Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals:
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
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Cambridge
RSC Publ.
2010
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| Series: | RSC energy and environment series
1 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 532 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1849730350 9781849730358 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals |c ed. by Mark Crocker |
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| _version_ | 1804143331362471936 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals
Autor: Crocker, Mark
Jahr: 2010
Contents
Chapter 1 The Rationale for Biofuels 1
Mark Crocker and Rodney Andrews
1.1 The Rise of Petroleum 1
1.2 Worldwide Demand for Liquid Fuels and the Impact
of Non-OECD Asia 2
1.2.1 Increasing Price and Decreasing Supply of
Petroleum 5
1.2.2 Instability in Supply and Production of
Petroleum 7
1.3 Forecast for Biofuels 10
1.4 Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy 11
1.4.1 Biomass Composition 13
1.4.2 Energy Density of Biomass 16
1.4.3 Overview of Pathways for Biomass Conversion
to Fuels 18
1.4.4 Comparison of Thermochemical and
Biological Processes for Biomass Conversion
to Fuels 20
1.4.5 Outlook 22
References 23
Chapter 2 Energy Crops for the Production of Biofuels 26
Michael Montross and Czarena Crofcheck
2.1 Biorenewable Resources 26
2.1.1 Definition of Biomass 26
2.1.2 Dedicated Energy Crops 26
2.1.2.1 Herbaceous Energy Crops 27
2.1.2.2 Short-Rotation Woody Crops 28
2.1.3 Waste Biomass Resources 28
RSC Energy and Environment Series No. 1
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals
Edited by Mark Crocker
C Royal Society of Chemistry 2010
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
Contents
2.1.4 Biomass Characterization 29
2.1.4.1 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis 29
2.1.4.2 Heating Value 29
2.1.4.3 Additional Processing
Characteristics 30
2.2 Available Land Resources 30
2.3 Biomass Composition and its Effect on
Processing 31
2.4 Energy Consumption During Establishment and
Production 32
2.5 Biomass Logistics 35
2.5.1 Biomass Crop Harvesting 35
2.5.1.1 Woody Crop Harvest 35
2.5.1.2 Harvesting of Herbaceous Energy
Crops 36
2.5.2 Biomass Transportation 38
2.5.3 Storage 39
2.6 Summary 42
References 42
Chapter 3 The Biorefinery Concept - Thermochemical Production of
Building Blocks and Syngas 46
Birgit Kamm, Mirko Gerhardt and Sebastian Leifi
3.1 Introc luction 46
3.2 The Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery 47
3.3 Building Blocks by Thermochemical Methods 49
3.3.1 Furfurai 1 49
3.3.2 Levulinic acid 49
3.3.3 Hydroxymethylfurfural 50
3.3.3.1 Dehydration in Aqueous Milieu 51
3.3.3.2 Dehydration in Organic Polar Solvents 51
3.3.3.3 Dehydration in the Two-Phase System Water/Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 51
3.3.3.4 Dehydration in Ionic Liquids 53
3.3.3.5 Dehydration Without Solvents 56
3.3.4 Sugar Alcohols 57
3.3.5 Syngas 59
3.3.6 Lactic Acid 61
3.4 Outlook 62
Refe :rences 62
Contents
xui
Chapter 4 Biomass Gasification 67
James K. Neathery
4.1 Historical Background 67
4.2 Gasification Chemistry and Reaction Stages 68
4.2.1 Gasifier Stages 68
4.2.2 Overall Reaction Simplification and
Air-Equivalence Ratio 71
4.2.3 Quantifying Gasifier Performance 72
4.3 Gasification Processes 75
4.3.1 Downdraft Gasification 75
4.3.2 Updraft Gasification 77
4.3.3 Fluidized-Bed and Transport-Reactor
Gasification 78
4.4 Practical Issues of Gasification 82
4.4.1 Fuel Particle Size 82
4.4.2 Fuel Moisture Content 82
4.4.3 Process Control and Automation of Gasifiers 83
4.5 Producer-Gas Conditioning 88
4.5.1 Particulate Removal 88
4.5.2 Tar and Oil Removal 91
References 93
Chapter 5 Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals via the
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Route 95
Gary Jacobs andBurtron H. Davis
5.1 Motivation 95
5.2 Syngas Derived from Biomass Gasification for Use in
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 97
5.3 Differences Between Co and Fe Fischer-Tropsch
Synthesis Catalysts 99
5.4 Product Distribution Dependence on Conditions 102
5.5 Proposed Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Catalyst
Structure-Function Properties 104
5.6 Conclusions 119
References 121
Chapter 6 Bioderived Syngas to Alcohols 125
Adefemi Egbebi and James Spivey
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Syngas to Alcohols: Thermodynamics 127
6.2.1 Hydrogenation of CO 127
6.2.2 Hydrogenation of C02 128
Contents
6.2.3 Side Reactions 129
6.2.4 Effect of Pressure 130
6.3 Catalyst Types 130
6.3.1 Methanol Synthesis 130
6.3.2 Ethanol Synthesis 133
6.3.2.1 Rh-based Catalysts 133
6.3.2.2 Modified Methanol Synthesis
Catalysts (Based on Cu) 135
6.3.2.3 Modified Fischer-Tropsch-Type
Catalysts 137
6.3.2.4 Modified (Sulfide and Unsulfided)
Mo-based Catalysts 138
6.3.3 Mixed-Alcohol Synthesis 139
6.4 Conclusions 140
References 141
Chapter 7 Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Energy and Fuels 146
A. V. Bridgwater
7.1 Introduction 146
7.1.1 Biomass Resources 147
7.2 Thermal Conversion Processes 148
7.3 Fast Pyrolysis 149
7.3.1 Principles 150
7.3.2 Reactors 151
7.3.2.1 Bubbling Fluid Beds 151
7.3.2.2 Circulating Fluid Beds and
Transported Bed 153
7.3.2.3 Ablative Pyrolysis 154
7.3.2.4 Entrained Flow 156
7.3.2.5 Rotating Cone 156
7.3.2.6 Vacuum Pyrolysis 158
7.3.3 Heat Transfer in Fast Pyrolysis 158
7.3.4 Summary and Status of Reactors 159
7.3.5 Char Removal 160
7.3.6 Liquids Collection 161
7.3.7 Byproducts 161
7.4 Pyrol) /sis Liquid - Bio-Oil 161
7.4.1 Bio-Oil Characteristics 162
7.4.2 Environment, Health and Safety 167
7.5 Bio-Oil Upgrading 167
7.5.1 Physical Upgrading of Bio-Oil 167
7.5.1.1 Filtration 167
7.5.1.2 Emulsions 170
7.5.2 Chemical and Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-Oil 170
7.5.2.1 Hydrotreating 171
Contents
7.5.2.2 Zeolite Cracking 172
7.5.2.3 Gasification for Synfuels 173
7.5.2.4 Hydrogen 173
7.6 Applications of Bio-Oil 174
7.6.1 Energy Carrier 174
7.6.2 Combustion 175
7.6.3 Cofiring 177
7.6.4 Engines and Turbines 177
7.6.5 Chemicals 178
7.6.5.1 Chemicals in Bio-Oil 178
7.6.5.2 Other Potential Products 179
7.6.6 Biorefinery 179
7.6.6.1 Biorefinery Examples 182
7.6.6.2 Markets 183
7.6.6.3 Summary 183
7.7 Overall Fast-Pyrolysis System 183
7.7.1 System Components and Integration 183
7.8 Barriers 185
7.9 Conclusions 186
References 187
Chapter 8 Hydro thermal Processing of Biomass 192
P. E. Savage, R. B. Levine and C. M. Huelsman
8.1 Introduction 192
8.1.1 Background on Hydrothermal Processing 193
8.1.2 Properties of Water 195
8.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 196
8.2.1 Process-Variable Effects 196
8.2.1.1 Feedstock Composition 196
8.2.1.2 Nitrogen Partitioning 197
8.2.1.3 Reaction Atmosphere 198
8.2.2 Liquefaction Chemistry 198
8.2.2.1 Cellulose 199
8.2.2.2 Lignin 199
8.2.2.3 Lipids 201
8.2.2.4 Wastes 202
8.2.2.5 Aquatic Feedstocks 202
8.2.3 Outlook 205
8.3 Hydrothermal Gasification 206
8.3.1 Gas-Phase Reactions and Kinetics 207
8.3.2 Regimes in Hydrothermal Gasification 208
8.3.2.1 Low-Temperature Catalytic
Gasification 210
8.3.2.2 High-Temperature SCWG 211
8.3.3 Hydrothermal Gasification Chemistry 212
Contents
8.3.3.1 Cellulose 212
8.3.3.2 Lignin 212
8.3.3.3 Protein 212
8.3.3.4 Interactions Between Model
Compounds 212
8.3.3.5 Aquatic Feedstocks 214
8.3.4 Outlook 214
References 215
Chapter 9 Lignin Utilization 222
Gunnar Henriksson,Jiebing Li, Liming Zhang andMikael E.
Lindstrom
9.1 Lignin - a Large and Incompletely Utilized Natural
Resource 222
9.2 Structure, Properties and Biological Function of
Lignin 223
9.2.1 Occurrence and Biological Function of Lignin 223
9.2.2 Monomers and Intermonolignol Bonds 224
9.2.3 Covalent Bonds Between Lignin and
Polysaccharides 229
9.2.4 Physical and Chemical Properties 231
9.2.5 Biosynthesis 231
9.3 Reactions of Lignin During Technical Processes 235
9.3.1 Reactions During Alkaline Pulping 235
9.3.2 Reactions During Neutral and Acidic Sulfite
Pulping 239
9.3.3 Reactions During Organosolv Pulping 243
9.3.4 Reactions During Bleaching of Pulp 243
9.3.5 Reactions During Acid Hydrolysis and Steam
Explosion 246
9.4 Preparation of Technical Lignins 248
9.4.1 Precipitation of Lignin 248
9.4.2 Preparation with Ultrafiltration 250
9.4.3 Preparation of Lignosulfonates 250
9.5 Use of Technical Lignins in the Energy Sector 250
9.5.1 Combustion of Technical Lignins 250
9.5.2 Gasification of Lignin 257
9.5.3 Oxygen-Free Pyrolysis of Lignin 252
9.5.4 General Considerations on Converting
Technical Lignin into Transportation Fuels 252
9.5.5 Pyrolysis of Technical Lignins in the Presence
of Formic Acid 254
9.6 Other Technical Uses of Lignin 255
9.6.1 Lignosulfonates as Dispersing Agent 257
Contents xvii
9.6.2 Manufacture of Vanillin 257
9.6.3 Soil-Improving Agent 257
9.6.4 Manufacture of Carbon Fiber 258
9.6.5 Lignin as Binder in Composite Material and
Filler in Polymers 258
9.6.6 Lignin for Dust Control 258
References 259
Chapter 10 Catalysts in Biomass Pyrolysis 263
Angelos A. Lappas.Eleni F. Iliopoulou andK. Kalogiannis
10.1 Introduction to Biomass Catalytic Pyrolysis 263
10.2 Overview of the Biomass Catalytic Pyrolysis Process 265
10.3 Catalyst Effects on Bio-Oil Yield and Quality 268
10.3.1 Microporous Catalysts 268
10.3.2 Mesoporous Acid Catalysts 273
10.3.3 Basic Catalytic Materials 279
10.3.4 Catalysts for Biomass Conversion to
Aromatics 280
10.4 Recent Developments in Bio-Oil Upgrading 280
10.4.1 Zeolite Upgrading - Catalytic Cracking 281
10.4.2 Co-processing of Bio-Oil and Conventional
Oil in Refinery Processes 282
10.5 Conclusions 283
References 283
Chapter 11 Hydrotreating for Bio-Oil Upgrading 288
Maija L. Honkela, Tuula-Riitta Viljava, Andrea Gutierrez and
A. Outi I. Krause
11.1 Introduction 288
11.2 Early Hydrodeoxygenation Studies 289
11.3 Hydrodeoxygenation 290
11.3.1 Sulfided CoMo and NiMo Catalysts 290
11.3.2 Noble-Metal Catalysts 291
11.3.3 Other Catalysts 292
11.4 Studies with Wood-Based Pyrolysis Oil Model
Components 293
11.4.1 Phenol 294
11.4.2 Anisole 297
11.4.3 Guaiacols 297
11.4.4 Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids and
Carbohydrates 300
11.5 Catalyst Comparison and Coking with Model
Components and with Pyrolysis Oil 301
Contents
11.6 Outlook 302
11.7 Summary 303
References 304
Chapter 12 Ionic Liquids for the Utilization of Lignocellulosics 307
Samuel A. Morton HI and Laurel A. Morton
12.1 Introduction to Lignocellulosics 307
12.2 Ionic Liquids 312
12.2.1 Classification and Nomenclature 312
12.2.2 Synthesis and Purification 315
12.2.3 Potential Uses 318
12.2.4 Reuse, Recycle, and Stability 318
12.2.5 Toxicity and Biodegradation 319
12.3 Ionic Liquids and Lignocellulosics 320
12.3.1 Unrefined Lignocellulosics 320
12.3.2 Cellulose 329
12.3.3 Hemicellulose 331
12.3.4 Lignin 333
12.4 Conclusions (Issues that Remain to be Resolved) 336
References 337
Chapter 13 Conversion of Cellulose to Sugars 344
Samar Kumar Guha, Hirokazu Kobayashi and Atsushi Fukuoka
13.1 Introduction 344
13.2 Structure and Properties of Cellulose 346
13.2.1 General Properties 346
13.2.2 Crystallinity Index 347
13.2.3 Degree of Polymerization 348
13.3 Options for Cellulose Saccharification 348
13.3.1 Cellulose Conversion 348
13.3.2 Methods for the Saccharification of Cellulose 349
13.3.2.1 Acidic Hydrolysis 349
13.3.2.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 349
13.3.2.3 Thermochemical Transformation 350
13.3.2.4 Sub- and Supercritical Water 351
13.4 Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose 351
13.4.1 Solid Acid-Catalyzed Reaction 351
13.4.2 Supported Metal-Catalyzed Reaction 352
13.4.3 Other Catalytic Conversions of Cellulose 353
13.5 Overview of Routes for Utilization of Sugars 354
13.5.1 Utilization of Glucose 355
13.5.2 Utilization of Fructose 357
13.5.3 Utilization of Sorbitol 357
Contents xix
13.6 Conclusion 360
References 361
Chapter 14 Conversion of Carbohydrates to Liquid Fuels 365
Geoffrey Akien, Long Qi andlstvdn T. Horvdth
14.1 Introduction 365
14.2 Carbohydrate-Containing Biomass 366
14.3 Potential Biomass-Based Liquid Fuels 368
14.4 Conversion of Carbohydrates to Liquid Fuels 369
14.4.1 Strategies 369
14.4.2 Methanol 370
14.4.3 Ethanol 371
14.4.4 Butanol 374
14.4.5 Methyl and Ethyl Tertiary-buty ether 375
14.4.6 Gamma-Valerolactone 376
14.4.7 2-Methyl-Tetrahydrofuran 377
14.4.8 2-Furfural 377
14.5 Conclusions - Do We Have Enough? 377
References 378
Chapter 15 Biodiesel Production and Properties 382
Jon H. Van Gerpen and Brian He
15.1 Introduction 382
15.2 Biodiesel Chemistry 383
15.2.1 Biodiesel Feedstocks 383
15.2.2 Fatty-Acid Profiles of Feedstocks for
Biodiesel Production 387
15.2.3 Biodiesel Production 388
15.2.4 Effect of Catalyst 394
15.2.5 Mass-Transfer Limitations 395
15.3 Processing Technology 400
15.3.1 Purification of Biodiesel 400
15.3.2 High Free Fatty-Acid Feedstocks 402
15.4 Biodiesel Fuel Properties as Affected by
Fatty-Acid Profiles of Plant Oils and Animals
Fats 402
15.4.1 ASTM and EN Standards of Biodiesel
Specifications 402
15.4.2 Cold-Flow Properties 404
15.4.3 Oxidative Stability 406
15.4.3.1 Alkyl Esters and Oxidation 407
15.4.3.2 Oxidation of Biodiesel 407
15.4.3.3 Preventing Biodiesel Deterioration 407
15.4.4 Cetane Number 409
XX
Contents
15.4.5 Sterol Glucosides and Their Effects Soak Filtration Test on Cold 410
15.4.5.1 Plant Sterols 411
15.4.5.2 Procedure of Cold Soak Filtration
Test 412
15.5 Summary 412
Refe rences 412
Chapter 16 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production 416
Jean-Philippe Dacquin, Adam F. Lee and Karen Wilson
16.1 Introduction 416
16.1.1 Current Processes for Biodiesel Production 417
16.2 Catalysts for Triglyceride Transesterification 419
16.2.1 Solid Base Catalysts 419
16.2.2 Solid Acid Catalysts 424
16.3 Catalysts for Free-Fatty-Acid Esterification 426
16.3.1 Effect of Free Fatty Acids on Biodiesel
Production 426
16.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Free-Fatty-
Acid Esterification 427
16.4 Process Considerations for Biodiesel Production 428
16.5 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks 429
References 430
Chapter 17 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol to Valuable Commodity
Chemicals 435
Jorge N Beltramini andChun-Hui (Clayton) Zhou
17.1 Introduction 435
17.2 Selective Oxidation of Glycerol 439
17.3 Selective Etherification of Glycerol to Fine
Chemicals and Polyglycerols 443
17.4 Selective Glycerol Transesterification and Esterification 447
17.5 Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 452
17.6 Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol 456
17.7 Gasification of Glycerol 459
17.8 Concluding Remarks 462
References 463
Chapter 18 Renewable Diesel and Jet-Fuel Production from Fats and Oils 468
Tom N. Kalnes, Michael M. McCall and David R. Shonnard
18.1 Scope of Chapter and Rationale 468
18.2 Overview of Hydroprocessing Chemistry 469
Contents xxi
18.3 General Considerations for Commercial Production 474
18.3.1 Feedstock Selection 474
18.3.2 Process Considerations 476
18.3.3 Product Properties and Engine Performance 479
18.4 Life-Cycle Assessment 482
18.4.1 Fuel-Production Pathways and Inventory
Data 485
18.4.2 Impact Assessment and Comprehensive
Assumptions 485
18.4.3 Results and Sensitivity Analysis 490
18.5 Commercial Production Status and Perspectives 492
References and Footnote 493
Chapter 19 Catalytic Deoxygenation of Fatty Acids and their Derivatives
for the Production of Renewable Diesel 496
Dmitry Yu. Murzin andPaivi Maki-Arvela
19.1 Technologies for the Production of Biodiesel 496
19.2 Catalytic Liquid-Phase Deoxygenation of Fatty
Acids and their Derivatives 497
19.2.1 Catalyst Selection 497
19.2.1.1 Metal and Support Selection 497
19.2.1.2 Effect of Metal Dispersion 499
19.2.2 Deoxygenation of Different Feedstocks 500
19.2.2.1 Deoxygenation of Saturated Fatty
Acids and their Esters 501
19.2.2.2 Deoxygenation of Unsaturated
Fatty Acids and their Esters 501
19.2.2.3 Deoxygenation of Triglycerides 501
19.2.2.4 Comparison of Different Feedstocks
in Catalytic Deoxygenation 503
19.2.2.5 Deoxygenation of Tall-Oil Fatty
Acids 503
19.2.3 Reactor Selection 505
19.2.3.1 Batch versus Semi-Batch Reactors 505
19.2.3.2 Continuous Operation 505
19.2.4 Catalyst Deactivation 507
19.3 Conclusions 507
References 509
Subject Index 511
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036694862 |
| classification_rvk | ZP 3760 |
| classification_tum | CIT 647f ERG 780f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)698870703 (DE-599)BSZ312244894 |
| discipline | Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Energietechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036694862 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:45:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1849730350 9781849730358 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020613418 |
| oclc_num | 698870703 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-634 |
| physical | XXI, 532 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | RSC Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | RSC energy and environment series |
| series2 | RSC energy and environment series |
| spelling | Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals ed. by Mark Crocker Cambridge RSC Publ. 2010 XXI, 532 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier RSC energy and environment series 1 Biomasse (DE-588)4006877-8 gnd rswk-swf Biokraftstoff (DE-588)4145658-0 gnd rswk-swf Biomasse (DE-588)4006877-8 s Biokraftstoff (DE-588)4145658-0 s DE-604 Crocker, Mark Sonstige oth RSC energy and environment series 1 (DE-604)BV036744686 1 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020613418&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals RSC energy and environment series Biomasse (DE-588)4006877-8 gnd Biokraftstoff (DE-588)4145658-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006877-8 (DE-588)4145658-0 |
| title | Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals |
| title_auth | Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals |
| title_exact_search | Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals |
| title_full | Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals ed. by Mark Crocker |
| title_fullStr | Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals ed. by Mark Crocker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals ed. by Mark Crocker |
| title_short | Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals |
| title_sort | thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals |
| topic | Biomasse (DE-588)4006877-8 gnd Biokraftstoff (DE-588)4145658-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biomasse Biokraftstoff |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020613418&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036744686 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT crockermark thermochemicalconversionofbiomasstoliquidfuelsandchemicals |