Biogas from waste and renewable resources: an introduction
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2011
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| Ausgabe: | 2., rev. and expanded ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 550 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527327980 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biogas from waste and renewable resources |b an introduction |c Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser |
| 250 | |a 2., rev. and expanded ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 550 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE XVII PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XVIII SYMBOLS AND
ABBREVIATIONS XIX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII
PART ONE POTENTIAL AND HISTORY 7
GENERAL THOUGHTS ABOUT ENERGY SUPPLY 3
1 ENERGY SUPPLY-TODAY AND IN THE FUTURE 5
1.1 PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES 5
1.2 SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES 7
1.3 END-POINT ENERGY SOURCES 7
1.4 EFFECTIVE ENERGY 7
2 ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE FUTURE-SCENARIOS 9
3 POTENTIAL FOR TRANSFORMING BIOMASS INTO END-POINT ENERGY SOURCES 7 7
3.1 AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE AREA 14
3.2 THEORETICAL POTENTIAL I5
3.2.1 C3 PLANTS (ENERGY PLANTS) 17
3.2.2 C4 PLANTS AND CAM PLANTS 19
3.2.3 MICRO-ALGAE 22
3.3 TECHNICAL POTENTIAL 23
3.4 ECONOMIC POTENTIAL 25
3.5 REALIZABLE POTENTIAL 25
4 HISTORY AND STATUS TO DATE IN EUROPE 31
4.1 FIRST ATTEMPTS AT USING BIOGAS 31
4.2 SECOND ATTEMPTS AT USING BIOGAS 34
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1002408512
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
IMAGE 2
VI I CONTENTS
4.3 THIRD ATTEMPTS AT APPLYING BIOGAS 35 4.4 STATUS TO DATE AND
PERSPECTIVE IN EUROPE 36
5 HISTORY AND STATUS TO DATE WORLDWIDE 39
5.1 HISTORY AND STATUS TO DATE IN CHINA 40 5.1.1 PERIOD FROM 1970 TO
1983 40 5.1.2 PERIOD FROM 1984 TO 1991 41 5.1.3 PERIOD FROM 1992 TO 1998
41
5.1.3.1 "A PIT WITH THREE REBUILDINGS" 43 5.1.3.2 "FOUR IN ONE" 43
5.1.3.3 "PIG-BIOGAS-FRUITS" 43 5.1.4 PERIOD FROM 1999 ONWARDS 43 5.2
HISTORY AND STATUS TO DATE IN INDIA 44
5.3 STATUS TO DATE IN AMERICA 46
5.4 STATUS TO DATE IN THE CIS STATES 47
6 GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE RECOVERY OF BIOMASS IN THE FUTURE 49
PART TWO SUBSTRATES AND BIOGAS 57
INTRODUCTION 53
7 SUBSTRATE 55
7.1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 55
7.1.1 LIQUID MANURE AND CO-SUBSTRATES 62 7.1.2 MAIZE AS THE ONLY MAIN
CROP 67 7.1.3 BIOENERGY OF FORAGE BEETS 68 7.1.4 GRASS 68
7.1.5 SORGHUM 69
7.1.6 CROP ROTATIONS 69
7.1.6.1 FORAGE RYE + MAIZE 71 7.1.6.2 WINTER BARLEY + MAIZE 71 7.1.6.3
HYBRID RYE + SORGHUM 71 7.1.6.4 RYE + ANNUAL RYEGRASS + MAIZE 71 7.1.6.5
PERENNIAL RYEGRASS + SORGHUM 72
7.2 BIOWASTE FROM COLLECTIONS OF RESIDUAL WASTE AND DOMESTIC WASTE LIKE
COMMERCIAL WASTE 72 7.3 LANDFILL FOR RESIDUAL WASTE 75 7.4 SEWAGE SLUDGE
AND CO-SUBSTRATE 75 7.5 INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER 79
7.6 WASTE GREASE OR FAT 80
7.7 CULTIVATION OF ALGAE 81
7.8 PLANKTON 82
7.9 SEDIMENTS IN THE SEA 82
7.10 WOOD, STRAW 83
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS VII
8 BIOGAS 85
8.1 BIOGAS COMPARED WITH OTHER METHANE-CONTAINING GASES 85 8.2 DETAILED
OVERVIEW OF BIOGAS COMPONENTS 89 8.2.1 METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE 90
8.2.2 NITROGEN AND OXYGEN 92
8.2.3 CARBON MONOXIDE 92
8.2.4 AMMONIA 93
8.2.5 HYDROGEN SULFIDE 93
8.2.6 WATER VAPOR 94
8.2.7 CHLORINE, FLUORINE, MERCAPTANS 95 8.2.8 BTX, PAHS, ETC. 95
8.2.9 SILOXANES 95
PART THREE FORMATION OF BIOGAS 97
9 BIOCHEMISTRY 99
10 BIOREACTIONS 707
10.1 HYDROLYSIS 103
10.2 ACIDOGENIC PHASE 103
10.3 ACETOGENIC PHASE 105
10.4 METHANOGENIC PHASE 108
11 PROCESS PARAMETERS 7 7 7
11.1 PARAMETER: HYDROGEN PARTIAL PRESSURE 112 11.2 PARAMETER:
CONCENTRATION OF THE MICROORGANISMS (ENSILAGE, RECIRCULATION OF BIOMASS)
112 11.3 PARAMETER: TYPE OF SUBSTRATE 114
11.4 PARAMETER: SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA OF MATERIAL 135 11.5 PARAMETER:
DISINTEGRATION 116
11.6 PARAMETER: CULTIVATION, MIXING, AND VOLUME LOAD 121 11.7 PARAMETER:
LIGHT 123
11.8 PARAMETER: TEMPERATURE 324
11.9 PARAMETER: PH 325
11.10 PARAMETER: REDOX POTENTIAL 127 11.11 PARAMETER: NUTRIENTS (C : N :
P RATIO) 127
11.12 PARAMETER: PRECIPITANTS (CALCIUM CARBONATE, MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE, APATITE) 129 11.13 PARAMETER: BIOGAS REMOVAL 129 11.14
PARAMETER: INHIBITORS 330
11.14.1 OXYGEN 333
11.14.2 SULFUR COMPOUNDS 131 11.14.3 ORGANIC ACIDS (FATTY ACIDS AND
AMINO ACIDS) 133 11.14.4 NITRATE (NO7) 135 11.14.5 AMMONIUM (NH4) AND
AMMONIA (NH 3 ) 135
IMAGE 4
VIII CONTENTS
11.14.6 HEAVY METALS 137
11.14.7 TANNINS, SAPONINS, MIMOSINE 137 11.14.8 OTHER INHIBITING
THRESHOLDS 140 11.15 PARAMETER: DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION 142 11.16
PARAMETER: FOAMING AND SCUM FORMATION 142
PART FOUR MICROORGANISMS IN METHANOGENIC ECOSYSTEMS 745
12 METHANOGENIC ECOSYSTEMS 747 12.1 ECOSYSTEMS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT OF RUMINANTS 147 12.1.1 THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 148 12.1.2
MICROORGANISMS IN THE RUMEN 148 12.1.2.1 ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE
CONDITIONS IN
THE RUMEN 149
12.1.2.2 FEEDSTUFF-ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS IN THE RUMEN 349 12.2
ECOSYSTEMS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM OF HERBIVORES 151
12.2.1 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM OF HERBIVORES 151 12.2.2 MICROORGANISMS
IN THE STOMACH OF HERBIVORES 353 12.3 ECOSYSTEMS IN THE INTESTINE OF
TERMITES 153 12.3.1 THE INTESTINAL TRACT IN TERMITES 154
12.3.2 MICROORGANISMS IN THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF TERMITES 154 12.4
ECOSYSTEM IN THE SOIL OF A PADDY FIELD 155 12.5 ECOSYSTEMS IN A BIOGAS
REACTOR 356
13 MICROORGANISMS IN METHANATION 759 13.1 PROBSTS 159
13.2 FUNGI 162
13.3 BACTERIOPHAGES 363
13.4 BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA 163
13.4.1 HYDROLYZING GENERA 168 13.4.2 ACIDOGENIC GENERA 171 13.4.3
ACETOGENIC BACTERIA 171 13 A .4 METHANOGENS 174
13.4.5 METHANOTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS 184
PART FIVE DANGERS WITH BIOGAS PLANTS AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT 755
14 GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS 187 14.1 REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE
CONSTRUCTION OF PLANTS 388 14.2 BIOMASS AND RESIDUE 389
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS IX
14.3 FEEDING BIOGAS TO THE GAS NETWORK 189
UA RISK OF EXPLOSION 190
14.5 RISK OF FIRE 198
14.6 HARMFUL EXHAUST GASES 201
14.6.1 GERMS 201
14.6.2 EMISSIONS OF SMELLS 202 14.7 NOISE PROTECTION 210
14.8 PREVENTION OF INJURIES 212
14.9 PROTECTION FROM WATER 213
15 THE BIOGAS LABORATORY 277
15.1 LABORATORY DIGESTERS WITH EUDIOMETERS 217 15.2 PILOT FERMENTER 217
15.3 LARGER PILOT PLANTS FOR BATCHWISE OR CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION TESTS
219 15.4 ANALYSES 219
15.4.1 SAMPLING 220
15.4.2 PREPARATION OF SAMPLES 220 15.4.3 ANALYTICS 221
15.4.3.1 GAS YIELD OF SUBSTRATES 221 15.4.3.2 DRY MATTER AND ORGANIC DRY
MATTER (TOC), LOSS ON IGNITION 221 15.4.3.3 DEGREE OF DECOMPOSITION 222
15.4.3.4 ELUTION WITH WATER (ISO 11465) 226 15.4.3.5 QUANTITY OF GAS 226
15.4.3.6 GAS COMPOSITION 227 15.4.3.7 ACID VALUE 229 15.4.3.8 FOS/TAC
VALUE 230 15.4.3.9 DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENTS (NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
COMPOUNDS) 230
15.4.3.10 SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX 230
PART SIX EQUIPMENT OF A BIOGAS PLANT 237
16 TANKS AND BIOREACTORS 233
16.1 BRICK TANKS 235
16.1.1 BRICKWORK AND MORTAR 238 16.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE TANKS 239
16.2.1 SURFACE PROTECTION BY PAINTING 241
16.2.2 SURFACE PROTECTION BY TANKS WITH DOUBLE WALLS 242 16.3 TANKS OF
NORMAL STEEL SHEET METALS WITH AN ENAMEL LAYER OR PLASTIC COATING 242
16.4 TANKS OF STAINLESS STEEL 243
16.5 GROUND BASIN WITH PLASTIC FOIL LINING 243
IMAGE 6
X CONTENTS
17 EQUIPMENT FOR TEMPERING THE SUBSTRATE 245
18 THERMAL INSULATION 249
19 AGITATORS 257
19.1 MECHANICAL AGITATION 251
19.1.1 SUBMERSIBLE MOTOR-PROPELLER AGITATORS 252 19.1.2 AXIAL AGITATORS,
HAND-HELD BLENDERS 252 19.1.3 REEL AGITATORS OR PADDLE AGITATORS 254
19.1.4 GRINDEL AGITATORS 254
19.1.5 AGITATING CHAIN (FIGURE 19.4) 254 19.1.6 SCREW CONVEYOR MIXER 255
19.2 CIRCULATION PUMPS 256
19.3 GAS INJECTION INTO THE DIGESTION TOWER 256
19.4 STIRRING EFFECT BY GAS FORMATION 257
20 MIXING OF BIOMASS AND WATER 259
21 MACHINES TO SEPARATE THE LIQUID FROM THE BIOMASS 267 21.1 BELT-TYPE
PRESS 261
21.2 FILTER PRESS 261
21.3 DECANTERS 262
22 PIPES 265
22.1 SUBSTRATE PIPEWORK 265
22.2 GAS PIPES 266
23 PUMPS 269
23.1 SUBMERGED CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, SUBMERGED MOTOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 269
23.2 ECCENTRIC SCREW PUMP, ECCENTRIC ROTOR PUMP 270
24 MEASUREMENT, CONTROL, AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY 277 24.1 MECHANISMS
FOR MONITORING AND REGULATION 271 24.1.1 QUANTITY OF GAS AND GAS
COMPOSITION 272 24.1.2 TEMPERATURE 273
24.1.3 PH VALUE AND REDOX POTENTIAL 273 24.1 A ORGANIC DRY
MATTER-VOLUMETRIC LOADING 273 24.1.5 BIOLOGY 274
24.2 EQUIPMENT TO GUARANTEE OPERATING SAFETY 274 24.2.1 SAFETY DEVICE IN
FRONT OF THE GAS FLARE 274 24.2.2 SAFETY DEVICES TO COUNTERACT
OVERPRESSURE AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE 275
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS \ XI
25 EXHAUST AIR CLEANING 277
PART SEVEN UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING 279
26 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF THE BIOMASS 281
26.1 TRANSPORT AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT 281
26.2 STORAGE SILOS 281
26.2.1 TRANSPORT WITHIN THE PLANT 284
27 PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR UPSTREAM PROCESSING 285 27.1 ADJUSTMENT OF THE
WATER CONTENT 285
27.2 REMOVAL OF IMPURITIES/HARMFUL SUBSTANCES (FIGURE 27.3) 289 27.3
COMMINUTION 290
27.4 HYGIENIZATION 293
27.4.1 DIRECT INSPECTION 292
27.4.1.1 SALMONELLA 293 27.4.1.2 PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE 293 27.4.1.3
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS 294 27.4.1.4 TOMATO SEEDS 294 27.4.2 INDIRECT
PROCESS INSPECTION 294 27.4.3 CONTROL OF THE FINISHED GOODS 295 27.5
DISINTEGRATION 295
27.5.1 MECHANICAL PROCESSES (FIGURE 27.8) 301 27.5.2 ULTRASONIC PROCESS
303
27.5.3 CHEMICAL PROCESSES 304
27.5.3.1 HYDROCHLORIC ACID 304 27.5.3.2 APTMP- AND CTMP-PROCESSES 305
27.5.3.3 CHEMICAL OXIDATION 305 27.5.4 THERMAL PROCESSES 306
28 FEEDING 37 7
28.1 FEEDING WITH SUBSTRATE 311
28.2 FEEDING WITH ADDITIVES 312
28.2.1 PREBIOTICS 313
28.2.2 ENZYMES 334
28.2.3 PROBIOTICS 335
28.2.4 CHEMICALS 336
29 DIGESTED RESIDUE 327
29.1 PRESSING OF THE FERMENTATION RESIDUE 323
29.2 DRYING 324
30 WASTEWATER 325
IMAGE 8
XII I CONTENTS
PART EIGHT FERMENTATION-AGRICULTURAL PLANT 327
31 BATCHWISE AND CONTINUOUS PROCESSES WITHOUT SEPARATORS 329 31.1
FLOATING CUP REACTOR 330
31.2 FIXED-DOME REACTOR 330
31.3 DEENBANDHU MODEL 332
31.4 PLASTIC BAG REACTOR AND PLASTIC
SILO REACTOR 332
31.5 CAVERN PLANTS 333
31.6 ONE-STAGE AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PLANTS 333 31.6.1 REACTOR TECHNOLOGY
335 31.6.2 REACTOR SIZE 337
31.6.3 COVERING OF THE BIOREACTOR 338 31.6.4 ACCESS DOOR AND INLET 339
31.6.5 DRAINAGE LAYER BELOW THE BIOREACTOR 339 31.6.6 HEAT INSULATION
AND HEATING 340
31.6.7 FINAL DEPOT AND SPREADING 341
32 EXISTING INSTALLATIONS FROM DIFFERENT SUPPLIERS 343 32.1 WABIO-VAASA
PROCESS 343
32.2 DUT PROCESS 343
32.3 ENTEC PROCESS 344
32.4 BIGADAN* PROCESS (FORMERLY KRUEGER PROCESS) 345 32.5 VALORGA*
PROCESS 346
33 OPERATION OF A PLANT WITHOUT SEPARATION EQUIPMENT 349 33.1 START-UP
349
33.2 START-UP OF THE PLANT 350
33.3 OPERATION OF THE PLANT 351
34 BENEFITS OF A BIOGAS PLANT 353
35 TYPICAL DESIGN CALCULATION FOR AN AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PLANT 357
36 ECONOMICS CALCULATIONS FOR BIOGAS PLANTS 365 36.1 CAPITAL-BOUND COSTS
PER YEAR IN US$ 365
36.2 CONSUMPTION-BOUND COSTS PER YEAR 366 36.3 OPERATION-BOUND COSTS PER
YEAR 367
36.4 OTHER COSTS PER YEAR 367
36.5 TOTAL COSTS 367
36.6 INCOME PER YEAR 368
36.7 ANNUAL REVENUE OF THE
BIOGAS PLANT 368
37 EFFICIENCY 369
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIII
PART NINE FERMENTATION-INDUSTRIAL PLANTS 373
FERMENTATION 375
38 INSTALLATION WITH SUBSTRATE DILUTION AND SUBSEQUENT WATER SEPARATION
377 38.1 PROCESS ENGINEERING 377
38.2 IMPLEMENTED INSTALLATIONS OF DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS 377
39 INSTALLATION WITH BIOMASS ACCUMULATION 381 39.1 SEWAGE SLUDGE
DIGESTION TOWER INSTALLATION 381 39.1.1 SIZE OF THE DIGESTION TOWER 382
39.1.2 INTERNAL PHASE SEPARATION FOR BIOMASS CONCENTRATION 385
39.1.3 EXTERNAL PHASE SEPARATION FOR FEEDBACK OF BIOMASS 386 39.1.3.1
SEDIMENTATION TANK 386 39.1.3.2 LAMELLAR SETTLER 386 39.1.3.3 MEMBRANE
FILTER 387
39.1.3.4 FLOTATION 387
39.1.3.5 CENTRIFUGE 387
39.1.4 FACILITIES TO PREVENT POST-GASSING 387 39.1.4.1 VENTILATION 388
39.1.4.2 VACUUM DEGASSING 388
39.1.4.3 COOLING 388
39.1.4.4 AGITATORS 388
39.1.4.5 ADDITION OF FLOCCULATING AGENTS AND FLOCCULATION-AIDING AGENTS
389 39.1.5 OPERATION OF THE DIGESTION TOWER 389 39.1.5.1 ENERGY
CONSUMPTION 391 39.1.6 PLANT INSTALLATIONS 392
39.1.6.1 CONTACT PROCESS (FIGURE 39.6) 392 39.1.6.2 UHDE-SCHWARTING
PROCESS 392 39.1.6.3 CONTINUOUSLY STIRRED TANK REACTOR (FIGURE 39.8) 393
39.2 SLUDGE-BED REACTOR 394
39.2.1 REACTOR DESIGN AND RATINGS 396 39.2.2 ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE
OPERATION OF A SLUDGE-BED REACTOR 399 39.2.3 OPERATION OF A SLUDGE-BED
REACTOR 400 39.2.4 PLANT INSTALLATIONS 403
39.2.4.1 HYBRID REACTOR (UASB/FILTERS) 401 39.2.4.2 LOOP REACTOR 401
39.3 REACTORS WITH IMMOBILIZED MICROORGANISMS 402 39.3.1 BIOFILM 403
39.3.2 FIXED-BED REACTOR, FILTER REACTOR, FIXED-FILM REACTOR 405 39.3.3
EXPANDED-BED REACTOR, FLUIDIZED-BED REACTOR 406
IMAGE 10
XIV I CONTENTS
40
40.1 40.2 40.3 40.3.1 40.3.2
PLANTS WITH SEPARATION OF NON-HYDROLYZABLE BIOMASS 409 PROCESS
ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION 410
EFFICIENCY 411 PLANT INSTALLATIONS 412 ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTORS 412
BTA PROCESS 412
41 PERCOLATION PROCESS 475
41.1 DRY FERMENTATION PROCESS IN A STACK 435
41.2 AN/BIOTHANE* PROCESS 416
41.3 PRETHANE*/RUDAD*-BIOPAQ* PROCESS OR ANM PROCESS 41.4 FOIL HOSE
PROCESS 418
41.5 IMK PROCESS 418
41.6 DRY ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING 419
41.7 AEROBIC-ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC PROCESS (3A PROCESS) 420 41.8
FERMENTATION CHANNEL PROCESS 421
417
42 SPECIAL PLANT INSTALLATIONS 423
42.1 COMBINED FERMENTATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND BIOWASTE 42.2 BIOWASTE
PLANTS 425
42.3 PURIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER 430
423
PART TEN BIOGAS STORAGE AND PREPARATION 431
43 BIOGASHOLDER 433
43.1 BIOGASHOLDER TYPES 433
43.1.1 LOW-PRESSURE BIOGASHOLDER 435 43.1.1.1 DOUBLE-MEMBRANE
BIOGASHOLDERS 435 43.1.1.2 BIOGAS BAGS 435
43.1.1.3 OTHER LOW-PRESSURE BIOGASHOLDERS 436 43.1.2 MEDIUM- AND
HIGH-PRESSURE BIOGASHOLDERS 43.2 GAS FLARES 437
436
44 GAS PREPARATION 439
44.1 REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE 442
44.1.1 BIOLOGICAL DESULFURIZATION 442 44.1.1.1 IMMOBILIZATION IN THE
BIOREACTOR 445 44.1.2 SULFIDE PRECIPITATION 447
44.1.3 ABSORPTION IN A FERRIC CHELATE SOLUTION 447 44.1.4 ADSORPTION AT
IRON-CONTAINING MASSES 448 44.1.5 ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CHARCOAL 449
44.1.6 CHEMICAL BINDING TO ZINC 450
44.1.7 SURFACTANTS 450
44.1.8 PASSING THE BIOGAS THROUGH AN ALGAE REACTOR OR ADDITION OF SODIUM
ALGINATE 450
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XV
44.1.9 DIRECT OXIDATION 451
44.1.10 COMPRESSED GAS SCRUBBING 451 44.1.11 MOLECULAR SIEVES 453 44.2
REMOVAL OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE 451
44.2.1 GAS CONVERTER 454
44.2.2 ABSORPTION 455
44.2.3 ABSORBENTS BASED ON GLYCOL AND ETHANOLAMINES 457 44.2.4
ADSORPTION WITH PRESSURE SWING TECHNOLOGY 458 44.2.5 ADSORPTION WITH
PRESSURE SWING TECHNOLOGY UNDER VACUUM 459 44.2.6 DIAPHRAGM TECHNOLOGY
460 44.2.7 MINERALIZATION AND BIOMINERALIZATION 463 44.2.8 CRYOGENIC
BIOGAS PURIFICATION 461 44.3 REMOVAL OF OXYGEN 462
44.4 REMOVAL OF WATER 462
44.5 REMOVAL OF AMMONIA 463
44.6 REMOVAL OF SILOXANES 464
45 QUANTITIES OF GAS AND MEASUREMENT OF GAS QUALITY 465
46 LIQUEFACTION OR COMPRESSION OF THE BIOGAS 467 46.1 LIQUEFACTION 467
46.2 COMPRESSION 469
PART ELEVEN BIOGAS UTILIZATION 477
UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS TO GENERATE ELECTRIC POWER AND HEAT 473
47 UTILIZATION OF GAS EXCLUSIVELY TO GENERATE HEAT 475
48 UTILIZATION OF GAS TO GENERATE CURRENT AND HEAT 477 48.1 SUPPLY OF
CURRENT TO THE PUBLIC POWER NETWORK 477 48.1.1 GENERATORS 479
48.1.2 CURRENT-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 479 48.1.3 CONTROL OF THE
SYNCHRONIZATION 480 48.1.4 SWITCHING DEVICES 480
48.1.5 NETWORK FAILURE REGISTRATION 480 48.1.6 SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTION
481 48.1.7 WATTLESS CURRENT COMPENSATION 481
48.2 HEAT 482
48.3 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER GENERATOR (CHP) 483 48.3.1 ENGINES 483
48.3.1.1 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY IN A FOUR-STROKE GAS ENGINE AND A
DIESEL ENGINE 485 48.3.1.2 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY IN A STIRLING
ENGINE 489 48.3.1.3 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY IN A FUEL CELL 491
IMAGE 12
XVI CONTENTS
48.3. 48.3. 1.4 1.5
48.3.2 48.3. 48.3. 48.3. 48.4 48.5
49 49.1
49.2 49.3
50 50.1 50.2 50.3
3 3.1 3.2
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY IN A GAS TURBINE 494 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
IN A MICRO GAS TURBINE 497 CONTROLLING THE CHP 500
EMISSION CONTROL 501 REGULATIONS 502 MEASURES FOR THE REDUCTION OF
EMISSIONS 502 LESSONS LEARNT FROM EXPERIENCE 504
ECONOMY 507
BIOGAS FOR FEEDING INTO THE NATURAL GAS NETWORK 509 BIOGAS FOR FEEDING
INTO THE NATURAL GAS NETWORK IN SWITZERLAND 532
BIOGAS FOR FEEDING INTO THE NATURAL GAS NETWORK IN SWEDEN 513 BIOGAS FOR
FEEDING INTO THE NATURAL GAS NETWORK IN GERMANY 534
BIOGAS AS FUEL FOR VEHICLES 577 REQUIREMENTS ON GAS WHEN USED AS FUEL
517 VEHICLES 517 GASOLINE STATION 518
LITERATURE 527 INDEX 539 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Deublein, Dieter Steinhauser, Angelika |
| author_GND | (DE-588)109616871 (DE-588)13401085X |
| author_facet | Deublein, Dieter Steinhauser, Angelika |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Deublein, Dieter |
| author_variant | d d dd a s as |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036692098 |
| classification_rvk | ZP 3760 ZP 3775 |
| classification_tum | ERG 780f CIT 975f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)686761672 (DE-599)DNB1002408512 |
| dewey-full | 665.776 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 665 - Industrial oils, fats, waxes & gases |
| dewey-raw | 665.776 |
| dewey-search | 665.776 |
| dewey-sort | 3665.776 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Energietechnik Biotechnologie |
| edition | 2., rev. and expanded ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036692098 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T10:47:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527327980 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020610718 |
| oclc_num | 686761672 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-92 DE-83 DE-634 DE-573 DE-Aug4 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-1029 DE-526 |
| owner_facet | DE-92 DE-83 DE-634 DE-573 DE-Aug4 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-1029 DE-526 |
| physical | XXVIII, 550 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Deublein, Dieter Verfasser (DE-588)109616871 aut Biogas from waste and renewable resources an introduction Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser 2., rev. and expanded ed. Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2011 XXVIII, 550 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biogastechnik (DE-588)4145601-4 gnd rswk-swf Biogasgewinnung (DE-588)4145600-2 gnd rswk-swf Bioenergieerzeugung (DE-588)4145597-6 gnd rswk-swf Biogasanlage (DE-588)4006798-1 gnd rswk-swf Biogasanlage (DE-588)4006798-1 s DE-604 Biogasgewinnung (DE-588)4145600-2 s Bioenergieerzeugung (DE-588)4145597-6 s 1\p DE-604 Biogastechnik (DE-588)4145601-4 s 2\p DE-604 Steinhauser, Angelika Verfasser (DE-588)13401085X aut text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3474366&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020610718&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Deublein, Dieter Steinhauser, Angelika Biogas from waste and renewable resources an introduction Biogastechnik (DE-588)4145601-4 gnd Biogasgewinnung (DE-588)4145600-2 gnd Bioenergieerzeugung (DE-588)4145597-6 gnd Biogasanlage (DE-588)4006798-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4145601-4 (DE-588)4145600-2 (DE-588)4145597-6 (DE-588)4006798-1 |
| title | Biogas from waste and renewable resources an introduction |
| title_auth | Biogas from waste and renewable resources an introduction |
| title_exact_search | Biogas from waste and renewable resources an introduction |
| title_full | Biogas from waste and renewable resources an introduction Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser |
| title_fullStr | Biogas from waste and renewable resources an introduction Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biogas from waste and renewable resources an introduction Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser |
| title_short | Biogas from waste and renewable resources |
| title_sort | biogas from waste and renewable resources an introduction |
| title_sub | an introduction |
| topic | Biogastechnik (DE-588)4145601-4 gnd Biogasgewinnung (DE-588)4145600-2 gnd Bioenergieerzeugung (DE-588)4145597-6 gnd Biogasanlage (DE-588)4006798-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biogastechnik Biogasgewinnung Bioenergieerzeugung Biogasanlage |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3474366&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020610718&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT deubleindieter biogasfromwasteandrenewableresourcesanintroduction AT steinhauserangelika biogasfromwasteandrenewableresourcesanintroduction |