RFID systems: research trends and challenges
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chichester
Wiley
2010
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes index. |
| Physical Description: | XX, 552 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470746028 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804143260274262016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: RFID systems
Autor: Bolić, Miodrag
Jahr: 2010
Contents
About the Editors xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Part I COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE
METRICS
1 Performance of Passive UHF RFID Systems in Practice 3
Miodrag Bolic, Akshay Athalye, and Tzu Hao Li
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Overview 3
1.1.2 Background 4
1.2 Ideal RFID System 5
1.3 Practical RFID Systems 7
1.3.1 Complexity of RFID Systems 7
1.3.2 Single Reader, Single Tag 1
1.3.3 Single Reader, Multiple Tags 12
1.3.4 Multiple Readers, Single or Multiple Tags 15
1.3.5 Mobile Readers and/or Mobile Tags 16
1.3.6 Large Deployments Including Many Readers and Tags 17
1.3.7 Other Desired Features of Practical RFID Systems 18
1.4 Overview of the Book 19
1.5 Conclusion 21
References 21
2 Performance Metrics and Operational Parameters of RFID Systems 23
Raj Bridelcdl and Abhiman Hande
2.1 Overview 23
2.2 Key Operational Parameters 24
2.2.1 Operating Distance 26
2.2.2 System Throughput 32
2.2.3 Localization 39
2.2.4 Impact of Materials 43
2.2.5 Other Factors Considered 44
viii Contents
2.3 Classification of Commercially Available Products 47
2.3.1 Near-Field Coupled Systems 48
2.3.2 Far-Field Propagating Systems 50
2.3.3 Ultra Wide-Band 51
2.3.4 Passive Solutions 52
2.3.5 Semi-Passive Architectures 52
2.3.6 Far-Field Solutions 53
2.3.7 Near-Field Solutions 53
2.3.8 Active Architectures 53
2.4 Conclusion 54
Problems 55
References 55
3 UHF RFID Antennas 57
Daniel Deavours
3.1 Dipoles and Relatives 58
3.1.1 Dipole 59
3.7.2 Radiation 60
3.7.3 Impedance and Bandwidth 61
3.7.4 Radiating Resistance 65
3.7.5 Polarization bl
3.2 T-Match and Relatives 69
3.2.7 The Classic T-Match 69
3.2.2 The Modified T-Match 71
3.3 Putting it Together: Building an RFID Tag 74
3.4 The Environment 81
3.4.7 Dielectric Constant 81
3.4.2 Dielectric Loss 83
3.4.3 Metals 84
3.4.4 Propagation 86
3.4.5 Practical Steps to Overcome Environmental
Challenges 87
3.5 Conclusions, Trends, and Challenges 97
References 98
4 RFID Tag Chip Design 99
Na Yan, Wenyi Che, Yuqing Yang, and Qiang Li
4.1 Tag Architecture Systems 99
4.7.7 Tag Architecture 99
4.7.2 Design of High Efficiency Frontend Circuits 100
4.2 Memory in Standard CMOS Processes 109
4.2.1 Why Have a Standard CMOS eNVM? 109
4.2.2 Basic Cell Structures and Operation Mechanisms 110
4.2.3 Memory Architecture and Peripheral Circuits 113
4.2.4 Future Challenges 115
4.3 Baseband of RFID Tag 115
Contents jx
4.3.1 Introduction 115
4.3.2 Low Power Baseband Design 116
4.3.3 Clock Rate 117
4.3.4 Clock-Related Low-Power Techniques 119
4.3.5 Sub-Threshold Digital Circuit 121
4.3.6 Adiabatic Circuit 121
4.4 RFID Tag Performance Optimization 122
4.4.7 Low Power 123
4.4.2 Low Cost 123
4.5 Conclusion 125
Problems 125
References 126
5 Design of Passive Tag RFID Readers 129
Scott Chiu
5.1 Overview 129
5.2 Basics of Passive RFID Operation 130
5.2.1 An Introduction to ISO 18000-6C Air Interface 131
5.2.2 Tag Singulation and Access 134
5.3 Passive RFID Reader Designs 136
5. J. 7 RFID Reader Read Range and Transmitted Power 137
5.3.2 RFID Reader Implementation 139
5.4 Advanced Topics on RFID Reader Design 146
5.4.7 Integrated Transceiver 146
5.4.2 Cancellation of Transmitted Carrier Leakage 147
5.4.3 Dense Reader Operations 148
5.5 Conclusion 150
Problems 151
References 151
6 RFID Middleware: Concepts and Architecture 155
Nathalie Mitton, Loi c Schmidt, and David Simplot-Ryl
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Overview of an RFID Middleware Architecture 156
6.2.1 The Need for a Middleware 156
6.2.2 Architecture 157
6.3 Readers Management 160
6.3.7 Reader Protocol/Interface 160
6.3.2 Manage and Monitor 162
6.4 Data Management and Application-Level Events ] 64
6.4.1 Data Management and ALE Functionalities 165
6.4.2 Specs and Reports 166
6.4.3 Research Challenges 170
6.5 Store and Share Data 171
6.5.7 EPC Information Services 171
x Contents
6.5.2 Object Naming Service 173
6.5.3 Discovery Services 17 4
6.6 Example 174
6.7 Conclusion 176
Problems 176
References 176
Part II TAG IDENTIFICATION PROTOCOLS
7 Aloha-Based Protocols 181
Kwan-Wu Chin and Dheeraj Klair
7.1 Pure Aloha 182
7.2 Slotted Aloha 184
7.2.7 Pure versus Slotted Aloha Variants 185
7.3 Framed Slotted Aloha 187
7.3.1 Basic 188
7.3.2 Dynamic 189
7.3.3 Enhanced/Hybrid 193
7.4 Conclusion 199
Problems 200
References 201
8 Tree-Based Anti-Collision Protocols for RFID Tags 203
Petar Popovski
8.1 Introduction 203
8.2 Principles of Tree-Based Anti-Collision Protocols 205
8.2.1 System Model 205
8.2.2 Basic Tree Protocols 207
8.2.3 Improvements to the Basic Tree Protocol 209
8.2.4 General Arbitration Framework for Tree-Based
Protocols 210
8.2.5 Numerical Illustration 214
8.3 Tree Protocols in the Existing RFID Specifications 214
8.3.1 Tree Protocol for EPCglobal Class 0 215
8.3.2 Tree Protocol for EPCglobal Class 1 216
8.4 Practical Issues and Transmission Errors 217
8.4.1 Token Generation 111
8.4.2 Transmission Errors 111
8.4.3 Dealing with Moving Tags 211
8.5 Cooperative Readers and Generalized Arbitration Spaces 222
8.5.1 Two-Dimensional Arbitration Space 223
8.5.2 Further Remarks and Multi-Dimensional Arbitration lib
8.6 Conclusion 227
Problems 228
References 228
Contents xj
9 A Comparison of TTF and RTF UHF RFID Protocols 231
Alwyn Hoffman, Johann Holm, and Henri-Jean Marais
9.1 Introduction 231
9.2 Requirements for RFID Protocols 232
9.2.1 Categories of RFID Technology 232
9.2.2 Requirements for Passive UHF RFID 236
9.3 Different Approaches Used in UHF Protocols 238
9.3.1 Deterministic versus Stochastic 239
9.3.2 RTF versus TTF 240
9.4 Description of Stochastic TTF Protocols 241
9.4.1 Supertag 242
9.4.2 IP-X 244
9.4.3 TOTAL 246
9.4.4 Comparison between Different TTF Protocols 248
9.4.5 TTF Performance with Additional Data Pages 253
9.5 Comparison between ISO18000-6C and TTF Protocols 255
9.5.7 Areas of Comparison 255
9.5.2 The Impact of Progress on Technology 258
9.5.3 A Comparison between RTF and TTF for Fast Moving Tags 261
9.6 Conclusion 265
Problems 266
References 267
Part III READER INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKING
10 Integrating RFID Readers in Enterprise IT 271
Christian Floerkemeier and Sanjay Sarma
10.1 Related Work 272
10.2 RFID System Services 272
10.3 Reader Capabilities 277
10.4 RFID System Architecture Taxonomy 278
10.5 EPCglobal Standards 280
10.5.1 Discovery, Configuration and Initialization (DCI) and Reader
Management (RM) 282
10.5.2 Low Level Reader Protocol (LLRP) 282
10.5.3 Reader Protocol (RP) 284
10.5.4 Application Level Event (ALE) 285
70.5.5 EPC Information Service (EPCIS) 289
70.5.6 Tag Data Translation Specification (TDT) 290
10.6 Adoption of High-Level Reader Protocols 290
10.7 Potential Future Standardization Activities 292
10.8 Conclusion 293
Problems 294
References 294
ii Contents
11 Reducing Interference in RFID Reader Networks 297
Sunn Won Kim and Gyancndra Prasad Joshi
11.1 Introduction 297
1 1.2 Interference Problem in RFID Reader Networks 298
11.3 Access Mechanism. Regulations. Standards and Algorithms 300
11.3.1 Regulation* 301
11.3.2 Standards 302
J 1.3.3 Reader Anti-Collision Algorithms 303
1 1.4 Comparison 314
11.5 Conclusion 316
Problems 317
References 31 7
12 Optimal Tag Coverage and Tag Report Elimination 321
Bogdan Carhunar. Murali Krishna Ranumatlum. Mchmct Koyuturk.
Suresh Jagannathan. and Ananth Grama
12.1 Introduction 321
12.2 Overview of RFID Systems 324
12.3 Tree Walking: An Algorithm for Detecting Tags in the Presence
of Collisions 326
12.4 Reader Collision Avoidance 326
12.4.1 Implementation 327
12.5 Coverage Redundancy in RFID Systems: Comparison
with Sensor Networks 328
12.6 Network Model 330
12.7 Optimal Tag Coverage and Tag Reporting 331
12.7.1 Problem Definition 331
12.7.2 Problem Complexity 332
12.8 Redundant Reader Elimination Algorithms: A Centralized Heuristic 334
12.8.1 Analysis 335
12.9 RRE: A Distributed Solution 335
12.9.1 RRE 336
/2.9.2 RRE-HC 338
12.9.3 Analysis 338
12.9.4 Dependency on RCA 339
12.10 Adapting to Topological Changes 340
12.10.1 Tag Count Resetting 341
12.11 The Layered Elimination Optimization (LEO) 342
12.1 I.I Implementation 342
12.11.2 Analysis 343
12.12 Related Work 343
12.12.1 Coverage Problems in WSNs 343
72.72.2 Collisions in RFID Systems 344
12.13 Conclusion 344
Problems 345
References 345
Contents xiii
13 Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Mobile RFID Networks: Challenges
and Opportunities 349
Hongyi Wu and Zhipeng Yang
13.1 Motivation 349
13.2 Overview of FINDERS 350
13.3 General Feasibility Study 351
13.4 Unique Challenges and Tactics 355
13.5 Related Work 358
13.6 Conclusion 359
Problems 359
References 360
Part IV ADDRESSING OTHER CHALLENGES IN RFID SYSTEMS
14 Improving Read Ranges and Read Rates for Passive
RFID Systems 365
Zhiguang Fan. Fazhong Shen, Jianhua Shen, and Lixin Ran
14.1 Introduction 365
14.2 Signal Descriptions and Formulations for Passive Backscatter
RFID Systems 366
14.2.1 Signal Descriptions 367
14.2.2 SNR and Read Range Formulation 369
14.3 Improving the Read Range of a Passive RFID System 374
14.4 Improving the Read Rate of a Passive RFID System 379
14.5 Two Design Examples for RFID System 381
14.6 Conclusion 386
Problems 386
References 387
15 Principles and Techniques of RFID Positioning 389
Yimin Zhang, Xin Li, and Moeness Amin
15.1 Introduction 389
15.2 Tag Range Estimation Techniques 392
75.2.7 RSS-Based Techniques 392
75.2.2 Phase-Based Techniques 394
15.2.3 Time-Based Techniques 396
15.3 DOA Estimation Techniques 397
15.3.1 Directional Antenna 398
15.3.2 Phased Array 398
15.3.3 Smart Antenna 398
15.4 RFID Positioning Techniques 399
15.4.1 Trilateration/Multilateration 399
75.4.2 Triangulation 401
15.4.3 Hybrid Direction/Range Methods 403
15.4.4 Radio Map Matching Methods 405
xiv Contents
15.4.5 Proximity 408
15.5 Improving Positioning Accuracy 409
15.6 Conclusion 411
Problems 411
References 412
16 Towards Secure and Privacy-Enhanced RFID Systems 417
Heiko Knospe and Kerstin Lemke-Rust
16.1 Introduction 417
16.2 Security and Privacy 417
16.3 Classification of RFID Systems 418
16.4 Attacks on RFID Systems and Appropriate Countermeasures 420
16.4.1 Eavesdropping of Messages 421
16.4.2 Denial-of-Service All
16.4.3 Manipulation of Messages 423
16.4.4 Generation of Messages 423
16.4.5 Relay of Messages 423
16.4.6 Tracking and Hotlisting 424
16.4.7 Cloning of Transponders 425
16.4.8 Cryptanalytic Attacks 425
16.4.9 Physical Implementation Attacks ATI
16.5 Lightweight Cryptography for RFID 431
16.5.1 Random Number Generators 431
16.5.2 Block Ciphers 434
16.5.3 Stream Ciphers 437
76.5.4 Hash Functions 439
76.5.5 Public-Key Cryptography 440
16.6 Conclusion 443
Problems 443
References 444
17 Cryptographic Approaches for Improving Security and Privacy
Issues of RFID Systems 447
Miyako Ohkubo, Koutarou Suzuki, and Shingo Kinoshita
17.1 Introduction 448
17.2 Threats against the RFID System 449
17.2.1 Passive Reading Attack 450
77.2.2 Active Reading Attack 450
77.2.5 Rewriting Attack 451
77.2.4 Cloning Attack 451
77.2.5 Destruction/DoS Attack 451
17.2.6 Scanning/Tracking Attack 452
77.2.7 Side-Channel Attack 452
17.2.8 Attack against Overall System Security 452
17.3 Required Properties 452
7 7. J. 7 Identification 453
Contents xv
17.3.2 Authentication 453
17.3.3 Privacy 454
17.3.4 Indistinguishability 455
17.3.5 Forward Security 455
17.3.6 Delegation and Restriction 456
17.3.7 Proof of Existence 456
17.3.8 Distance Bounding 457
17.3.9 Synchronization 45 7
17.4 Cryptographic Protocols for Identification with Privacy 457
17.5 Cryptographic Protocols for Authentication without Privacy 459
17.6 Cryptographic Protocols for Privacy and Other Requirements 460
77.6.7 Approaches with Hash Functions 460
17.6.2 Approaches for Forward Security with Hash Chain 461
17.6.3 Approaches with Binary Tree 462
17.6.4 Approaches with Block Ciphers 462
77.6.5 Approaches with Lightweight Methods 462
17.6.6 Approaches with Public-Key Methods 463
17.6.7 Approaches for Proof of Existences 463
17.6.8 Mutual Authentication 463
17.6.9 Approaches without Cryptography 464
17.7 Implementation 464
17.8 Real Systems and Attacks 466
77.5.7 e-Passport Abb
17.8.2 MiFare Card 466
17.8.3 KeeLoq 467
17.8.4 Approach to Strengthen EPC 467
17.9 Conclusion 468
Problems 468
References 468
18 Novel RFID Technologies: Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered
Autonomous RFID Systems 473
Raj Bridelall and Abhiman Hande
18.1 Introduction 473
18.2 Novel Low Power Architectures 475
18.2.1 Dual-Active Standards 475
7 2.2 Micro-Wireless RFID 476
18.2.3 Semi-Active 477
18.3 Energy Harvesting Optimized for RFID 478
18.3.1 Solar Cells 480
18.3.2 Thermoelectric Transducers 482
18.3.3 Vibration Energy Scavenging Solutions 483
18.4 Future Trends in Energy Harvesting 488
18.4.1 Thin-Film MEMS Piezoelectric Cantilevers 489
18.4.2 Integrated Power Management with Load Balancing 491
18.5 Conclusion 493
xvi Contents
Problems 493
References 493
19 Simulators and Emulators for Different Abstraction Layers
of UHF RFID Systems 497
Christian Steger, Alex Janek, Reinhold Weiji, Vojtech Derbek,
Manfred Jantscher, Josef Preishuber-Pfluegl, and Markus Pistauer
19.1 Introduction 497
79.7.7 Motivation 497
19.1.2 Goal of the Simulation/Emulation Platform 498
19.1.3 Model-Based Design and Verification of UHF RFID Systems 499
19.1.4 Higher Class RFID Tags and Energy Harvesting Devices 500
19.1.5 Basics on Conformance, Performance and
Interoperability Testing 502
19.2 The Simulation/Emulation Platforms 505
79.2.7 Layers of the Modeling and Verification Framework 506
19.2.2 Implementation Languages 509
19.3 UHF RFID Simulation Platform 511
19.3.1 Multi-Layer Optimization 512
19.3.2 Modeling and Simulation Techniques 514
19.3.3 Model for the Simulation of the UHF RFID System 520
19.3.4 Use Case: UHF RFID Systems 520
79J.5 RFID Application and System Design Kit+Library® 524
19.4 Real-Time HIL-Verification and Emulation Platform 525
19.4.1 Timing Analysis 526
19.4.2 Use Case: Multi UHF Tag Emulator 528
19.4.3 RFID Tag Emulator® 530
19.5 Higher Class Tag Architecture Based on Energy Harvesting 531
19.5.1 Proposed Mapping of Functional Blocks to Tag
ASIC Architecture 531
19.5.2 Cosimulation for Functional Verification: The Partitioning
of the UHF RFID System Simulation Model 532
79.5.3 Two-Level Simulation Method for Verification and Improvements
Evaluation 535
19.5.4 Use Case Logistics: A Container Transport 536
19.6 Conclusion 539
Problems 539
References 540
Index 543
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| spelling | RFID systems research trends and challenges ed. by Miodrag Bolić ... Chichester Wiley 2010 XX, 552 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes index. Radio frequency identification systems RFID (DE-588)4509863-3 gnd rswk-swf RFID (DE-588)4509863-3 s DE-604 Bolić, Miodrag Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020566362&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | RFID systems research trends and challenges Radio frequency identification systems RFID (DE-588)4509863-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4509863-3 |
| title | RFID systems research trends and challenges |
| title_auth | RFID systems research trends and challenges |
| title_exact_search | RFID systems research trends and challenges |
| title_full | RFID systems research trends and challenges ed. by Miodrag Bolić ... |
| title_fullStr | RFID systems research trends and challenges ed. by Miodrag Bolić ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | RFID systems research trends and challenges ed. by Miodrag Bolić ... |
| title_short | RFID systems |
| title_sort | rfid systems research trends and challenges |
| title_sub | research trends and challenges |
| topic | Radio frequency identification systems RFID (DE-588)4509863-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Radio frequency identification systems RFID |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020566362&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bolicmiodrag rfidsystemsresearchtrendsandchallenges |