Modern standard Arabic grammar: a learner's guide
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Malden, MA
Wiley-Blackwell
2010
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 392 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781405155014 9781405155021 |
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MARC
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| 001 | BV036695197 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20160331 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 100930s2010 xxu |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 010 | |a 2010016184 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781405155014 |c hardcover : alk. paper |9 978-1-4051-5501-4 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781405155021 |c pbk. : alk. paper |9 978-1-4051-5502-1 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)705875175 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV036695197 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxu |c US | ||
| 049 | |a DE-703 |a DE-29 |a DE-473 |a DE-19 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a PJ6307 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 492.7/82421 | |
| 084 | |a EN 1670 |0 (DE-625)25230: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Alhawary, Mohammad T. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1053813015 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modern standard Arabic grammar |b a learner's guide |c Mohammad T. Alhawary |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Malden, MA |b Wiley-Blackwell |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 392 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Arabic language |x Textbooks for foreign speakers |x English | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Arabisch |0 (DE-588)4241223-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4151278-9 |a Einführung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Arabisch |0 (DE-588)4241223-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020613744&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020613744 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804143331845865472 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
introduction
xvii
The Aim of this Book
xvii
Why Learn/Teach Grammar?
xviii
Is the Arabic Language Difficult to Learn?
xviii
The Organization and Content of the Book
xx
Background Knowledge Required of the Reader
xxi
Transliteration Symbols of Arabic Sounds
xxii
Abbreviations
xxv
1
Arabic Script and Sounds
1
1.1
Arabic Script: The Alphabet
2
1.2
Arabic Sounds
5
1.2.1
Vowels and Grammatical Vowel Endings
5
1.2.2
Consonants
8
1.2.3
Variations in Consonants and Vowels
10
1.2.4
Diphthongs and other Sound Combinations
12
1.3
Gemination
13
1.4
Stress
15
1.4.1
Presence of a Long Vowel
15
1.4.2
Presence of Two Long Vowels
16
1.4.3
Absence of a Long Vowel
16
vi
Contents
1.5
Spelling
Variations
of alif
17
1.6
taa
marbuuTą
18
1.7
Definiteness
20
1.8
Formal MSA vs. Informal MSA
23
1.9
Helping Vowels and Dropping the hamza of the
Definite Article
24
1.9.1
The fatHa Helping Vowel [a]
25
1.9.2
The
Damma
Helping Vowel [u]
25
1.9.3
The
kasra
Helping Vowel [i]
26
1.10
Dropping the hamza and alif Seat of the Definite
Article in Writing
27
1.11
Summary
28
2
Word Structure
30
2.1
The Basic Components of the Arabic Word:
Root and Pattern
30
2.2
Gender ¿±
36
2.2.1
Gender in Verbs
36
2.2.2
Gender in Nouns
38
2.2.3
Gender in Adjectives
43
23
Number
jjűüI
46
2.3.1
The Dual ¿L
46
2.3.2
The Plural ¿Oil
50
2.3.2.1
Regular/Sound Plural Masculine
¿O Júil
£ 51
2.3.2.2
Regular/Sound Plural Feminine
¿LUI ¿Jjil
¿ŕ
53
2.3.2.3
Irregular/Broken Plural jJ&
¿ŕ·
57
2.4
Summary
61
3
Noun Phrase Structure
63
3.1
Noun-adjective Phrase
<jy¿> ¿. j Ú¿ai
63
3.1.1
Real Attributive Adjective
ЈЉА
oJál 64
3.1.2
Causative Attributive Adjective J^lUl cJ&l
67
3.2
Demonstrative Phrase
69
Contents
vii
3.3 iDaafa Phrase
¿Ltí-I
îiL*)!!
70
3.4
Adjective
iDaafa
Phrase
âàlíii
iiL¿^l
75
3.5
Summary
76
4
Sentence Structure
77
4.1
The Verbal Sentence
ťUiil
¿ЦЗ-І
77
4.1.1
Basic Structure of the Verbal Sentence
77
4.1.2
Verb-Subject Agreement
78
4.1.3
Tenses of the Verbal Sentence
80
4.1.3.1
The Simple Present Tense and its
Negation
80
4.1.3.2
The Present Continuous Tense and
its Negation
81
4.1.3.3
The Present Perfect Tense and its
Negation
82
4.1.3.4
The Simple Past Tense and its
Negation
83
4.1.3.5
The Past Continuous Tense and
its Negation
84
4.1.3.6
The Habitual Past Tense and its
Negation
85
4.1.3.7
The Past Perfect Tense and its
Negation
86
4.1.3.8
The Simple Future Tense and its
Negation
87
4.1.3.9
The Future Continuous Tense and
its Negation
88
4.1.3.10
The Future Perfect Tense and its
Negation
89
4.2
The Nominal Sentence
4-^1
яиА-і
90
4.2.1
Structure of the Nominal Sentence
90
4.2.1.1
Nominal Sentences Containing
a Verb Predicate
90
4.2.1.2
Nominal/Ver
bless Sentences
Containing an Indefinite Predicate
91
4.2.1.3
Nominal/Verbless Sentences
Containing a Definite Predicate
92
viii Contents
4.2.1.4
Nominal
Sentences
Containing an
Indefinite Subject
93
4.2.1.5
Nominal Sentences Containing a
Sentence Predicate
94
A.
2.1.6
Nominal Sentences Containing a
Clause Subject
95
4.2.2
Negation of Nominal Sentences
95
4.2.3
The Past Tense of the Nominal Sentence
and its Negation
97
4.2.4
The Future Tense of the Nominal Sentence
and its Negation
98
4.2.5
kaana ¿>IS and its Sisters
99
4.2.6
inna jl
and its Sisters
100
4.3
Summary
102
5
Pronouns
¿|Дл
104
5.1
Personal Pronouns «¿pi j J>
105
5.2
Object Pronouns
<_JiJl ^¿>
105
5.3
Possessive Pronouns
~ЏЛ
y ^¿>
108
5.4
Demonstrative Pronouns sjLiVl
<^í
109
5.5
Relative Pronouns
Uj^>°ß.
A¿S
and the Definite
Relative Clause 111
5.6
Dropping of Relative Pronouns and the Indefinite
Relative Clause
113
5.7
The Particles L. maa and j* man Functioning as
Relative Pronouns
114
5.8
Sound Changes to Pronoun and Word Endings
115
5.9
Summary
118
6
Prepositions jil yjjj.
119
6.1
Basic meanings and Use of Prepositions
119
6.1.1
min
¿,
from
120
6.1.2
ilaa ¿il
to, until
120
6.1.3
an
¿Í.
from, off, about, instead of
121
6.1.4
Яаа
¿μ
on, about, for
121
6.1.5
β
j
in, at, on
122
Contents ix
6.1.6 hattaa
Jí-
up to, until
122
6.1.7 mundhu
ili
for, since
123
6.1.8
bi-
_¡
by, in, on, for
123
6.1.9
li- J
for, of, to
124
6.1.10
ka- j like, such as
124
6.1.11
mďa g
with, at, along
125
6.1.12
wa-
j
by, with, at
125
6.2
Idiomatic Usage and Expressions Involving Prepositions
126
6.3
Occurrence with Pronoun Suffixes and Resulting
Sound Changes
126
6.4
Summary
130
7
Question Words and Question Formation
132
7.1
Question Formation and Question Words
»Ljí^VI A¿*
132
7.1.1
hal ji
Yes/No Question Word
133
7.1.2
a Yes/No Question Particle
133
7.1.3
man ji Who Question Word
135
7.1.4
maa
U
What Question Word
135
7.1.5
maadhaa ISL What Question Word
136
7.1.6
limaadhaa
lili
Why Question Word
137
7.1.7
mataa
Jí
When Question Word
137
7.1.8
ayna J Where Question Word
138
7.1.9
kayfa
¿¿Ś
How Question Word
138
7.1.10
kam
Џ
How Many Question Word
139
7.1.11
ayy ¿ Which/Which One Question Word
140
7.2
Summary
142
8
Adverbs of Time and Place
¿isálj -jJ-Jb
^Jjji
143
8.1
Adverbs of Time jUJJi
ôj>
143
8.2
Adverbs of Place jisll Jj>
147
8.3
Words Used as Adverbs of Time or Place
148
8.4
Dropping of Adverbs while Retaining Adverbial
Meaning
149
8.5
Occurrence of Adverbs of Time and Place with
Prepositions
149
x
Contents
8.6
Expressing Adverbial Meanings by a Preposition
Followed by a Noun
8.7
Other Uses of Adverbs
1-52
8.8
Summary 152
9
Adverbs of Manner JU-I
154
9.1
Adverbs of Manner Occurring as a Single Word
154
9.2
Adverbs of Manner Occurring as Non-derived Nouns
156
9.3
Adverbs of Manner Occurring as a Phrase
157
9.4
Adverbs of Manner Occurring as a Verbal Sentence
157
9.5
Adverbs of Manner Occurring as a Nominal Sentence
158
9.6
Dropping of Adverbs of Manner with Prepositional
and Adverbial Phrases
159
9.7
Summary
160
10
Adverbs of Specification j~£i
161
10.1
Adverbs of Specification Clarifying an Ambiguous Word
161
10.2
Adverbs of Specification Clarifying an Ambiguous Verb
163
10.3
Adverbs of Specification Clarifying an Ambiguous
(Nominal) Sentence
163
10.4
Summary
164
11
Adverbs of Cause-d^
Ј^иШ
165
11.1
Adverbs of Cause Occurring as Indefinite Singular
Verbal Noun/Gerund
165
11.2
Adverbs of Cause Occurring as an
iiUàl iDaafa
Phrase
166
11.3
Other Ways of Expressing Adverbs of Cause
166
11.4
Summary
168
12
Adverbs of Emphasis/Cognate Accusative
¿ÍÜl
¿¿Љ
169
12.1
Adverbs of Emphasis Emphasizing a Verb/Action or
a Word in a Sentence
169
12.2
Other Uses of Adverbs of Emphasis
170
12.3
Adverbs of Emphasis Emphasizing a Sentence
171
12.4
Adverbs of Emphasis Occurring as an
«Ц
iDaafa Phrase
* 172
Contents xi
12.5
Dropping
Adverbs
of Emphasis
172
12.6
Summary
173
13
The Verb jXiil
174
13.1
Common
Triliteral
Verb Forms
174
13.1.1
Form I
175
13.1.2
Forms II-X
178
13.2
Meanings of the Common
Triliteral
Verb Forms
178
13.2.1
Meanings of Form I Verbs
179
13.2.2
Meanings of Form II Verbs
180
13.2.3
Meanings of Form III Verbs
180
13.2.4
Meanings of Form IV Verbs
181
13.2.5
Meanings of Form V Verbs
181
13.2.6
Meanings of Form VI Verbs
181
13.2.7
Meanings of Form
VII
Verbs
182
13.2.8
Meanings of Form
VIII
Verbs
182
13.2.9
Meanings of Form IX Verbs
183
13.2.10
Meanings of Form X Verbs
183
13.2.11
Deriving Forms
II
-Х
from Form I Verbs
184
13.2.12
Triliteral
Verb Form XI
186
13.3
Common Quadriliteral Verb Forms
187
13.4
Categories of Arabic Verbs and Conjugations
189
13.4.1
Conjugation of Sound Verbs ¿L.
189
13.4.2
Conjugation of Geminated Verbs ^jLjx*
192
13.4.3
Conjugation of hamzated Verbs jj^
193
13.4.4
Conjugation of Assimilated Verbs Jb
195
13.4.5
Conjugation of Hollow Verbs
ô>?-í
197
13.4.6
Conjugation of Defective Verbs
^уЦи
203
13.4.7
Conjugation of Non-separated, Double
Weak Verbs
ùjjz
^J¿
210
13.4.8
Conjugation of Separated, Double Weak
Verbs
¿syd
>_¿..¿1
211
xii Contents
13.5 The Imperative jS Jii 212
13.5.1 Imperative
of
Form
I (Triliteral
Verbs) 212
13.5.2 Imperative
of Forms II—III
(Triliteral
Verbs)
214
13.5.3
Imperative of Form IV
(Triliteral
Verbs)
215
13.5.4
Imperative of Forms V-VI
(Triliteral
Verbs)
216
13.5.5
Imperative of Forms VII-VIII and X
(Triliteral
Verbs)
217
13.5.6
Imperative of Quadriliteral Verbs
(Form
jiiíí-Jiií)
218
13.5.7
Imperative of Derived Quadriliteral Verbs
219
13.5.8
Imperative of hamzated Verbs
220
13.5.9
Imperative of Geminated Verbs
220
13.5.10
Imperative of Assimilated Verbs
222
13.5.11
Imperative of Hollow Verbs
223
13.5.12
Imperative of Defective Verbs
224
13.5.13
Imperative of Non-separated, Double
Weak Verbs
226
13.5.14
Imperative of Separated, Double
Weak Verbs
226
13.5.15
Imperative of Two Common Irregular
Verbs JU;
<.
oU
227
13.6
The Negative Imperative ^ Jii
227
13.7
The Passive Voice
¿¿¿¿ ¿1
229
13.7.1
The Past-tense Passive Voice
¿¿¿Љ
Jl
^Ш
229
13.7.2
The Present-tense Passive Voice
¿¿¿A jl
çJlÀ
233
13.8
Summary
236
14
The Noun i^Vl
237
14.1
The Non-derived Noun
237
14.2
The Verbal Noun jjuJj
238
14.2.1
Verbal Nouns of Form I Verbs
238
14.2.2
Verbal Nouns of Forms
II
-Х
Verbs
239
14.2.3
Verbal Noun Use
240
Contents xiii
14.3 The Active
Participle
JpLÜ!
^ЈЛ
241
14.3.1 Active
Participle Use
243
14.4
The Passive Participle ¿jA
^IA
244
14.4.1
Passive Participle Use
246
14.5
Nouns of Time and Place jlsllj jUJJl
* Ś
246
14.5.1
Nouns of Time and Place Derived from
Form I Verbs
246
14.5.2
Nouns of Time and Place Derived from
Forms
II
-Х
Verbs
249
14.5.3
Nouns of Time and Place Derived from
Nouns
249
14.6
Nouns of Instrument
íftl
«ЈЛ
250
14.7
Nouns of Once
«jíl
^ЈИ
251
14.7.1
Nouns of Once Derived from Form I Verbs
251
14.7.2
Nouns of Once Derived from Forms II-X
Verbs
252
14.8
Derived Abstract Nouns
^ЬДіІ
jliíl
254
14.9
The Diminutive Noun
JLÜl
^Ί
255
14.9.1
Use of the Diminutive
258
14.10
The Five Nouns il^U
Ае2ї
258
14.11
Summary
260
15
The Adjective sl^ll
261
15.1
Main Adjective Patterns
261
15.1.1
Meanings of Adjective Patterns
267
15.2
Color and Bodily Defect/Beauty Adjective Patterns
267
15.3
Adjective Use
269
15.4
The Comparative and Superlative
Jr¿¿JI
»¿J.
270
15.4.1
The Comparative Form Jiil
270
15.4.2
The Superlative Forms
Jiií
and ¿]J
272
15.4.3
The Comparative and Superlative of
Derived Words
273
15.5
The Active Participle JpUJI
¡»J.!
275
15.6
The Passive Participle
оуЉ
^l
276
15.7
The
Relative/m sbđ
Adjective
^^Jíl
^¿,Ί
277
15.8
Summary
280
xiv
Contents
16
Quantifiers and Emphasis
281
16.1
Quantifiers
281
16.1.1
J¿W
No one and
í¿í
Ί
Nothing
281
16.1.2
¿ Any
282
16.1.3
^ Some
283
16.1.4
¿^
isi-
and ¿y>
ú*
A Number of
284
16.1.5
уцѕ
and
¿¿.ia*
Many of,
j¿
Many,
and
JoJŚ-
Many
286
16.1.6
¿y, JJL5
A Few, A Little
287
16.1.7
^ and p Most of
288
16.1.8
jł
Every, All
288
16.1.9
^ and
ЙІ*
All
290
16.1.10
^ Both M and
ÜÍ
Both F
291
16.2
Emphasis Words
¿¿p t ^^-¿J
293
16.3
Other Ways of Expressing Emphasis
295
16.4
Summary
296
17
Cond
itional Sentences £b}h J-U-l
297
17.1
The Possible/Probable Conditional Sentence
297
17.1.1
Use of Other Structures and Tenses
300
17.1.2
Use of the Particle
J
300
17.2
The Improbable Conditional Sentence
302
17.2.1
J if
302
17.2.2
4 j were it not for
303
17.3
The Impossible Conditional Sentence
304
17.4
Summary
305
18
Exceptive Sentences
*ьклі
*-
s s
306
18.1
Exceptive Words and Their Use
306
18.1.1
i Except for
307
18.1.2
Џ
and ¿^ Except for
307
18.1.3
·>ύ
,
LÚ
,
and LiU Except for
308
18.1.4
Lú-U
and yJ-l. Except for
308
18.2
Variations in the Exceptive Structure
309
18.2.1
Use of Neeation Preredinp NM
309
Contents xv
18.2.2
Use of Negation Preceding Js. and ¡syt
309
18.2.3
Use of Negation and Dropping the Noun
Preceding Sfl
310
18.2.4
Use of Negation and Dropping the Noun
Preceding
Jš.
and
isy*
310
18.3
The Structure of ^
Ί
Especially
311
18.4
Summary
312
19
The Vocative
ИхІІ
313
19.1
The Vocative Particle
L
313
19.1.1
The Vocative Noun
¿¿Idi
as a Proper Name
314
19.1.2
The Vocative Noun ¿sldl as an Indefinite
Noun with Reference
314
19.1.3
The Vocative Noun
¿¿Idi
as an Indefinite
Noun without Reference
314
19.1
A The Vocative Noun
¿¿Idi
as an iiLM iDaafa
phrase
315
19.1.5
Use of More than One Vocative ¿¿US Noun
315
19.1.6
Use of an Adjective Following the Vocative
¿¿hS Noun
316
19.2
Dropping the Vocative Particle
L
317
19.3
Optative Use of the Vocative Particle
Ь
317
19.4
Derogatory Use of the Vocative Particle
L
317
19.5
The Vocative Particles
ţ
and
l¿1
318
19.6
Summary
318
20
Exclamation
^М^
320
20.1
Two Regular Expressions
Jiiî
L.
and
_¡ J*ií
320
20.1.1
Exclamation of Form I Verbs
320
20.1.2
Exclamation of Derived Verbs and Words
322
20.1.3
Use of the Particles
U
and
ÒÍ
with
jiií U
and
_.
jjií
323
20.2
Use of the Vocative Particle
Ь
and the Exclamation
Particle
J
324
20.3
Use of Certain Question Words and Phrases
325
20.4
Summary
326
xvi Contents
21 Apposition
JjÙI
327
21.1
Types of
Apposition
Nouns
328
21.1.1
Whole Noun-Noun Apposition
21.1.2
Partial Noun-Noun Apposition
jh ¿^
¿¿¿Ά
Л:
328
21.1.3
Inclusive Noun-Noun Apposition
ó ¿£4
JÚj
329
21.1.4
Mistaken Noun-Noun Apposition ixUJl
JÓÍ
330
21.2
Definiteness Agreement within Noun-Noun
Apposition
331
21.3
Use of ¿ Son and the Noun Following it as an
Apposition Noun
331
21.4
Summary
333
22 Triptote,
Diptote, and Indeclinable/Invariable ¿¿ll j
^y^
335
22.1
The Indeclinable/Invariable ¿¿!i
335
22.2
The Declinable
^1 338
22.2.1
Mood Endings on Present/Imperfect Verbs
338
22.2.2
Case Endings on Nouns and Adjectives
339
22.2.3
Diptotes
j;¿Ji ^ £¿X
343
22.2.4
Occurrence of Diptotes as
Triptotes 348
22.3
Summary
350
References and Further Reading (in Arabic)
351
Appendix A The Geometric Basis of Arabic Numerals
352
Appendix
В
The Writing of the hamza
ôjill iL5
353
Appendix
С
The Phoenician Alphabet
362
Appendix
D
Identifying the Root jJSL-l and Looking up
Words in the Dictionary
363
Appendix
E
The Number Phrase
¿јл£ ј
¿jűüI
372
English Index
383
Arabic Index
389
|
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| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
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| spelling | Alhawary, Mohammad T. Verfasser (DE-588)1053813015 aut Modern standard Arabic grammar a learner's guide Mohammad T. Alhawary 1. publ. Malden, MA Wiley-Blackwell 2010 XXIV, 392 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Includes bibliographical references and index Arabic language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Arabisch (DE-588)4241223-7 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Arabisch (DE-588)4241223-7 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020613744&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Alhawary, Mohammad T. Modern standard Arabic grammar a learner's guide Arabic language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Arabisch (DE-588)4241223-7 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4241223-7 (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Modern standard Arabic grammar a learner's guide |
| title_auth | Modern standard Arabic grammar a learner's guide |
| title_exact_search | Modern standard Arabic grammar a learner's guide |
| title_full | Modern standard Arabic grammar a learner's guide Mohammad T. Alhawary |
| title_fullStr | Modern standard Arabic grammar a learner's guide Mohammad T. Alhawary |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern standard Arabic grammar a learner's guide Mohammad T. Alhawary |
| title_short | Modern standard Arabic grammar |
| title_sort | modern standard arabic grammar a learner s guide |
| title_sub | a learner's guide |
| topic | Arabic language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Arabisch (DE-588)4241223-7 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Arabic language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Arabisch Grammatik Einführung |
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