Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine: (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Russian |
| Published: |
Poltava
"Poltavsʹkyj Literator"
2008
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 75 Seiten, 3 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9789661920049 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Каравайко Д.В., Скорый С.А., Приймак В.В, Селитроварение на Полтавщине.
SUMMARY
In this work the question of studing of one of major cossack days production —
saltpetermaking֊ is considered. Saltpetre was the major component of smoky gunpowder
(75% of its weight). The extraction of the last had the special importance in economic
life of some regions of Ukraine and Poltava region in particular.
Being a strategic production, saltpetermaking in different historical periods became
the government monopoly ofRzec Pospolita, HeUmanshchyna, Russian empire.
In the work writing evidences and information of the newest archaeological
excavations are used and accessible.
In the process of researches three saltpetremaking stoves and a working ground
were exposed on the Western fortification of Bifsk ancient settlement in 2005-2006
(drawing 10).
The stoves are disposed in line north-south, practically adjoining one to other.
They are near enough structurally. All three are intagliated in a mainland soil. In a
plan it had the rounded form, diameter of the overhead part is on the average 3,4x3,6 m.
The jaws are turned to the east, towards working ground. The strongly burnt walls were
saved on a height of 1,6-1,7 m. In the cut stoves had a trapeziumable form with rounded
walls which poorly narrowed up to the top. The wall of the stove consisted of clays of two
rocks. The basis was made by low temperature clays and loams of local origin, on which
inflicted a skim of clays higher temperature (Shevchenko, 2007, pp.79-82).
A hard floor, coated with that high temperature clays, had the rounded form,
diameter is from 2,4 m in the North stove, to 1,44x1,47 m - in the Central. Relatively
wide jaws (on the average 1 m) fluently rose towards the working ground.
An area of the described stoves together with a working ground concisted 123 sq.m.
A ground fluently goes down easterly westward, in direction of stoves. Easterly, in the
center, an entrance was traced, as three subrectangular unequalsteps. Probably, the
entrance was in south part of foundation pit, where a small threshole was found.
A small economic stove is cleared in the north side of foundation pit (drawing 18). A
height of stove is 0,86 m; in a plan it has rectangular form (1,6x1,2-1,65 m). Structurally
70
Summary.
the stove had two chambers. The low one, in a to 0,5 m high, was fi lied by a sandy loam
with coal and pieces of burnt clay. Vault and simultaneously cherin (an inside stove)
of the overhead chamber was supported by two posts, fossulas from which (diameter
0,1m) are found near the entrance. This chamber targeted at economic necessities (an
understove ?). Overhead chamber (heating) to 0,35 m high, consisted of two separations.
The bigger one (1,30x0,35 m) had the strongly burnt walls.The tracks of the burnt tree
are traced at the cherin level. Smaller one(0,4x0,35 m) didn’t have tracks of charring. Its
wall was coated with a white matter, similar to that used for pave. The top of heating was
well saved, as the burned layer of clay there is 5-7 sm in thick. To all appearances, this
ceiling was a cherin actually stove which was not saved. The basic function of this stove
was meal preparation. Its construction reminds the so-called russian stove.
Easterly from this stove there was an economic niche of subsquare form. A depth is
0,6 m, sizes of 1,7x1,65 m, a depth from the level of daily surface is 1,03 m.The stove and
niche were simultaneous, as well as two stoves -Central and South.
The ground for evaporation of saltpetre undertook from the billow of site of
ancient settlement, for building of which a cultural layer was used. As a result of this
circumstance on territory of working ground quite a bit things of scythian days were
found, specifically the modelling tableware of 7-5 centuries B.C. The finds of late
Middle Ages are non-numerical. These are fragments of ceramics - crown and wall of
tableware of grey color and glazed 16-18 cc. (Makhortykh, Rolle-Herz, Skoryi, Hertz,
Karavayko 2007, drawing 28), two massive ferrous knives with the direct back (drawing
21, 1-2) analogical to wares from Tushynskyi camp and Belgorod (Nikitin, 1971, n.
41, drawing 5, 1-3), two ferrous horseshoes for knee-boots (drawing21, 3-4), and also
a silver Polish coin of king Sigismund III Vaza (1587-1632), which, was unfortunately
found in the ploughed epiphase.
Researching the area which was taken under a platform for a future gasser (located
on north-north-east from the complex of stoVes) (den .7, 26), the row of buildings was
also dug out, presumably, it is followed to bind to activity of saltpetre-makers.
Building 1 discovered during stripping at the level of pre-mainland, as a spot of the
grey. Soil saturated an ash. It had sizes a 1,8x0,8-1,1 m. Spot mainly consisted of grey
ash-colored soil with the small pieces (to 2-3 sm) of burnt clays and fragments of late
medieval ceramics. From the western edge of the pit wall, along its long a landmark, the
fragments of burnt clays formed a layer in thick to 2-3 sm. Pit is admitted in mainland
clay for 0,2 m (drawing 28-29). After the ash-colored filling was picked out, in the
middle of its depth (0,2 m), the layer of destruction of vault of stove ‘ 1, that consisted of
shallow burnt clays was found out. Here, nearer to jaws, the fragment of lightclay tile is
found with a vegetable decorative pattern (drawing 30).
Pre-stove pit by maximal sizes of 2,0 m on a 1,4 m, subrectangular form, rounded
edges and direct walls which fluently became round to the bottom. A floor is flat, with
insignificant, to 0,07 m, lowering in the middle of pit. The pit depth makes a 0,42 m in
a centre, 0,35-0,38 m in corners. Character of filling is traced in the type of pit: the soil
7/
KapaBattKo jl.B., Ckopmh C.A., IIpHHMaK B.B, Cenumpoeapenue hq IIojimaemuHe.
saturated an ash alternated with the layers of ash and burnt clays.The pit edges had clay
races.
In south part of pit were found out tailings of stove cherin as a layer of the overtired
clay, which power grew from 2-3 sm (jaws) to 5-7 sm (near walls).The stove sizes are
0,6-0,7 nr on a 1,0 m. It had subrectangular form, with expansion to the left from jaws.
That a stove was anew erected repeatedly, by the choice of pit which it bedded in, the
location of jaws testifies on a race which was succeeded in pit on a 0,2 m. As it has been
told already, in a layer destruction of vault found out fragment of tile, where he could be
embedded (faceup). The walls of stove went for 0,15-0,21 m. In the east nook of stove
the jaw of cow or horse was found.
In the western pit wall, athwart to the first stoves, in the distance of 0,6 m, the
second stove was found ,which also had subrectangular form, but with stronger rounding
edges. The stove cherin was opened on a depth of 0,15 m. The stove sizes are 0,85 m
on a 0,65 m, the power of cherin is from, 2 to 5 sm. At the level of stripping of the pre-
stove pit the fragment of lightclay bottom and fragment of a crown of the profiled late
medieval pot is fixed.
Analogical complexes each of which had one stove are also orientated in meridional,
with a rejection to east, direction, were in 60 m to east and 90 m tosouth-east.
Building 2. It was discovered at the level of mainland as a spot subrectangular, with
the washed out outlines, forms. Selected darkly grey spot of ash-colored soil of the pre-
stove pit, by sizes 1,65 m on a 1,15 m, and also spot of burnt clays, 1 m on a 0,4-0,6 m.
In the process picking out was exposed the pre-stove pit of oval form, by a size of 1,7 m
on a 1,25 m, in 0,52 m depth in a center and some less depth to the edges. A floor is flat,
slightly deepens to the centre. Filling of pit consisted of darkly grey ash-colored soil,
with disseminations of single pieces of charcoal. As well as in previous excavation, the
layer of burnt clays was fixed on the middle of the cut of pit and in the north edge of pit
a weak mainland race. The pre-stove pit is deep in pre-mainland and mainland.
In south part pits bedded tailings of stove from the baked clay of red and grey colors,
by sizes 0,9 m on a 0,7 m.The power of cherin did not exceed 2-4 sm. He was built on
darkly grey soil. This soil below cherin was not baked. Pit, deepening on 0,26-0,3 m,
was below fixed, it repeats the sizes of the stove. Its sizes are 0,7-0,9 m in length, 0,6-
0,95 m in a width, with expansion to the left from jaws, as in overhead pit and building 1
(stove 1) (drawing 32). From the layer of stripping of the pre-stove pit there is a miniature
fragment of late medieval crown, from the pre-stove pit -lightclay bottom.
Building 3. Discovered at the level of pre-mainland. Spot by sizes 2,8 m on a 0,8 m
selected on a background a pre-mainland the ashy filling and spot of the stove cherin.
In the excavation openly the pre-stove pit of subrectangular form, with rounding edges.
Sizes ot pit are 1,7 m on a 1,25 m for central axles, depth to 0,2 m. The floor is flat,
the north-western part has the insignificant on 0,12-0,15 m of lowering. The pit filling
consisted of darkly grey ash-colored soil in which there was often a charcoal, there is a
layer of race on a bottom.
72
Summary.
In north part of pit the stove cherin was found , arranged at the level of mainland.
The stove sizes are 1,1 m on a 0,4-0,8 m, the cherin power is to 4-5 sin. Walls were saved
on an insignificant height, to 3-4 sm. There is no finds.
The supposition in relation to the location of the first Bil’sk formstead on Bils’k
lake birch has been already lighted up in literature. I.M.Kulatova dated materials of
settlement of 17-20 cc. here (Kulatova, 1996. - P.130).Late medieval materials are on
territory of Bil’sk (Kulatova, 1996. - P. 127-129). However, as a similar stove is dug
out in the complex of saltpeter-making stoves in 2005-2006 by the Ukrainian-German
expedition, and also having regard to the location of newfound stoves from other,
concerning Bil’sk, to the mound Lithuanian-Polish days, advantage gives oneself up
so far interpretation of the newfound sight as camp of saltpeter-makers. It is followed
to pay regard to circumstance that the East strengthening of Bil’sk ancient settlement,
located from other side of mound Lithuanian-Polish days, did not test destructions a
saltpetremaking production. The opened stoves are followed to interpret as a bearing-
out, economic, called to serve saltpeter-makers , which worked scarcely in cold time of
a year.
Writing sources saved such information about saltpctrcmaking in Bil sk ancient
settlement: «In April 1623 Putyvl’ point-of-sale people Yuriy Shuleshkin and Hryhoriy
Pushkaryov gave a report about the illegal saltpetremaking in Putivl’skomu of district:
Beyond Vorskla on Ryabynka-river jew Yakutna made saltpetre, on Okhtir-river a jew
from Bila Tserkva Pidkova, on Husintka ֊ a jew Abraham. Jewrs also made saltpetre
in Bil’sk ancient settlement and in other places of Putivl district)); «...in April 1623 in
Bil’sk ancient settlement beyond Vorskla jews made saltpetre in 15 square boilers, for
3-4 per square» (Kulakovskiy, 2006. - P.311, 360).
As a rule, middle saltpeter boilers on 2 ֊ 5 caldrons served from a few ten to the
almost hundred workers.They built dwellings, buildings of the industrial setting and the
special stoves for boilers. Judging by their constructions, it is possible to talk about their
temporal, different from ordinary dwelling-houses (houses), character.
Thus, the conducted research rotined perspective of complex study of late medieval
antiquities, wh ich leans agai nst the comprehensive analysis ofwriti ng and archaeological
sources. Archaeological information, through the inherent objectivity, it is allowed to
complement, and sometimes to revise our presentations from the row of questions.
Bright and model there are materials of archaeological researches of the described
complexes in this sense. So, in particular, coinciding of details of bearing-out stoves
was marked from the camp of saltpeter-makers, investigational the Historical-cultural
reserve «Bil’sk», and stoves for preparation-bf meal near a saltpetremaking complex,
dug out the Ukrainian-German expedition. They differed from stoves, peculiar for
stationary dwellings, that and allowed to interpret them as seasonal buildings. In writing
sources the substantial differences of temporal dwellings (huts of branches) are fixed
from stationary houses.
Besides, there were the found tailings of lime on a working ground, that is why
became clear that the technology of saltpetremaking applied in this case carries the
73
KapaBaHKoJ.B,, Ckopmh C.A., flpHHMaK B.B. Cejiumpoeapenue na flojimasujUHe.
protracted character, as writing sources testify. From the context of the last clear,
that more rapid methods of booty of saltpetre were (as for the temporal quick visits of
saltpeter-makers on territory of the Moscow state, soldiery collisions related to the risk,
of long duration technology of production of saltpetre scarcely could be used).
An utilitarian value has this research. With creation of HCR «BiFsk» there is
intention to do the object of excursions, accessible for a visit, the laid-up complex
of saltpetremaking stoves (presently itis covered tape and covered with ground).
Development of project of this building, undoubtedly, will be carried out, leaning on
this research.
74
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Предисловие.............................................5
Введение................................................7
Глава 1. О селитре и селитроварен и и...................9
Глава 2. Майданы.......................................16
Глава 3. Комплекс печей на Западном укреплении
Бельского городища................................28
Глава 4. Лагерь селитроваров на территории
Бельского археологического комплекса..............48
Заключение............................................. 59
Литература.............................................61
Список сокращений......................................64
Резюме.................................................65
Summary................................................70
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Karavajko, Dmitrij Vladimirovič Skoryj, Serhij Anatolijovyč 1949- Pryjmak, Viktor Volodymyrovič |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103350195 (DE-588)1222719061 |
| author_facet | Karavajko, Dmitrij Vladimirovič Skoryj, Serhij Anatolijovyč 1949- Pryjmak, Viktor Volodymyrovič |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Karavajko, Dmitrij Vladimirovič |
| author_variant | d v k dv dvk s a s sa sas v v p vv vvp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036613654 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705732090 (DE-599)BVBBV036613654 |
| era | Geschichte 1500-1900 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1500-1900 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bel'skoe Gorodišče (DE-588)4208731-4 gnd Poltawa Region (DE-588)4416253-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bel'skoe Gorodišče Poltawa Region |
| id | DE-604.BV036613654 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:44:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789661920049 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020533849 |
| oclc_num | 705732090 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 75 Seiten, 3 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | "Poltavsʹkyj Literator" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Karavajko, Dmitrij Vladimirovič Verfasser aut Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region Karavajko D.V., Skoryj S.A., Prijmak V.V. Salpetermaking in Poltava region Poltava "Poltavsʹkyj Literator" 2008 75 Seiten, 3 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text russisch, Zusammenfassungen in ukrainischer und englischer Sprache Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1500-1900 gnd rswk-swf Salpetergewinnung (DE-588)4178971-4 gnd rswk-swf Bel'skoe Gorodišče (DE-588)4208731-4 gnd rswk-swf Poltawa Region (DE-588)4416253-4 gnd rswk-swf Poltawa Region (DE-588)4416253-4 g Salpetergewinnung (DE-588)4178971-4 s Bel'skoe Gorodišče (DE-588)4208731-4 g Geschichte 1500-1900 z DE-604 Skoryj, Serhij Anatolijovyč 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)103350195 aut Pryjmak, Viktor Volodymyrovič Verfasser (DE-588)1222719061 aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020533849&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020533849&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Karavajko, Dmitrij Vladimirovič Skoryj, Serhij Anatolijovyč 1949- Pryjmak, Viktor Volodymyrovič Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region Salpetergewinnung (DE-588)4178971-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4178971-4 (DE-588)4208731-4 (DE-588)4416253-4 |
| title | Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region |
| title_alt | Salpetermaking in Poltava region |
| title_auth | Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region |
| title_exact_search | Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region |
| title_full | Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region Karavajko D.V., Skoryj S.A., Prijmak V.V. |
| title_fullStr | Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region Karavajko D.V., Skoryj S.A., Prijmak V.V. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region Karavajko D.V., Skoryj S.A., Prijmak V.V. |
| title_short | Selitrovarenie na Poltavščine |
| title_sort | selitrovarenie na poltavscine v svete novejsich archeologiceskich raskopok na belʹskom gorodisce salpetermaking in poltava region |
| title_sub | (v svete novejšich archeologičeskich raskopok na Belʹskom gorodišče) = Salpetermaking in Poltava region |
| topic | Salpetergewinnung (DE-588)4178971-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Salpetergewinnung Bel'skoe Gorodišče Poltawa Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020533849&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020533849&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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