION OF POSITIONAL INFORMATION
AND LATERAL INHIBITION 275
SUMMARY 276
FLOWER DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF FLOWERING 276
7.14 HOMEOTIC GENES CONTROL ORGAN IDENTITY IN THE FLOWER 277
7.15 THE ANTIRRHINUM FLOWER IS PATTERNED DORSO-VENTRALLY
AS WELL AS RADIALLY 279
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XV
* BOX 7C THE BASIC MODEL FOR THE PATTERNING OF THE ARABIDOPSIS FLOWER
280
7.16 THE INTERNAL MERISTEM LAYER CAN SPECIFY FLORAL MERISTEM PATTERNING
281
7.17 THE TRANSITION OF A SHOOT MERISTEM TO A FLORAL MERISTEM
IS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC CONTROL 281
SUMMARY 283
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 7 284
CHAPTER 8 MORPHOGENESIS: CHANGE IN FORM IN
THE EARLY EMBRYO 289
* BOX 8A CHANGE IN CELL SHAPE AND CELL MOVEMENT 291
CELL ADHESION 292
8.1 SORTING OUT OF DISSOCIATED CELLS DEMONSTRATES DIFFERENCES
IN CELL ADHESIVENESS IN DIFFERENT TISSUES 292
* BOX8B CELL-ADHESION MOLECULES AND CELL JUNCTIONS 293
8.2 CADHERINS CAN PROVIDE ADHESIVE SPECIFICITY 294
SUMMARY 295
CLEAVAGE AND FORMATION OF THE BLASTULA 295
8.3 THE ORIENTATION OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE DETERMINES THE PLANE OF
CLEAVAGE AT CELL DIVISION 297
8.4 CELLS BECOME POLARIZED IN THE SEA-URCHIN BLASTULA AND
THE MOUSE MORULA 298
8.5 FLUID ACCUMULATION AS A RESULT OF TIGHT-JUNCTION FORMATION AND ION
TRANSPORT FORMS THE BLASTOCOEL OF THE MAMMALIAN BLASTOCYST 300
8.6 INTERNAL CAVITIES CAN BE CREATED BY CELL DEATH 301
SUMMARY 302
GASTRULATION MOVEMENTS 302
8.7 GASTRULATION IN THE SEA URCHIN INVOLVES CELL MIGRATION
AND INVAGINATION 303
8.8 MESODERM INVAGINATION IN DROSOPHILA IS DUE TO CHANGES IN CELL SHAPE
THAT ARE CONTROLLED BY GENES THAT PATTERN THE DORSO-VENTRAL AXIS 306
8.9 GERM-BAND EXTENSION IN DROSOPHILA INVOLVES MYOSIN- DEPENDENT
REMODELING OF CELL JUNCTIONS AND CELL INTERCALATION 307
8.10 DORSAL CLOSURE IN DROSOPHILA AND VENTRAL CLOSURE IN CAENORHABDITIS
ELEGANS ARE BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE ACTION OFFILOPODIA 308
8.11 VERTEBRATE GASTRULATION INVOLVES SEVERAL DIFFERENT
TYPES OF TISSUE MOVEMENT 309
* BOX 8C CONVERGENT EXTENSION 310
SUMMARY 315
NEURAL TUBE FORMATION 316
8.12 NEURAL TUBE FORMATION IS DRIVEN BY CHANGES IN CELL SHAPE AND
CONVERGENT EXTENSION 316
SUMMARY 318
CELL MIGRATION 318
8.13 NEURAL CREST MIGRATION IS CONTROLLED BY ENVIRONMENTAL
CUES 318
SUMMARY 320
DIRECTED DILATION 320
8.14 LATER EXTENSION AND STIFFENING OF THE NOTOCHORD OCCURS BY DIRECTED
DILATION 321
8.15 CIRCUMFERENTIAL CONTRACTION OF HYPODERMAL CELLS ELONGATES THE
NEMATODE EMBRYO 321
8.16 THE DIRECTION OF CELL ENLARGEMENT CAN DETERMINE THE
FORM OF A PLANT LEAF 322
SUMMARY 323
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 8 323
CHAPTER 9 GERM CELLS, FERTILIZATION, AND SEX 329
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERM CELLS 330
9.1 GERM-CELL FATE IS SPECIFIED IN SOME EMBRYOS BY A DISTINCT GERM PLASM
IN THE EGG 331
9.2 IN MAMMALS GERM CELLS ARE INDUCED BY CELL-CELL
INTERACTIONS DURING DEVELOPMENT 333
9.3 GERM CELLS MIGRATE FROM THEIR SITE OF ORIGIN TO THE GONAD 334
9.4 GERM CELLS ARE GUIDED TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION BY CHEMICAL SIGNALS
334
9.5 GERM-CELL DIFFERENTIATION INVOLVES A HALVING OF
CHROMOSOME NUMBER BY MEIOSIS 335
M BOX 9A POLAR BODIES 338
9.6 OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT CAN INVOLVE GENE AMPLIFICATION AND CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM OTHER CELLS 338
9.7 FACTORS IN THE CYTOPLASM MAINTAIN THE TOTIPOTENT POTENTIAL OF THE
EGG 339
9.8 IN MAMMALS SOME GENES CONTROLLING EMBRYONIC GROWTH
ARE IMPRINTED 339
SUMMARY 342
FERTILIZATION 342
9.9 FERTILIZATION INVOLVES CELL-SURFACE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EGG AND
SPERM 343
9.10 CHANGES IN THE EGG ENVELOPE AT FERTILIZATION BLOCK POLYSPERMY 345
9.11 SPERM-EGG FUSION CAUSES A CALCIUM WAVE THAT RESULTS
IN EGG ACTIVATION 346
SUMMARY 348
DETERMINATION OF THE SEXUAL PHENOTYPE 348
9.12 THE PRIMARY SEX-DETERMINING GENE IN MAMMALS IS ON THE Y CHROMOSOME
349
9.13 MAMMALIAN SEXUAL PHENOTYPE IS REGULATED BY GONADAL
HORMONES 349
IMAGE 8
XVI CONTENTS
9.14 THE PRIMARY SEX-DETERMINING SIGNAL IN DROSOPHILA IS THE NUMBER OF X
CHROMOSOMES, AND IS CELL AUTONOMOUS 351
9.15 SOMATIC SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN CAENORHABDITIS IS DETERMINED BY THE
NUMBER OF X CHROMOSOMES 353
9.16 MOST FLOWERING PLANTS ARE HERMAPHRODITES, BUT SOME
PRODUCE UNISEXUAL FLOWERS 354
9.17 DETERMINATION OF GERM-CELL SEX DEPENDS ON BOTH GENETIC CONSTITUTION
AND INTERCELLULAR SIGNALS 355
9.18 VARIOUS STRATEGIES ARE USED FOR DOSAGE COMPENSATION
OF X-LINKED GENES 356
SUMMARY 359
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 9 360
CHAPTER 10 CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND STEM CELLS 365
THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION 368
10.1 CONTROL OF TRANSCRIPTION INVOLVES BOTH GENERAL AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC
TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS 368
10.2 EXTERNAL SIGNALS CAN ACTIVATE GENE EXPRESSION 370
10.3 THE MAINTENANCE AND INHERITANCE OF PATTERNS OF GENE ACTIVITY DEPEND
ON CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS TO CHROMATIN, AS WELL AS ON
GENE-REGULATORY PROTEINS 371
H BOX 10A HISTONES AND HOX GENES 374
SUMMARY 374
MODELS OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION 375
10.4 ALL BLOOD CELLS ARE DERIVED FROM MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS 375
10.5 COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS AND INTRINSIC CHANGES CONTROL
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC LINEAGES 378
10.6 DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED GLOBIN GENE EXPRESSION IS CONTROLLED BY
REGULATORY SEQUENCES FAR DISTANT FROM THE CODING REGIONS 379
10.7 THE EPITHELIA OF ADULT MAMMALIAN SKIN AND GUT ARE CONTINUALLY
REPLACED BY DERIVATIVES OF STEM CELLS 382
10.8 THE MYOD FAMILY OF GENES DETERMINES DIFFERENTIATION
INTO MUSCLE 385
10.9 THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MUSCLE CELLS INVOLVES WITHDRAWAL FROM THE
CELL CYCLE, BUT IS REVERSIBLE 387
10.10 SKELETAL MUSCLE AND NEURAL CELLS CAN BE RENEWED
FROM STEM CELLS IN ADULTS 388
10.11 EMBRYONIC NEURAL CREST CELLS DIFFERENTIATE INTO A WIDE
RANGE OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES 389
10.12 PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IS UNDER GENETIC CONTROL 392
SUMMARY 393
THE PLASTICITY OF GENE EXPRESSION 394
10.13 NUCLEI OF DIFFERENTIATED CELLS CAN SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT 394
10.14 PATTERNS OF GENE ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENTIATED CELLS CAN
BE CHANGED BY CELL FUSION 396
10.15 THE DIFFERENTIATED STATE OF A CELL CAN CHANGE BY
TRANSDIFFERENTIATION 397
10.16 EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS CAN PROLIFERATE AND DIFFERENTIATE
INTO MANY CELL TYPES IN CULTURE 399
* BOX 10B TESTING ES CELL POTENTIAL IN TETRAPLOID BLASTOCYSTS 399
10.17 STEM CELLS COULD BE A KEY TO REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 400
* BOX IOC INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS 401
10.18 VARIOUS APPROACHES CAN BE USED TO GENERATE DIFFERENTIATED CELLS
FOR CELL-REPLACEMENT THERAPIES 403
SUMMARY 405
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 10 406
CHAPTER 11 ORGANOGENESIS 411
THE VERTEBRATE LIMB 412
11.1 THE VERTEBRATE LIMB DEVELOPS FROM A LIMB BUD 412
11.2 GENES EXPRESSED IN THE LATERAL PLATE MESODERM ARE INVOLVED IN
SPECIFYING THE POSITION AND TYPE OF LIMB 413
11.3 THE APICAL ECTODERMAL RIDGE IS REQUIRED FOR LIMB OUTGROWTH 415
11.4 PATTERNING OF THE LIMB BUD INVOLVES POSITIONAL
INFORMATION 416
11.5 HOW POSITION ALONG THE PROXIMO-DISTAL AXIS OF THE
LIMB BUD IS SPECIFIED IS STILL A MATTER OF DEBATE 416
11.6 THE POLARIZING REGION SPECIFIES POSITION ALONG THE LIMB S
ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS 419
11.7 SONIC HEDGEHOG PRODUCED BY THE POLARIZING REGION IS LIKELY TO BE
THE PRIMARY MORPHOGEN PATTERNING THE ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS OF THE LIMB
420
* BOX 11A POSITIONAL INFORMATION AND MORPHOGEN GRADIENTS 421
11.8 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS MIGHT SPECIFY DIGIT IDENTITY 422
* BOX 11B TOO MANY FINGERS: MUTATIONS THAT AFFECT ANTERO- POSTERIOR
PATTERNING CAN CAUSE POLYDACTYLY 423
* BOX 11C SONIC HEDGEHOG SIGNALING AND THE PRIMARY CILIUM 424
11.9 THE DORSO-VENTRAL AXIS OF THE LIMB IS CONTROLLED BY THE ECTODERM
426
11.10 DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIMB IS INTEGRATED BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
SIGNALING CENTERS 427
11.11 DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS OF THE SAME POSITIONAL SIGNALS
GIVE DIFFERENT LIMBS 427
11.12 HOX GENES ESTABLISH THE POLARIZING REGION AND ALSO PROVIDE A CODE
FOR LIMB PATTERNING 428
11.13 SELF-ORGANIZATION MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE LIMB BUD 430
11.14 LIMB MUSCLE IS PATTERNED BY THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE 431
* BOX 11D REACTION-DIFFUSION MECHANISMS 432
11.15 THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CARTILAGE, MUSCLES, AND TENDONS IS
AUTONOMOUS 433
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XVII
11.16 JOINT FORMATION INVOLVES SECRETED SIGNALS AND MECHANICAL STIMULI
433
11.17 SEPARATION OF THE DIGITS IS THE RESULT OF PROGRAMMED
CELL DEATH 434
SUMMARY 434
INSECT WINGS AND LEGS 435
11.18 POSITIONAL SIGNALS FROM COMPARTMENT BOUNDARIES PATTERN THE WING
IMAGINAL DISC 436
11.19 A SIGNALING CENTER AT THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN DORSAL AND VENTRAL
COMPARTMENTS PATTERNS THE DROSOPHILA WING ALONG THE DORSO-VENTRAL AXIS
438
11.20 THE LEG DISC IS PATTERNED IN A SIMILAR MANNER TO THE
WING DISC, EXCEPT FOR THE PROXIMO-DISTAL AXIS 439
11.21 BUTTERFLY WING MARKINGS ARE ORGANIZED BY ADDITIONAL POSITIONAL
FIELDS 441
11.22 DIFFERENT IMAGINAL DISCS CAN HAVE THE SAME POSITIONAL
VALUES 442
SUMMARY 443
VERTEBRATE AND INSECT EYES 444
11.23 THE VERTEBRATE EYE DEVELOPS FROM THE NEURAL TUBE AND THE ECTODERM
OF THE HEAD 445
11.24 PATTERNING OF THE DROSOPHILA EYE INVOLVES CELL-CELL
INTERACTIONS 448
11.25 EYE DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA IS INITIATED BY THE ACTIONS OF THE
SAME TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THAT SPECIFY EYE-PRECURSOR CELLS IN
VERTEBRATES 450
SUMMARY 451
INTERNAL ORGANS: INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM, VERTEBRATE LUNGS, KIDNEYS,
BLOOD VESSELS, HEART, AND TEETH 451
11.26 THE DROSOPHILA TRACHEAL SYSTEM IS A MODEL FOR
BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS 452
11.27 THE VERTEBRATE LUNG ALSO DEVELOPS BY BRANCHING OF EPITHELIAL TUBES
453
11.28 THE DEVELOPMENT OF KIDNEY TUBULES INVOLVES RECIPROCAL INDUCTION BY
THE URETERIC BUD AND SURROUNDING MESENCHYME 454
11.29 THE VASCULAR SYSTEM DEVELOPS BY VASCULOGENESIS FOLLOWED BY
ANGIOGENESIS 456
11.30 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERTEBRATE HEART INVOLVES SPECIFICATION OF
A MESODERMAL TUBE THAT IS PATTERNED ALONG
ITS LONG AXIS 457
11.31 A HOMEOBOX GENE CODE SPECIFIES TOOTH IDENTITY 459
SUMMARY 461
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 11 461
CHAPTER 12 DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 4 68
SPECIFICATION OF CELL IDENTITY IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 469
12.1 NEURONS IN DROSOPHILA ARISE FROM PRONEURAL CLUSTERS 470
12.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURONS IN DROSOPHILA INVOLVES
ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISIONS AND TIMED CHANGES IN GENE
EXPRESSION 472
12.3 SPECIFICATION OF VERTEBRATE NEURONAL PRECURSORS ALSO
INVOLVES LATERAL INHIBITION 473
M BOX 12A SPECIFICATION OF THE SENSORY ORGANS OF ADULT
DROSOPHILA 474
12.4 NEURONS ARE FORMED IN THE PROLIFERATIVE ZONE OF THE VERTEBRATE
NEURAL TUBE AND MIGRATE OUTWARDS 475
M BOX 12B TIMING THE BIRTH OF CORTICAL NEURONS 478
12.5 THE PATTERN OF DIFFERENTIATION OF CELLS ALONG THE DORSO- VENTRAL
AXIS OF THE SPINAL CORD DEPENDS ON VENTRAL AND DORSAL
SIGNALS 478
12.6 NEURONAL SUBTYPES IN THE VENTRAL SPINAL CORD ARE
SPECIFIED BY THE VENTRAL TO DORSAL GRADIENT OF SHH 480
12.7 SPINAL CORD MOTOR NEURONS AT DIFFERENT DORSO-VENTRAL
POSITIONS PROJECT TO DIFFERENT TRUNK AND LIMB MUSCLES 481
12.8 ANTERO-POSTERIOR PATTERN IN THE SPINAL CORD IS DETERMINED IN
RESPONSE TO SECRETED SIGNALS FROM THE NODE AND ADJACENT MESODERM 482
SUMMARY 483
AXON NAVIGATION 484
12.9 THE GROWTH CONE CONTROLS THE PATH TAKEN BY A GROWING AXON 485
12.10 MOTOR NEURON AXONS IN THE CHICK LIMB ARE GUIDED BY EPHRIN-EPH
INTERACTIONS 486
12.11 AXONS CROSSING THE MIDLINE ARE BOTH ATTRACTED AND REPELLED 488
12.12 NEURONS FROM THE RETINA MAKE ORDERED CONNECTIONS
WITH VISUAL CENTERS IN THE BRAIN 489
SUMMARY 492
SYNAPSE FORMATION AND REFINEMENT 493
12.13 SYNAPSE FORMATION INVOLVES RECIPROCAL INTERACTIONS 493
12.14 MANY MOTOR NEURONS DIE DURING NORMAL DEVELOPMENT 496
12.15 NEURONAL CELL DEATH AND SURVIVAL INVOLVE BOTH INTRINSIC
AND EXTRINSIC FACTORS 497
12.16 THE MAP FROM EYE TO BRAIN IS REFINED BY NEURAL ACTIVITY 497
SUMMARY 499
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 12 500
CHAPTER 13 GROWTH AND POST-EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT. 505
GROWTH 505
13.1 TISSUES CAN GROW BY CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL ENLARGEMENT, OR
ACCRETION 506
13.2 CELL PROLIFERATION IS CONTROLLED BY REGULATING ENTRY INTO
THE CELL CYCLE . 506
IMAGE 10
XVIN CONTENTS
13.3 CELL DIVISION IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT CAN BE CONTROLLED BY AN
INTRINSIC DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM
13.4 ORGAN SIZE CAN BE CONTROLLED BY BOTH INTRINSIC GROWTH PROGRAMS AND
EXTRACELLULAR SIGNALS
13.5 THE AMOUNT OF NOURISHMENT AN EMBRYO RECEIVES CAN HAVE PROFOUND
EFFECTS IN LATER LIFE
13.6 DETERMINATION OF ORGAN SIZE INVOLVES COORDINATION
OF CELL GROWTH, CELL DIVISION, AND CELL DEATH
13.7 BODY SIZE IS ALSO CONTROLLED BY THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN BOTH
INSECTS AND MAMMALS
WL BOX 13A GRADIENTS OF SIGNALING MOLECULES COULD
DETERMINE ORGAN SIZE
13.8 GROWTH OF THE LONG BONES OCCURS IN THE GROWTH PLATES
13.9 GROWTH OF VERTEBRATE STRIATED MUSCLE IS DEPENDENT
ON TENSION
13.10 CANCER CAN RESULT FROM MUTATIONS IN GENES THAT CONTROL CELL
MULTIPLICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION
13.11 HORMONES CONTROL MANY FEATURES OF PLANT GROWTH
SUMMARY
MOLTING AND METAMORPHOSIS
13.12 ARTHROPODS HAVE TO MOLT IN ORDER TO GROW
13.13 METAMORPHOSIS IS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL AND HORMONAL CONTROL
SUMMARY
AGING AND SENESCENCE
13.14 GENES CAN ALTER THE TIMING OF SENESCENCE
13.15 CELL SENESCENCE BLOCKS CELL MULTIPLICATION
SUMMARY
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14 REGENERATION
LIMB AND ORGAN REGENERATION
14.1 AMPHIBIAN LIMB REGENERATION INVOLVES CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION AND NEW
GROWTH
14.2 THE LIMB BLASTEMA GIVES RISE TO STRUCTURES WITH POSITIONAL VALUES
DISTAL TO THE SITE OF AMPUTATION
14.3 RETINOIC ACID CAN CHANGE PROXIMO-DISTAL POSITIONAL
VALUES IN REGENERATING LIMBS
14.4 INSECT LIMBS INTERCALATE POSITIONAL VALUES BY BOTH PROXIMO-DISTAL
AND CIRCUMFERENTIAL GROWTH
14.5 HEART REGENERATION IN THE ZEBRAFISH INVOLVES THE RESUMPTION OF CELL
DIVISION BY CARDIOMYOCYTES
14.6 THE MAMMALIAN PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CAN
REGENERATE
SUMMARY
REGENERATION IN HYDRA 548
508
509
511
512
513
514
517
519
520
522
14.7 HYDRA GROWS CONTINUOUSLY BUT REGENERATION DOES NOT REQUIRE GROWTH
14.8 THE HEAD REGION OF HYDRA ACTS BOTH AS AN ORGANIZING
REGION AND AS AN INHIBITOR OF INAPPROPRIATE HEAD FORMATION
14.9 GENES CONTROLLING REGENERATION IN HYDRA ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE
EXPRESSED IN VERTEBRATE EMBRYOS
SUMMARY
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT
B BOX 15A DARWIN S FINCHES
THE EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENT
15.1 GENOMIC EVIDENCE IS THROWING LIGHT ON THE ORIGIN
OF METAZOANS
15.2 MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS EVOLVED FROM SINGLE-CELLED
ANCESTORS
SUMMARV
548
549
551
552
552
556
558
559
559
560
562
523
523
524
524
527
527
529
530
531
531
535
536
537
540
542
544
546
THE EVOLUTIONARY MODIFICATION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 562
15.3 HOX GENE COMPLEXES HAVE EVOLVED THROUGH GENE
DUPLICATION 563
15.4 CHANGES IN HOX GENES GENERATED THE ELABORATION OF VERTEBRATE AND
ARTHROPOD BODY PLANS 565
15.5 THE POSITION AND NUMBER OF PAIRED APPENDAGES IN
INSECTS IS DEPENDENT ON HOX GENE EXPRESSION 567
15.6 THE BASIC BODY PLAN OF ARTHROPODS AND VERTEBRATES IS SIMILAR, BUT
THE DORSO-VENTRAL AXIS IS INVERTED 568
15.7 LIMBS EVOLVED FROM FINS 569
15.8 VERTEBRATE AND INSECT WINGS MAKE USE OF EVOLUTIONARY
CONSERVED DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS 574
15.9 THE EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFERENCES CAN BE BASED
ON CHANGES IN JUST A FEW GENES
15.10 EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES HAVE ACQUIRED NEW FUNCTIONS DURING EVOLUTION
SUMMARY
CHANGES IN THE TIMING OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES
15.11 EVOLUTION CAN BE DUE TO CHANGES IN THE TIMING OF
DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS
15.12 THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORIES HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR
DEVELOPMENT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY TO CHAPTER 15
547 GLOSSARY
547 INDEX
575
576
578
579
579
581 581 582
587
603
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| spelling | Principles of development Lewis Wolpert ... 4. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2011 XXV, 616 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Entwicklungsbiologie (DE-588)4152440-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Entwicklungsbiologie (DE-588)4152440-8 s DE-188 Wolpert, Lewis 1929-2021 Sonstige (DE-588)134101936 oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020636528&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Principles of development Entwicklungsbiologie (DE-588)4152440-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4152440-8 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Principles of development |
| title_auth | Principles of development |
| title_exact_search | Principles of development |
| title_full | Principles of development Lewis Wolpert ... |
| title_fullStr | Principles of development Lewis Wolpert ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of development Lewis Wolpert ... |
| title_short | Principles of development |
| title_sort | principles of development |
| topic | Entwicklungsbiologie (DE-588)4152440-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Entwicklungsbiologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020636528&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wolpertlewis principlesofdevelopment |