Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej: normy i funkcjonowanie
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kielce
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczego Jana Kochanowskiego
2010
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Excommunication in mediaeval Poland |
| Physical Description: | 322 s. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788371334382 |
Staff View
MARC
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text |
SPIS TREŚCI
Wykaz skrótów cytowanych źródeł
. 7
Wstęp
. 11
ROZDZIAŁ PIERWSZY
RYTUAŁY WYKLUCZENIA
Prawo Starego i Nowego Testamentu
. 21
Okres wczesnych ojców Kościoła
. 28
Biblijne i wczesnośredniowieczne maledykcje
. 32
Formuły maledykcji
. 38
Rytuały ekskomunikowania
. 49
W średniowiecznej Polsce
. 55
ROZDZIAŁ DRUGI
POWRÓT NA ŁONO KOŚCIOŁA
Pokuta w Starym i Nowym Testamencie
. 61
Okres patrystyczny
. 65
Średniowieczna praktyka pokutna
. 71
Rekoncyliacja i absolucja ekskomunikowanych
. 78
Absolucja ekskomunikowanego
„post mortem"
. 85
ROZDZIAŁ TRZECI
EKSKOMUNIKA W ŚREDNIOWIECZNYM PRAWIE KANONICZNYM
Papieże, biskupi i synody pierwszego tysiąclecia
. 91
Czas reform gregoriańskich
. 99
Teoria ekskomuniki
. 105
Procedura prawna
. 112
Przyczyny nakładania ekskomuniki
. 117
Skutki religijne, prawne i społeczne
. 120
ROZDZIAŁ CZWARTY
EKSKOMUNIKA W POLSCE WCZESNOŚREDNIOWIECZNEJ
(X-XIIIWIEK)
Recepcja prawa kanonicznego
. 133
W kręgu działalności prawodawczej
. 144
Wielkie spory kościelno'polityczne
. 163
ROZDZIAŁ PIĄTY
KATEGORIE EKSKOMUNIKOWANYCH W POLSCE PÓŹNEGO
ŚREDNIOWIECZA
(XIV-XV
WIEK)
Kompetencje sądów kościelnych
. 185
Procedura sądowa
. 207
Sprawy o dziesięciny
. 217
Kwestie małżeńskie
. 231
Renty
. 239
Lichwa
. 248
Długi
. 251
Varia
. 257
Zakończenie
. 269
Bibliografia
. 275
Indeks osób
. 305
Summary
. 321
EXCOMMUNICATION IN MEDIAEVAL POLAND
NORMS AND PRACTICE
Summary
The law of the Church to punish the faithful, who committed crimes or heavy sins, result'
ed
from the necessity of the maintenance of internal order of individual communities. Dis¬
positions contained in the Bible and resulting Christian science, accompanied by the natural
sense of justice, sufficed to maintain order.
Rituals of excommunication and absolution were ceremonies of exclusion and inclusion
of members of the Church at the level of the parish, diocese or the Apostolic See. The basic
framework of forms, gestures and words was common for all Europe. These rituals, solemnly
celebrated in the interior of the temple, assumed a special meaning and were a specific form of
théâtralisation.
Words expressed in the name of God, believed to have causative force, were
to penetrate the human body and soul, in order to reach inwards and to liberate reflection.
The expression of the word was strengthened by gestures which were suggestive and intel'
ligible.
Excommunication was announced as a rule without the administration of the time of its
duration, but not later than the moment of improvement and propitation. It served the extor¬
tion of repentance and improvement in sinners. The aim of conversion defined the range of
the use of punishment, which in the feudal system had an essential significance, due to reli¬
gious and social consequences, manifested in numerous orders and prohibitions towards the
excommunicated and their relations and associates. Gradually, within the period of the early
Middle Ages, and in the
1
lth and 12th centuries a change of the legal form of excommunica¬
tion was made. This was closely connected with the development of Church discipline, the
phenomenon of punishment and penance, and also with the formation of canonical law. The
most important result of excommunication was exclusion from religious life.
The sanction of excommunication in the 13th century was often used by the Polish church
hierarchy, which was focused on gaining economic independence, protection of Church prop¬
erty and organisation of judicature independent from princely authority. Excommunication
was a means by which the Church imposed and exacted its norms of law which referred to
religious and intimate life, and many aspects of public life. It played an essential part in the
moral and pastoral formation of the clergy and Christianisation of the population. This sanc¬
tion, applied in regional synodal legislation as threat, was to form religious attitudes and to
integrate a local community with its parish. From the 13th century the knowledge of general
321
canonical law, which influenced the significance of ecclesiastical courts, became widespread
also among the clergy. Ecclesiastical courts extended their jurisdiction on secular defendants
not only in matters concerning strictly faith (causae
spirituelles), but
also in matters which were
connected with faith in a certain degree (causae spiritualibus annexae)
.
This caused protests
of the nobility, which at the end of the 14th century strove more boldly and more effectively
for the domination in the kingdom and opposed the collection of tithes and also appeals
made directly to Rome, as well as the excessive competences usurped by ecclesiastic courts.
Particular ecclesiastic legislation specified in detail and lucidly the range of authorisations
of ecclesiastical courts, legal procedure within the canonical process and the possibility of
the use of canonical sanctions, first of all excommunications. Parsons were reminded of the
fundamentals of conduct towards the excommunicated, and simultaneously letters of sins
reserved for episcopal absolution were published.
Church courts became proper jurisdiction for laymen when both parties acknowledged
voluntarily that they wanted to present their case before them. Therefore, ecclesiastical
judges settled disputes of people from different classes: nobility, townsmen, peasants. The
consistory had the authority to administer justice when a layman lodged a petition against
a clergyman; it also made judgments in matrimonial matters, heresies, tithes, unpaid debts,
pensions, usuries and other receivables, testamentary matters, rights of patronage.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, excommunication was applied almost universally. In the
normative literature of the Church, the catalogue of respective matters was unusually long.
In practice, however, on the Polish territories it was primarily imposed for tithe debts, for not
fulfilling financial liabilities or liabilities in kind for the benefit of parsons, other clergy or
laymen, for transgressions in legal procedure, violation of clergymen's estates. It was imposed
more seldom in matrimonial matters, including even adultery and bigamy; however, it was
imposed exceptionally for practising usury. It was not imposed for offences of moral nature. In
religious life a great importance was attached to the duty of yearly confession and communi¬
cation in the period of Easter. Rare cases of excommunication related to this order indicate
that parishioners were aware of the rigorous observance by clergyman of norms connected
with the celebration of Easter, which favoured inculcating in the faithful the exceptional
significance of this holiday. Attention was also drawn to the breach of the third command¬
ment, but in effect the Church applied persuasion and admonition towards sinners who did
not respect the order of rejoicing holidays and excommunication was not applied. In case of
heavy sins (manslaughter, rape, robbery, arson), which were crimes according to secular law,
excommunication accompanied secular punishment, and release from excommunication was
to be preceded by a special ritual of public penance.
Unfortunately, in the light of Polish mediaeval sources, it is not possible to give an univo-
cal answer to the questions whether excommunication had effect on the conscience of the
faithful, whether it transformed their lives, how the closest people reacted to the imposition
of this censorship. The efficiency of punishment was certainly greater in the countryside than
in a big town; it was higher among the poor than the wealthy. This sanction was a basic penal
means of the Church, directed not only against secular people, but also against priests and
monks.
Transbted by
Andrzej
DMejL·
322 ' Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
ì |
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| isbn | 9788371334382 |
| language | Polish |
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| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczego Jana Kochanowskiego |
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| spelling | Wojciechowska, Beata 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)1207772488 aut Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej normy i funkcjonowanie Beata Wojciechowska Kielce Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczego Jana Kochanowskiego 2010 322 s. 24 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Excommunication in mediaeval Poland Geschichte 1000-1500 gnd rswk-swf Exkommunikation (DE-588)4153322-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Exkommunikation (DE-588)4153322-7 s Geschichte 1000-1500 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020630651&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020630651&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Wojciechowska, Beata 1963- Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej normy i funkcjonowanie Exkommunikation (DE-588)4153322-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4153322-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej normy i funkcjonowanie |
| title_auth | Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej normy i funkcjonowanie |
| title_exact_search | Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej normy i funkcjonowanie |
| title_full | Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej normy i funkcjonowanie Beata Wojciechowska |
| title_fullStr | Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej normy i funkcjonowanie Beata Wojciechowska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej normy i funkcjonowanie Beata Wojciechowska |
| title_short | Ekskomunika w Polsce średniowiecznej |
| title_sort | ekskomunika w polsce sredniowiecznej normy i funkcjonowanie |
| title_sub | normy i funkcjonowanie |
| topic | Exkommunikation (DE-588)4153322-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Exkommunikation Polen |
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