Plates vs. plumes: a geological controversy
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Wiley-Blackwell
2010
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XI, 328 S., [10] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781444336795 9781405161480 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plates vs. plumes |b a geological controversy |c Gillian R. Foulger |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Plates versus plumes |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Wiley-Blackwell |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XI, 328 S., [10] Bl. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| adam_text | Titel: Plates vs. plumes
Autor: Foulger, Gillian R.
Jahr: 2010
Contents
Preface, ix
1 From plate tectonics to plumes, and
back again, 1
1.1 Volcanoes, and exceptional
volcanoes, 1
1.2 Early beginnings: Continental drift
and its rejection, 1
1.3 Emergence of the Plume hypothesis, 6
1.4 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis,
11
1.5 Lists of plumes, 13
1.6 Testing plume predictions, 21
1.7 A quick tour of Hawaii and Iceland,
23
1.8 Moving on: Holism and alternatives,
26
1.9 The Plate hypothesis, 26
1.10 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis,
35
1.11 Testing the Plate hypothesis, 35
1.12 Revisiting Hawaii and Iceland, 36
1.13 Questions and problems, 37
1.14 Exercises for the student, 37
2 Vertical motions, 38
2.1 Introduction, 38
2.2 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis,
39
2.3 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis, 40
2.4 Comparison of the predictions of the
Plume and Plate hypotheses, 43
2.5 Observations, 43
2.5.1 Classifying melting anomalies,
43
2.5.2 Volcanic chains with initial
flood basalts, 44
2.5.3 Volcanic chains without
initial flood basalts, 52
2.5.4 Active flood basalt provinces
lacking volcanic chains,
56
2.5.5 Extinct flood basalt provinces
lacking volcanic chains, 64
2.5.6 Vertical motions without flood
basalt magmatism, 70
2.6 Plume variants, 73
2.7 Discussion, 74
2.8 Exercises for the student, 76
Volcanism, 78
3.1 Introduction, 78
3.1.1 Flood basalts and oceanic
plateaus, 80
3.1.2 Normal or anomalous?, 84
3.2 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis,
84
3.3 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis,
86
3.4 Comparison of the predictions of the
Plate and Plume hypotheses, 91
3.5 Observations, 92
3.5.1 Classifying melting anomalies,
92
3.5.2 Large-volume, sustained
volcanism, 92
3.5.3 Large-volume, brief volcanism,
104
3.5.4 Small-volume, sustained
volcanism, 109
VI
CONTENTS
3.5.5 Small-volume, brief
volcanism, 111
3.6 Plume variants, 113
3.7 Discussion, 114
3.8 Exercises for the student, 116
4 Time progressions and relative fixity of
melting anomalies, 118
4.1 Introduction, 118
4.2 Methods, 120
4.2.1 Radiometrie dating, 120
4.2.2 Earth s palaeomagnetic and
spin axes, 121
4.2.3 True polar wander, 121
4-3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis,
122
4-4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis,
122
4-5 Observations, 123
4.5.1 Melting anomalies without
tracks, 123
4.5.2 Short-lived melting anomalies,
125
4.5.3 Melting anomalies with long
chains that are not time-
progressive, 125
4-5.4 Melting anomalies with
king, time-progressive tracks,
127
4.6 Hotspot reference frames, 134
4.7 Plume variants, 137
4.7.1 Mantle wind , 137
4-7-2 Other variants, 140
4.8 Discussion, 140
4.9 Exerciser for the student, 141
5 Seismology, 143
5.1 Introduction, 143
5.1.2 Seismology is not a
thermometer, 147
5.2 Seismological techniques, 148
5.2.1 Explosion seismology, 148
5.2.2 Tomography, 149
5.2. î Teleseismie tomography 150
5.2.4 Whole-manrle tomography,
151
5.2.5 Presenting tomography results,
151
5.2.6 Receiver functions, 152
5.2.7 Shear-wave splitting, 153
5.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis,
153
5.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis,
154
5.5 Observations, 155
5.5.1 Well-studied melting
anomalies on extensive land
masses, 156
5.5.2 Less well-studied melting
anomalies in remote regions,
169
5.5.3 Structure beneath extinct
melting anomalies, and
elsewhere, 176
5.6 Global observations, 179
5.6.1 Whole-mantle tomography,
179
5.6.2 Global variations in the
transition zone, 182
5.6.3 The core-mantle boundary
183
5.7 Plume variants, 184
5.8 Discussion, 185
5.9 Exercises for the student, 188
6 Temperature and heat, 189
6.1 Introduction, 189
6.1.1 Surface heat loss, 190
6.1.2 Subsurface temperature
profiles, 191
6.1.3 Where is the melt. , 193
6.1.4 Temperature and heat, 194
6.2 Methods, 195
6.2.1 Seismology, 195
6.2.2 Petrological and geochemical
methods, 196
6.2.3 Ocean floor bathymetry, 201
6.2.4 Heat flow, 202
6.2.5 Heat loss from intrusions and
eruptives, 203
6.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis,
203
CONTENTS
VII
6.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis,
205
6.5 Observations, 206
6.5.1 Mid-ocean ridges, 206
6.5.2 The North Atlantic Igneous
Province, 209
6.5.3 Hawaii, 214
6.5.4 Oceanic plateaus, 216
6.5.5 Swells, 219
6.6 Variants of the Plume hypothesis, 222
6.7 Discussion, 223
6.8 Exercises for the student, 225
7 Petrology and geochemistry, 227
7.1 Introduction, 227
7.2 Some basics, 230
7.2.1 Tholeiite and alkali basalts,
230
7.2.2 Mantle composition and
heterogeneity, 230
7.2.3 From melt to source rocks,
233
7.2.4 Trace elements and rare-earth
elements, 234
7.2.5 Radiogenic isotope ratios,
235
7.2.6 The mantle zoo, 239
7.2.7 MORB, OIB, tholeiites and
alkali basalt, 240
7.3 Predictions of the Plume hypothesis,
245
7.4 Predictions of the Plate hypothesis,
246
7.5 Proposed deep-mantle- and core-
mantle-boundary tracers, 246
7.5.1 Helium (He) isotope ratios,
246
7.5.2 Neon (Ne) isotope ratios,
251
7.5.3 The Rhenium-Osmium (Re-
Os), Platinum-Osmium
(Pt-Os) and Hafnium-
Tungsten (Hf-W) isotope
systems, 251
7.6 A few highlights from melting
anomalies, 252
7.6.1 Iceland and Greenland, 252
7.6.2 The Emperor and Hawaiin
chains, 256
7.6.3 Flood basalts, 258
7.6.4 Back-arc regions, 260
7.7 Plume variants, 261
7.8 Discussion, 263
7.9 Exercises for the student, 265
8 Synthesis, 267
8.1 Introduction, 267
8.1.1 In the beginning, 267
8.1.2 The rise and fall of plumes,
268
8.1.3 The ins and outs: Volume, 269
8.1.4 The when and where, 270
8.1.5 Redium and blueium, 272
8.1.6 Are hot spots hot?, 273
8.1.7 Chemical messengers, 274
8.2 Mantle convection, 275
8.3 An unfalsifiable hypothesis, 277
8.3.1 Building on sand, 282
8.4 Diversity: a smoking gun, 284
8.5 The need for joined-up science, 284
8.6 The future, 286
8.7 Exercises for the student, 287
References, 288
Index, 319
Colour plate section (starting after page 180)
Since the advent of the mantle plume hypothesis in
1971,
scientists have been faced with the
problem that its predictions are not confirmed by observation. For thirty years, the usual reaction has
been to adapt the hypothesis in numerous ways. As a result, the multitude of current plume variants
now amounts to an unfalsifiable hypothesis.
In the early 21st century demand became relentless for a theory that can explain melting anomalies
in a way that fits the observations naturally and is forward-predictive. From this the Plate hypothesis
emerged-the exact inverse of the Plume hypothesis. The Plate hypothesis attributes melting anomalies
to shallow effects directly related to plate tectonics. It rejects the hypothesis that surface volcanism is
driven by convection in the deep mantle.
Earth Science is currently in the midst of the kind of paradigm-challenging debate that
occurs only rarely in any field. This volume comprises its first handbook. It reviews the Plate and
Plume hypotheses, including a clear statement of the former. Thereafter it follows an observational
approach, drawing widely from many volcanic regions in chapters on vertical motions of Earth s
crust, magma volumes, time-progressions of volcanism, seismic imaging, mantle temperature and
geochemistry.
This book will be indispensable to Earth scientists from all specialties who are interested in this new
subject. It will be suitable as a reference work for those teaching relevant classes, and an ideal text
for advanced undergraduates and graduate students studying plate tectonics and related topics.
|
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| spelling | Foulger, Gillian R. Verfasser aut Plates vs. plumes a geological controversy Gillian R. Foulger Plates versus plumes 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Wiley-Blackwell 2010 XI, 328 S., [10] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Mantle plumes Plate tectonics Manteldiapir (DE-588)4345278-4 gnd rswk-swf Plattentektonik (DE-588)4046317-5 gnd rswk-swf Plattentektonik (DE-588)4046317-5 s Manteldiapir (DE-588)4345278-4 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020575637&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020575637&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Foulger, Gillian R. Plates vs. plumes a geological controversy Mantle plumes Plate tectonics Manteldiapir (DE-588)4345278-4 gnd Plattentektonik (DE-588)4046317-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4345278-4 (DE-588)4046317-5 |
| title | Plates vs. plumes a geological controversy |
| title_alt | Plates versus plumes |
| title_auth | Plates vs. plumes a geological controversy |
| title_exact_search | Plates vs. plumes a geological controversy |
| title_full | Plates vs. plumes a geological controversy Gillian R. Foulger |
| title_fullStr | Plates vs. plumes a geological controversy Gillian R. Foulger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plates vs. plumes a geological controversy Gillian R. Foulger |
| title_short | Plates vs. plumes |
| title_sort | plates vs plumes a geological controversy |
| title_sub | a geological controversy |
| topic | Mantle plumes Plate tectonics Manteldiapir (DE-588)4345278-4 gnd Plattentektonik (DE-588)4046317-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mantle plumes Plate tectonics Manteldiapir Plattentektonik |
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