Civilizacii: teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee 4 Istoki i veršiny vostokoslavjanskoj civilizacii
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CIVILIZATIONS:
THEORY, HISTORY,
DIALOGUE
AND THE FUTURE
VOLUME I. THEORY AND HISTORY
OF CIVILIZATIONS
Contents
FOREWORD A Step Forward in Social Sciences
A.D.
Nekipelov
INTRODUCTION New Century
—
New Vision of the Past
and the Future
PART I. THEORY OF CIVILIZATIONS
Chapter
1.
Emergence and Development
of the Theory of Civilizations
■ 1.1.
Civilizations: from the Multi-Dimensional Reality to Sci¬
entific Categories
■ 1.2.
Formation of the Theory of Civilizations
■ 1.3.
Theories of Civilizations of the 20th Century
■ 1.4.
Con¬
temporary Russian Civilizational Schools
■ 1.5.
Essentials of the
Theory of Civilizations
■ 1.5.1.
Concept and Types of Civilizations
■ 1.5.2.
Structure of Civilizations
■ 1.5.3.
Evolution of Civiliza¬
tions in Time
■ 1.5.4.
Diffusion of Civilizations in Space
■ 1.5.5.
Civilizational Approach to History and Futureof Humanity
■ 1.5.6.
Place of the Theory of Civilizations in the System of Sciences
Chapter
2.
Civilizational Cycles and Crises
■ 2.1.
Regularities in Cyclical Dynamics of Social Systems
■ 2.2.
Cycles and Crises in Dynamics of Local Civilizations
■ 2.3.
Cyclicity in Dynamics of World Civilizations
■ 2.4.
Histori¬
cal Super Cycles in the Development of the Global Civilization
The issue of civilizations
—
their past and future, dynamics
and interaction
—
are among the overriding problems of social
sciences and socio-political life of the 21st century. The book of
known Russian scientists B.
N.
Kuzyk, Corresponding Member of
Russian Academy of Sciences, and Yu.V. Yakovets, Academician
of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, is devoted to these
matters.
The reader will find an original treatment of the theory of civi¬
lizations, cyclical-genetic regularities of their dynamics, dialogue
and interaction, substantiation of historic time compression law.
In a civilizational aspect the demographic, natural-ecological,
technological, economic, socio-political, spiritual factors of so¬
ciety s development are investigated. The history and the future
of civilizations are expounded along three historical super cycles.
For the first time the cliometric measurements of the global,
world and local civilizational dynamics have been made using a
geocivilizational matrix and supplemented by a situation analysis,
including a forecast of the place of Russia in a geocivilizational
space of the 21st century.
This treatise appeals not only to scientists, post-graduates,
students, but also to statesmen, politicians and public figures,
to everybody who feels concern for the foredoom of the country
and humankind.
Chapter
3.
Civilizational Sociogenetics
■ 3.1.
Sociogenetics as the Cognition Top of Regularities in the
Dynamics of Society
■ 3.2.
Heredity: Social Genotype of Civilizations
■ 3.3.
Variability: Transformation of the Civilization Genotype
■ 3.4.
Selection: Mechanism of Development and Change of Civilizations
Chapter
4.
Dialogue among Civilizations:
Theory, Spheres and Institutions
■ 4.1
.Content of the Dialogue among Civilizations and Its Place
in the System of Their Interaction
■ 4.2.
Spheres of Dialogue
and Interaction among Local Civilizations
■ 4.3.
Institutions for
the Dialogue among Civilizations
PART II. TRANSFORMATIONS
OF THE CIVILIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Chapter
5.
Natural-Ecological Cycles and Crises
in the Evolution of Civilizations
■ 5.1.
Natural Factor in Emergence and Evolution of Civilizations
■ 5.2.
Spiral of Ecological Cycles and Crises
■ 5.3.
Ecological
Future of Civilizations
■ 5.4.
Ecological Future of Russia
■ 5.5.
On the Path to the Noospheric Civilization
Chapter
6.
Demographic Basis
for Transformation of Civilizations
■ 6.1.
Classification of Demographic Cycles
■ 6.2.
Historical
Trends in Cyclical Dynamics of Population Numbers
■ 6.3.
De¬
mographic Challenges of the 21st Century
■ 6.4.
Demographic
509
Threats to Russia
Chapter
7.
Innovative-Technological Cycles and Crises:
a Civilizational Aspect
Ш
7.1.
Technologies in the Structure and Dynamics of Civiliza¬
tions
■ 7.2.
Stages of Technological Evolution of Civilizations
Ш
7.3.
Innovative Waves of the 20th Century
Ü
7.4.
Innovative
Breakthrough to Technological Future of Civilizations
Chapter
8.
Cyclicity of Economic Dynamics of Civilizations
Ш
8.1.
The Gamut of Economic Cycles and Crises
H
8.2.
Eco¬
nomic Cycles and Crises in the Dynamics of Civilizations
В
8.3.
Structural Dynamics of Economy of Civilizations
■ 8.4.
Cycles
and Crises in the Economy of Civilizations of the 21st Century
■ 8.5.
Reproduction and Innovative Renovation Mechanisms
of Resources
Chapter
9.
Cyclical Dynamics of the Socio-Political System,
Revolutions and Warfare
Ш
9.1.
Civilizational Dynamics of Social Stratification and
Mobility
Ш
9.2.
State-Legal Cycles, Crises and Transfor¬
mations
Ш
9.3.
Revolutions in the Civilizational Dynamics
Ш
9.4.
Warfare in the Structure and Dynamics of Civilizations
Chapter
10.
Cyclical Dynamics of the Spiritual
Sphere of Civilizations
И
10.1.
Key Role of the Spiritual Sphere in the Structure and Dy¬
namics of Civilizations
H
10.2.
Scientific Revolutions and Crises
■ 10.3.
Cyclicity in the Dynamics of Culture
■ 10.4.
Educational
Cycles and Revolutions in Education
■ 10.5.
Dynamics of the
System of Civilizational Values
PART III. HISTORY OF CIVILIZATIONS
Chapter
11.
Civilizations of the Antiquity
Ш
11.1.
Preconditions and Factors for the Emergence of Civi¬
lizations
Ш
11.1.1.
Prehistory of Civilizations
И
11.1.2.
The
Neolithic Civilizations
Ш
11.1.3.
Early Class Civilization (the
Bronze Age)
S
11.1.4.
The Ancient World Civilization (the Iron
Age)
S
11.2.
Dynamics of the Structure of the World Civiliza¬
tions of Antiquity
■ 11.2.1.
Man, Family, Population of Early
Societies
■ 11.2.2.
Technology and Ecology in the Antiquity
■ 11.2.3.
Economy of Early Civilizations
■ 11.2.4.
Formation
of the Social and Political Structure of Society
■ 11.2.5.
Spiri¬
tual Life of Early Societies
■ 11.3.
Local Civilizations in the
Ancient World
И
11.3.1.
Emergence and First Generations of Lo¬
cal Civilizations
И
11.3.2.
Civilizations of the Mediterranean
И
11.3.3.
Early Civilizations of the East
■ 11.3.4.
Early Civiliza¬
tions on the Territory of
Westernand
Eastern Europe
■ 11.3.5.
Civilizations of the Pre-Columbian America
■ 11.4.
Dialogue and
Interaction among Civilizations of the First Two Generations
Chapter
12.
Civilizations of the Second Historic Super Cycle
■ 12.1.
World Civilizations of the Second Historic Super Cycle
■ 12.1.1.
Medieval Civilization
■ 12.1.2.
Early Industrial Civili¬
zation
■ 12.1.3.
Industrial Civilization
■ 12.2.
Dynamics of the
Structure of Civilizations of the Second Super Cycle
■ 12.2.1.
Growth of Population Numbers, Demands and Abilities of Man
■ 12.2.2.
Technological Overturns
■ 12.2.3.
Economic Trans¬
formations
■ 12.2.4.
Evolution of the Socio-Political System
■ 12.2.5.
Dynamics of the Spiritual Sphere
■ 12.3.
Evolution
and Interaction among Civilizations of the Third and the Fourth
Generations
■ 12.3.1.
Dynamics of Civilizations of the East
H
12.3.2.
Dominance of the Western Civilization
■ 12.3.3.
Dia¬
logue and Interaction among Civilizations of the Third and the
Fourth Generations
Chapter
13.
Civilizational Dynamics on the North of Eurasia
Я
13.1.
Rhythms of Civilizational Dynamics in the Region
■ 13.1.1.
Neolith
И
13.1.2.
Bronze Age
■ 13.1.3.
Iron Age
■ 13.1.4.
Eastern
Slavic Civilization
■ 13.1.5.
Vladimir-Suzdal Russia and the Mus¬
covy Czardom (Russian Civilization)
■ 13.1.6.
Formation of the
Northern Eurasian Civilization
■ 13.1.7.
The Fate of the Eurasian
Civilization in the
21
st Century
■ 13.2.
North Regions of the Black
Sea as Space of Interaction among Local Civilizations
■ 13.2.1.
Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations
■ 13.2.2.
Waves of In¬
teraction among Civilizations The First Wave of Interaction (7th-4th
с
B.C.)
■ 13.2.3.
The Second Wave of Interaction
(3rd
с
B.C.
—
4th
с
A.D.) ■ 13.2.4.
The Third Wave of Interaction (6th-9th c.)
И
13.2.5.
The Fourth Wave of Interaction (10th -14th c.)
■ 13.2.6.
The Fifth Wave of Interaction
(1
öth-i
8th c.)
■ 13.2.7.
The Sixth
Wave of Interaction
(19^-20^
c.)
■ 13.2.8.
The Beginning of the
Seventh Wave of Interactions (21st c.)
■ 13.3.
Dynamics of the
Eurasian Civilization in the Industrial Period
VOLUME II. FUTURE OF CIVILIZATIONS
AND GEOCIVILIZATIONAL
MEASUREMENTS
Contents
PART IV. FUTURE OF CIVILIZATIONS
Chapter
1.
Outlines of Civilizations of the 21st Century
■ 14.1.
At the Outset of a New Historic Super Cycle
■ 14.2.
The
Essence of the Post-Industrial Civilization
■ 14.3.
Transformation
of the Structure of Civilizations
■ 14.3.1.
Demographic Polariza¬
tion of the
21
st Century
■ 14.3.2
Alternatives of Ecological Future
И
14.3.3.
Coming Technological Overturns
■ 14.3.4.
Globalization
and Transformation of Economy
■ 14.3.5.
Transformations in the
Socio-Political and State-Legal Spheres
■ 14.3.6.
Formation of
Integral
Socio-Cultural
System
■ 14.4.
Outlooks of the Dynamics
and Interaction among Local Civilizations of the Fifth Generation
■ 14.4.1
Challenge of Globalization and Response ofCivilizations
■ 14.4.2.
Transformation of Local Civilizations of the Fifth Gen¬
eration
■ 14.4.3.
Outlooks of the Dynamics of Local Civilizations
510
in the 21st Century
■ 14.4.4.
Scenarios of Interaction among
Civilizations in the 21st Century
Chapter
15.
Global Civilization: New Challenges
■ 15.1.
New Challenges to the Global Civilization in the 21st Cen¬
tury
■ 15.2.
On the Path to the World Confederation of States and
Civilizations
■ 15.3.
Two Views on the Future of the World: Invita¬
tion to Discussion
■ 15.4.
Future of Civilizations in the Mirror of
Future Synergetics
■ 15.4.1.
Principles of Futurosynergetics
■ 15.4.2.
Evolutionary Space of the 21st Century
■ 15.4.3.
The
System of Potential Bifurcations of the 21st Century
Ж
15.4.4.
Criteria of Sustainable Development of Civilizations
■ 15.4.5.
Evo¬
lution and Interaction of Civilizations
■ 15.4.6.
Western Civilization
■ 15.4.7.
Eurasian Civilization
■ 15.4.8.
Freedom or Necessity?
Chapter
16.
Russia in Geocivilizational Space of the 21st Century
■ 16.1.
Situation Analysis and Forecast of Geocivilizational
Dynamics of Russia
■ 16.2.
The Cluster of Critical Situations in
Dynamics of Russia by the Beginning of the 21st Century
■ 16.3.
The Forecast for Solution of the Cluster of Critical Situ¬
ations in the 21st Century
■ 16.4.
The Russian Science in a
Geocivilizational Space of the 21st
Century· 16.4.1.
Crisis of Modern
Science
■ 16.4.2.
Pessimistic Scenario of the Future of the
Russian Science
■ 16.4.3.
Optimistic Scenario of the Develop¬
ment of the Russian Science
■ 16.4.4.
Place of Russia in the
World Scientific Community
PART V. GEOCIVILIZATIONAL MEASUREMENTS
Chapter
17.
Cliometric Measurements of Civilizational Dynamics
■ 17.1
Cliometry as a Method of Historic Measurements
■ 17.2.
Determination of Intensity of Historical Events in the Dynamics of
Civilizations
■ 17.3.
Civilizational Dynamics the Mirror in of the
Strategic Matrix
■ 17.4.
Long and Super Long Waves of Russian
History
Chapter
18.
Measurement of Civilizational Dynamics:
a Geocivilizational Matrix
■ 18.1.
Methodology for Measurement of Civilizational Dynam¬
ics
■ 18.2.
Measurement of Civilizational Dynamics of Europe
and North of Eurasia
■ 18.2.1.
Dynamics of Population and GDP
■ 18.2.2.
Greco-Roman and Byzantine Civilization
■ 18.2.3.
Western European Civilization
■ 18.2.4.
Eastern European
Civilization
■ 18.2.5.
Eastern Slavic (Eurasian) Civilization
■ 18.2.6.
Summary Estimation of Dynamics of Civilizations of
Europe and North of Eurasia
■ 18.3.
Measurements of Dynam¬
ics of Civilizations of Asia and Africa
■ 18.3.1.
Tendencies in
the Dynamics of Population and GDP
■ 18.3.2.
Indian Civili¬
zation
■ 18.3.3.
Chinese Civilization
■ 18.3.4.
Japanese Civili¬
zation
■ 18.3.5.
Buddhist Civilization
■ 18.3.6.
Moslem Civiliza¬
tion
■ 18.3.7.
Mongolian Civilization
■ 18.3.8.
African
Civilization
■ 18.3.9.
Summary Estimation of Civilizations of
Asia and Africa
■ 18.4.
Measurement of Civilizational Dynamics
of America and Oceania
■ 18.4.1.
Tendencies of Dynamics of
Civilizations of America and Oceania
H
18.4.2.
Pre-Columbian
Civilizations
■ 18.4.3.
North American Civilization
Ш
18.4.4.
Latin American Civilization
■ 18.4.5.
Civilizations of Oceania
■ 18.4.6.
Summary Estimation of Dynamics of Civilizations of
America and Oceania
■ 18.5.
Summary Integral Estimation of
World Civilizational Dynamics
Chapter
19.
Strategic Matrices of Eastern Civilizations Dynamics
■ 19.1.
Strategic Matrix of India
Ш
19.1.1.
India in the Ancient
Period (before the
2nd
с
A.D.)
Ш
19.1.2.
The Middle Ages and
Modern History of India (6th
—
middle of the 19th
c.) H
19.1.3.
The Independence Period (from
1947)
Ш
19.1.4.
Outlooks of
India in the 21st
с. И
19.2.
Strategic Matrix of China
Я
19.2.1.
Ancient China
H
19.2.2.
China in the Middle Ages (end of the
6th
—
beginning of the 17th
с.) Ш
19.2.3.
Modern History of
China
(1
7th
—
beginning of the 20th
с.) Ш
19.2.4.
Contemporary
History of China (from
1949)
И
19.2.5.
Outlooks of China in the
21st
с
■ 19.3.
Strategic Matrix of Japan
Ш
19.3.1.
Ancient
Japan (Srd-^th c.)
■ 19.3.2.
Japan in the Middle Ages (7th
—
the second half of the 19th
с.) И
19.3.3.
Modern History of
Japan
(1868-1942) ■ 19.3.4.
Contemporary History of Japan
(1945-2004) ■ 19.3.5.
Outlooks of Japan in the
21
st
c. H
19.4.
Strategic Matrix of Iran
■ 19.4.1.
Ancient Persia
(558-359
B.C.)
■ 19.4.2.
Persia in the Crisis Period of Slave Relations
(226-651
A.D.) ■ 19.4.3.
Persia in the Middle Ages (middle of the 7th
—
beginning of the 10th c.)
■ 19.4.4.
Iran under the Reign of the
Mongolian Khans and in the Post-Mongolian Period
(13^-1
5th
ce.) H
19.4.5.
Persia in the Modern Period (middle of the
16th
—
end of the 19th c.)
■ 19.4.6.
Iran during World Wars I
and II
■ 19.4.7.
Iran in the Middle and the End of the 20th
с
■ 19.4.8.
Outlooks of Iran in the 21st
с
AFTERWORD Rhythms of Civilizational Dynamics.
SUPPLEMENT
1.
Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly
«Global Agenda for Dialogue among Civilizations».
SUPPLEMENT
2.
UNESCO Universal Declaration in Cultural
Divertisy
SUPPLEMENT
3.
Concept of Sustainable Development
and Solution of Global Problems on the Basis of Dialogue
and Partnership of Civilizations
SUPPLEMENT
4.
World Trade and Fairness: Civilizational
Aspect
SUPPLEMENT
5.
Six Enigmas of the Minoan Civilization
SUPPLEMENT
6.
The First Book on the Theory of Civilizations.
A. Metlinsky. About the Essence of Civilization
511
VOLUME
III.
NORTHERN BLACK
SEA
REGIONS
—
SPACE OF INTERACTION
AMONG CIVILIZATIONS
Along with local civilizations there are spaces of their in¬
teraction. The most demonstrative example of such space is
the northern Black Sea regions
—
a field of interaction among
civilizations and peoples within more than two and a half mil¬
lennia.
The book for the first time sets forth theoretical foundations
and history of development of spaces of interaction among civiliza¬
tions, deals with basic stages in the development and interaction
of civilizations and peoples in the northern Black Sea regions in the
Neolithic and Bronze Age, periods of Greek colonization, Roman
and Byzantine influence, prevalence of eastern Slavic, Moslem and
Eurasian cultures. Actual examples of interaction among civiliza¬
tions
—
from dialogue and cooperation to backset and military
clashes are provided. An overview of archeological expositions of
this period in the museums of Russia and Ukraine is given. The
outputs of the scientific-civilizational expedition to the northern
Black Sea regions conducted in July
2005
are published. The book
unites well a creative scientific search, scientific-historical articles
of archeologists and museum workers and emotional itineraries of
the expedition members. Exciting pictures of not simple relations
between civilizations and cultures within the space of the Nizhny
Don and Sea of Azov regions,
Taman,
Crimea, Southern Pobuzhie,
northwestern and northeastern Black Sea regions will open to a
reader.
The book is intended for a wide readership
—
educators
and students, teachers and schoolchildren, and scientists,
regional ethnographers, tour operators and travelers
—
for
everybody who is interested in the history of civilizations and
their interaction.
Contents
FOREWORD
(V.l.
Gulyaev)
INRODUCTION
CHAPTER
1.
Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations: Theory
and History
■ 1.1.
Dynamics of Civilizations in Time and Space
■ 1.1.1.
Multidimensionality of Civilizations
■ 1.1.2.
Evolvement of
Civilizations in TimeB
1.1.3.
Expansion of Civilizations in Space
(Geography of Civilizations)
№ 1.2.
Spaces of Interaction among
Civilizations
Ш
1.2.1.
Certitude and Essence of Spaces of
Interaction among Civilizations
Ш
λ
22.
Functions of Spaces of
Interaction among Civilizations
Ш
1.3.
Historical Steps in the
Development of Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations
Ш
1.3.1.
Areas of Interaction among Civilizations of the First
Generations
Ш
1.3.2.
Interaction among Civilizations of the Third
Generation
Ш
1.3.3.
Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations of
the Fourth Generation
■ 1.3.4.
Prospects for Spaces of Interaction
among Civilizations in the 21st century
CHAPTER
2.
Preconditions and Beginnings of Civilizational
Development in the Northern Black Sea Regions (Neolithic,
Eneolithic and Bronze Age)
S
2.1.
Upper Paleolithic and
M esolithic
in the Northern Black
Sea Regions
(40-8
millinneia B.C.)
■ 2.1.1.
Geographical
Boundaries of the Northern Black Sea Regions
■ 2.1.2.
Natural-
Demographic and Ecological Cycles
■ 2.1.3.
First Steps in the
Evolution of Society in the Northern Black Sea Regions
■ 2.1.4.
Late Paleolithic
■ 2.1.5.
Mesolithic Age
Я2.2.
Neolithic Revolution
and Interaction of Tribes in the Northern Black Sea Regions (end
of the 6th
-
beginning of the
5*
millennium B.C.)
Ш
2.2.1.
Neolithic
Revolution
Я2.
2.2.
Neolithic Revolution and Neolithic Monuments
in the Northern Black Sea Regions
Ш
2.3.
Bronze Age in the
Northern Black Sea Regions (end of the 4th
-
2nd millennium B.C.)
* 2.3.1.
Theoretical Findings on the Establishment of Local
Civilizations
И
2.3.2.
Eneolithic in the Northern Black Sea Regions
■ 2.3.3.
Chronological Frames and Stages of the Bronze Age
Я
2.3.4.
Natural-Climate Conditions
■ 2.3.5.
Population and
Settlement
■ 2.3.6.
Instruments of Labor and Bronze Age
Technologies
H
2.3.7.
Economic Mode of Production
■ 2.3.8.
Leader-based Societies and Wars
ϋ
2.3.9.
Spiritual World of
Society in the Bronze Age
CHAPTER
3.
Interaction of Civilizations
in the Northern Black Sea Regions in the Antiquity
(7th
с
B.C. - 5
с.
A-D.)
■ 3.1.
Theoretical Issues of Interaction among Greek Colonies
with Local Peoples and Tribes
■ 3.2.
The Scythians of the
Northern Black Sea Regions in the 7th-6th cc. B.C.
(V.l.
Gulyaev)
■ 3.2.1.
Emergence and Origins of the Scythians
■ 3.2.2.
Nomadic Way of Life
■ 3.2.3.
Clash of the Scythians with the
512
Persian Civilization
■ 3.2.4.
Great Scythia
■ 3.2.5.
Relations of
the Scythians with Other Tribes and Greek
Polies
■ 3.2.6.
Scythian
Art
■ 3.3.
Greek Colonization of the Northern Black Sea Regions
(E.M. Alexeyeva)
■ 3.4.
Phanagoria: Greek City in the Barbarian
Land (V.D. Kuznetsov)
■ 3.5.
A Historic Role of Antique States of
the Northern Black Sea Regions (D.B. Shelov)
■ 3.6.
Great
Heritage and Link of Times (Ye.F.
Redina)
CHAPTER
4.
Interaction among Civilizations
of the Third and Fourth Generation
in the Northern Black Sea Regions (6th-20th cc.)
■ 4.1.
Interaction of Civilizations in the Northern Black Sea
Region in the Middle Ages
(6*4
6th cc.)
Я
4.1.1.
Interaction of
Civilizations in the Establishment of the Middle Ages
Ш
4.1.2.
Russian Kaganate. Tmutarakhan
■ 4.1.3.
Influence of the
Byzantine Civilization in the Northern Black Sea Regions
Я
4.2.
The Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate and Genoese Colonies
■ 4.3.
Eurasian and Moslem Civilizations in Struggle for the
Northern Black Sea Regions in the Early Industrial Period
■ 4.4.
Interaction of Civilizations in the Industrial Period
■ 4.4.1.
The
Sixth Wave of Interaction Among Civilizations
■ 4.4.2.
The
Crimean War as the Clash of Civilizations
■ 4.4.3.
World War I
and Civil Wars
■ 4.4.4.
World War II (Great Patriotic War) and the
Yalta Conference
■ 4.5.
Prospects for Interaction of Civilizations
in the Northern Black Sea Regions in the Post Industrial Period
CHAPTER
5.
Northern Black Sea Regions in Interaction
of Civilizations and Tribes. A View of Archeoiogists
■ 5.1.
The Sea of Azov and Kuban Regions
■ 5.1.1.
Between the
East and the West: Barbarian and Antique World of the Don and
Azov Regions (V.E. Maximenko)
■ 5.1.2.
The city of Azov in In¬
teraction among Civilizations
(N.M.
Fomichev)
■ 5.1.3.
Don and
Azov Regions in the Ancient Mythology (S.I. Lukiashko)
■ 5.1.4.
Historical Past of the Northern-Eastern Azov Regions. Antiquities
of the Miussky Peninsula. Taganrog Settlement (A.L. Boiko)
■ 5.1.5.
Taganrog
-
and Northern Sea of Azov Regions
■
Tagan-
grog Settlement
-
Cremns on the Maeotian Lake (M.V. Gerasi-
menko)
■
Scythians and Sarmatians in the Sea of Azov Regions
(2nd
с
B.C.
-
4th
с
A.D.) (N.M.
Kleopatro)
■
the Sea of Azov Re¬
gions in the Golden Horde Period
(N.M.
Kleopatro)
■ 5.1.6.
Greek
Poleis
-
Gorgippia (E.M. Alexeyeva)
■ 5.1.7.
Germonassa. Rela¬
tions of Ancient Traditions and Barbarian (S.I. Finogenova)
■ 5.1.8.
Archeological Monuments near Sochi
И
Stone Age;
Bronze Age; Iron Age (V.N. Rozov)
■
Middle Ages (V.N. Rozov)
■
Adygs (T.V. Polovinkina)
■
Monuments of the Middle Ages
(A.V. Guseva)
H
Annexation of the Black Sea Coast of Caucasus
to Russia.
1829-1864
(V.G. Antonyuk)
Я
5.2.
From Panticapaeum
to Chersonesos
H
5.2.1.
Panticapaeum
-
the Capita! of the Bos-
poran Kingdom (V.P. Tolstikov)
Я
5.2.2.
Bosporan Cities of the
Kerch Peninsula:
Я
Porthmion
Я
Nymphaion
Я
Myrmekion
H
Tyritake
H
Kytaia
Я
Acra
(O.Yu.
Sokolova)
Я
5.2.3.
The Mirme-
kion Treasure (A.M. Butyakin)
Ш
5.2.4.
Theodosia
—
in Antiquity
and Middle Ages (Ye. A. Aibabina)
Ш
5.2.5.
Theodosia Local His¬
tory Museum (Ye. A. Aibabina)
Я
5.2.6.
On the Border of the Hel¬
lenic and Barbarian Worlds: Burial of Czarina in the Nogaichinsk
Burial Hill (Yu.P. Zaitsev,
V.l.
Mordvintseva)
Ш
5.3.
Chersonesos,
Chimbalo and Kerkinitis
Ш
5.3.1.
Chersonesos
-
Chersoń
-
Kor-
sun: Monument to Civilization
(V.M.
Zubar)
Ш
5.3.2.
Chimbalo
(Balaklava) Medieval Fortress (S.B. Adaxina, V.P. Kirilko,
V.L.
Myts)
Я
5.3.3.
Kerkinitis and Western Crimea in the Antiquity (S.B. Lantsov)
Ш
5.3.4.
Ust-Alminsky Late Scythian Necropolis in the South¬
western Crimea (Yu.P. Zaitsev)
Ш
5.4.
Cave Cities and Fortresses
Я
5.4.1.
Mangup
-
the Capital of the Principality of Theodoro
(A.A.
Voloshinov, T.V. Voloshinova)
Ш
5.4.2.
Sanctuary in the
Gurzuf Saddle (N.G. Novichenkova)
Ш
5.5.
Simferopol and Bah-
chisarai
H
5.5.1.
Scythian Naples: A View of Archeologist (Yu.P. Zait¬
sev)
H
5.5.2.
Bahchisarai: Peoples, Centuries and Traditions
(A.A.
Voloshinov, T.V. Voloshinova)
Ш
5.5.3.
Crimean Peoples in
the Collections of the Crimean Republican Local History Museum
(L.N. Khrapunova)
Я
5.5.4.
Tartar Folk Arts in the Dialogue of
Cultures
(N.M.
Akchurina-Muftieva)
Ш
5.6.
Olbia and Tyras
Я
5.6.1.
Pontic
Olbia (V.V. Krapivina)
Я
5.6.2.
Ancient Tyras: In¬
teraction of the Greek Colony with the Tribes of the Northwestern
Black Sea Regions (T.L. Samoilova)
CHAPTER
6.
A Scientific-Civilizational Expedition
to the Northern Black Sea Regions
Я
6.1.
Plan and Aims of the Expedition (A.G. Fedorov)
Я
6.2.
In
the Low Don Region
Я
6.2.1.
Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Local His¬
tory Museum
Я
6.2.2.
Sergey Viktorovich Gurkin
Я
6.2.3.
Tañáis
Я
6.2.4.
The Don Varangians. Aksay
H
6.2.6.
Azov
Я
6.3.
Gor¬
gippia, Germonassa and Phanagoria
H
6.3.1.
Anapa
Я
6.3.2.
Ta¬
man,
Tmutarakhan
Я
6.3.3.
Phanagoria: Mecca for Archeoiogists
Я
6.4.
The Bosporan Kingdom: Panticapauem and Theodosia
Я
6.4.1.
Crossing
Я
6.4.2.
Kerch
-
Panticapaeum
Я
6.4.3.
Theo¬
dosia, KaffaH
6.5.
Sudak and Yalta. Fortress and Palaces
Я
6.5.1.
Passage by Yacht from Theodosia to Sudak
H
6.5.2.
Sudak: The
Genoese Fortress
Я
6.5.3.
Of the Old Stamp
H
6.5.4.
Night
Schumacher
Я
6.5.5.
The Yalta Museum
Я
6.5.6. Massandra
Я
6.5.7.
The Vorontsov Palace
Я
5.8.
Livadia
Я
6.5.9.
The
Yusu-
pov Palaces in the Crimea (N.V. Glushenkova)
Я
6.5.10.
Lastoch-
kino Gnezdo (Swallow s Nest)
H
6.6.
Chersonesos and Sevasto¬
pol
Я
6.6.1.
Chersonesos
R
6.6.2.
Sevastopol, Panorama
Я
6.7.
Cave Cities and Fortresses in the Mountain Crimea
Я
6.7.1.
Man-
gup
H
6.7.2.
Eski-Kermen
Я
6.7.3.
Yuri Petrovich Zaitsev
Я
6.8.
Scythian Naples and Bahchisarai
Я
6.8.1.
Simferopol, Crimean
Archeoiogists
Я
6.8.2.
Scythian Naples
Я
6.8.3.
Taurida Local
History Museum
Я
Afterword. Lessons of the Past and Looking
into the Future
REFERENCES
513
VOLUME
IV: THE ORIGINS
AND HIGHLIGHTS OF THE EASTERN
SLAVIC CIVILIZATION
The monograph, volume
4
of the fundamental writing Civiliza¬
tions: Theory, History, Dialogue and the Future addresses civiliza-
tional dynamics with respect to the history of the Eastern Slavic
civilizations (6th-15th cc). The inquires are made into the problems
of establishment and life cycle stages of the Eastern Slavic civiliza¬
tion, its elements (Kievan
Rus
(southern Russian principalities),
Novgorodian Republic, Russian North, Central Russian principali¬
ties), interaction with neighboring civilizations.
The articles of Russian and Ukrainian archeologists and mu¬
seum officers show the origins of civilization, its cultural-historical
monuments, and richness of civilizational heritage.
The book is intended for a wide circle of scientists and educa¬
tionalists, students and learners, political and public figures concern¬
ing themselves with history and interaction among civilizations.
Contents
FOREWORD. A New Look at the Eastern Slavic
Civilization (E.N.
Nosov)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
1.
The Eastern Slavic Civilization in the Local Civilizations
System of the Third Generation
H
1.1.
Regularities of Local Civilizations Dynamics
Ш
1.1.1.
Notion
of Local Civilizations
H
1.1.2.
Regularities of Cyclical Dynamics of
Civilizations
H
1.1.3.
Socio-Genetic Regularities of Local Civiliza¬
tions Developmental
.1.4.
Generation Change of Local Civilizations
Ш
1.1.5.
Historical Time Compression Law
Ü
1.2.
The Eastern
Slavic Civilization: Prehistory, Stages, and Special Features of
Formation
Ш
1.2.1.
Origins and Stages of the Establishment of
the Eastern Slavic Civilization
H
1.2.2.
Life Cycle Phases of the
Eastern Slavic Civilization
■ 1.2.3.
State-Political System
Ш
1.3.
Interaction of Eastern Slavs with Other Civilizations of the Third
Generation
■ 1.3.1.
Transit Position of Civilizations and River
Thoroughfares
■ 1.3.2.
Waves of Interaction of Peoples and
Civilizations in Eastern Europe
CHAPTER
2.
Origins of the Eastern Slavic Civilization
H
2.1.
Tribes of the Scythian Period in the Eastern Forest Steppe
(S.A.
Skory)
Я
2.1.1.
General Description of the Scythian Period in
the Forest Steppe Region
■ 2.1.2.
Ethno-Geography and Ethnical
Affiliation of the Autochthone Population in the Forest Steppe
■ 2.1.3.
The World of Nomad Scythians and Forest Steppe
Population
■ 2.2.
Settlements of the 1st millennium B.C. in the
Forest Steppe Don Regions (Yu.D. Razuvaev)
■ 2.3.
Belsk Site
(B.A. Shramko)
■ 2.4.
Motronin Site
(S.S.
Bessonova,
S.A.
Skory)
Ш
2.4.1
Motronin Site of the Scythian Period in the
Dniepr
Forest
Steppe Region
■ 2.4.2.
Motronin Site in the History of the Eastern
Slavic Civilization
Ш
2.5.
Ethnical Contents of Chernyakhovsk Cul¬
ture (B.V.
Magomedov)
Ш
2.6.
Early Slavs in the Forest Steppe
Dnieper and Don Regions (1-5th cc.
A.D.)
(A.M. Oblomsky,
R.V. Terpilovsky)
Ü
2.7.
At the Outset of the Slavdom
(R.V. Terpilovsky)
Ш
2.8.
Western Impulses in the Establishment
of the Slavdom (R.V. Terpilovsky)
CHAPTER
3.
Paths of the Becoming of the Eastern
Slavic Civilization
■ 3.1.
Archeological Cultures of the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages
■ 3.1.1.
Neolithic
■ 3.1.2.
Bronze Age
Ш
3.1.3.
Iron Age
Ш
3.1.4.
Greco-Roman Colonization of the Northern Black Sea Regions
Ш
3.2.
The Establishment of the Eastern Slavic Civilization (Special
Features and Bonds )
■ 3.2.1.
Great Slavic Shift
Ш
3.2.2.
Special
Features of the Eastern Slavic Civilization
■ 3.2.3.
Bonds of
Civilization
Ш
3.3.
Eastern Slavic Cities
Ш
3.3.1.
The Role of Cities
in the Emergence and Development of Local Civilizations
Ш
3.3.2.
City Generation Change
Ш
3.3.3.
Cities of Eastern Slavs
Ш
3.4.
The
Establishment of
Rus
and the First Cities (E.N.
Nosov)
■ 3.5.
Monasteries in the History of Russia
CHAPTER
4.
Kievan
Rus
■ 4.1.
Southern Russian Lands
—
Historical Center of the Eastern
Slavic Civilization
Ш
4.2.
Establishment and Development Stages
of Kievan
Rus
Ш
4.2.1.
The Nascence of Civilizational Outlines in
the Southern Russian Lands
Ш
4.2.2.
The Establishment and Rise
of Kievan
Rus
Ш
4.2.3.
Civilizational Features of Kievan
Rus
(South¬
ern Russian Principalities)
Ш
4.3.
Rus
Country (A.P. Motsya)
Ш
4.4.
Kiev. The Kiev-Pechora Laura
fi
4.5.
Galytsko-Volynsk
Rus
(A.P. Motsya)
Ш
4.6.
Khortitsa (History and Archeology Sketch)
(M.A. Ostapenko)
Ш
4.7.
In the Shade of Golden Griffon (Museum
of Historical Jewels of Ukraine)
(E.V.
Starchenko, L.S. Klochko)
CHAPTER
5.
The Novgorodian Republic
Ш
5.1.
The Bipolarity of the Eastern Slavic Civilization
■ 5.2.
Veliký
Novgorod
(V.L.
Yanin)
Ш
5.3.
The Novgorodian Republic: Demo¬
cratic State with Market Economy
Ш
5.4.
Veliký
Novgorod: Mate¬
rial World of the Medieval Republic
(S.V.
Troyanovsky)
Ш
5.4.1.
Nature of Novgorod
■ 5.4.2.
Proto-Novgorod
Falling Short of Area
Ш
5.4.3.
Veche
Square
Ш
5.4.4.
At the Dawn of Community Facili¬
ties
Ш
5.4.5.
All the City Made the Walls
Ш
5.4.6.
The Great Bridge
Ш
5.4.7.
The Bridge over Violent Waters
Ш
5.4.8.
From Underwater
Artifacts to the Symbols of Republic
Ш
5.4.9.
Afterword
■ 5.5.
Novgorod and
Hanse
(E.A.
Rybina)
■ 5.5.1.
Pre-Hanse Period
Ш
5.5.2.
About
Hanse
Ш
5.5.3.
History and Nature of the Novgoro-
dian-Hanse Relations
H
5.5.4.
Nature of Trade
Ш
5.5.5.
The
Hanse
Office and
Hanse
Merchantry in Novgorod
H
5.5.6.
Afterword
■ 5.6.
Old Ladoga
(A.N.
Kirpichnikov)
■ 5.7.
Rent and Rent
Mechanism in the History of Medieval Economy of Eastern Europe
and Novgorod (N.A. Khan)
■ 5.8.
Torzhok: A Civilizational Essay
514
of the Russian City
(P.D.
Malygin)
■ 5.8.1.
What is Torzhok?
■ 5.8.2.
City Name Tells a Lot
■ 5.8.3.
Russia s Most Ancient
Monastery
■ 5.8.4.
Political Dilemma of Medieval Torzhok: with
Novgorod or Moscow?
■ 5.8.5.
Torzhok
—
a Shield of
Veliký
Novgorod
■ 5.8.6.
Why was and is Torzhok considered a beautiful city?
CHAPTER
6.
The Russian North
■ 6.1.
The Establishment and Development Stages of the Russian
North
■ 6.1.1.
Particular Issues Associated with the Opening of the
Russian North
Я
6.1.2.
Opening Up of the North by Novgorodians
■ 6.1.3.
Struggle of Novgorod and Moscow for the North
Ж
6.2.
Civilizational Special Features of the Russian North
■ 6.2.1.
Natu¬
ral-Climate Conditions of the Maritime Area
■ 6.2.2.
Population
■ 6.2.3.
Technologies
■ 6.2.4.
Economy
■ 6.2.5.
Socio-Political
System
■ 6.2.5.
Spiritual World
■ 6.2.7.
Heritage of the Russian
North
■ 6.3.
Solovetsky Islands
CHAPTER
7.
The Central Russian Principalities
■ 7.1.
Colonization of the Central Russian Lands by the Slavs
and Special Features of Their Civilizational Development
■ 7.1.1.
Special Features in Civilizational Development of the Central
Russian Lands
■ 7.2.
Vladimoro-Suzda!
Rus
■ 7.3.
Tver, Ry¬
azan, Rostov Principalities
■ 7.4.
Historical Past of Ryazan
■
7.5.The Rise of Moskovan
Rus
CHAPTER
8.
Cliometric Measurements of Dynamics
of the Eastern Slavic Civilization
■ 8.1.
Assessment of Eastern Slavic Civilization Dynamics Based
on a Civilizational Matrix
■ 8.1.1.
Civilizational Matrix Assembly
Methodology
■ 8.1.2.
Dynamics Estimation of Eastern Slavic
Civilization Components
■ 8.1.3.
Integral Estimation for Eastern
Slavic Civilization Dynamics
■ 8.2.
Dynamics of the Eastern Slavic
Civilization in the Mirror of a Strategic Matrix
■ 8.2.1.
Strategic
Matrix Assembly Methodology
■ 8.2.2.
Strategic Matrix-Based
Measurements
AFTERWORD.Lessons and Heritage of the Eastern Slavic Civilization
REFERENCES.
FOREWORD
A New Look at the Eastern Slavic
Civilization
The book non-conventional and unexpected in its approach
is suggested for attention of scientists, educationalists, students
and all antiquity lovers. It incorporates a fresh look at the his¬
tory, informative characterizations, evaluation of the place in the
world civilizational process of the Eastern Slavic civilization
although the usage of the civilization term with respect to the
Slavic history may seem unexpected to some. Tens of mono¬
graphs and hundreds of research articles address this history.
Nevertheless, the authors have succeeded in finding new edges
in this page it would seem studied in detail (and more exactly
a volume) of national history.
What is the novelty and merits of this monograph?
First of all, in the civilizational approach to studying of the
subject of inquiry. The authors are not historians or archeolo-
gists but advocates of a relatively new branch of social sci¬
ences
—
science of civilizations and as it is often called civil-
iography. Renown scientists B.N. Kuzyk and Yu.V. Yakovets
represent a modern Russian civilizational school purporting to
the world recognition and leadership. They published a good
deal of works on theory and history of civilizations; its major
writing
—
a fundamental monograph Theory, History, Dialogue
and Future of Civilizations , the first two volumes appeared in
2006
in Russian and English and represented in the UN Dag
Hammarskjujd library and UNESCO headquarters. The experi¬
mental test of ideas set forth in the two volume book was
performed on the rich cross-civilizational materials of the North¬
ern Black Sea regions (the third volume of the monograph
Northern Black Sea Regions
—
Space of Interaction among
Civilizations appeared in
2008)
and by the example of a rich
history of the Eastern Slavic civilization (the fourth volume of
this monograph).
How does such civilizational approach manifest itself?
The authors discuss the Slavic civilization that began its
establishment in the 6th
с
and completed its life cycle in the 15th
с
in the East of Europe as one of civilizations of the third gen¬
eration prevailing exactly in that millennium period both in the
West and the East. It permits to define more clearly both gen¬
eral features and specifics of the civilizational process in this
area in the tideway of the world history of civilizations.
The authors surmount unilinear approach to the history of the
Eastern Slavic civilization, suggest a hypothesis on its multi-center
nature and show that from the very start it formed as bipolar
(Kiev and Novgorod) that ensured its complexity and viability.
Further the border effaced and by the end of the period of exis¬
tence of civilization the struggle evolved between other poles
—
Moskovan Principality and Novgorodian Republic.
The writing provides a description of features of each of four
components making the Eastern Slavic civilization
—
Kievan
Rus,
Novgorodian Republic, Russian North, and Central Russian
Principalities. Such features are based on five elements forming
the nucleus of a civilizational genotype: natural-geographical
conditions, population, technology, economy, state-political
system, spiritual world that opens an opportunity of a multi¬
dimensional vision of the historical process.
Much attention is paid to the interaction of Eastern Slavs
with other civilizations of the third generation
—
both neighbor¬
ing and remote. This is not by chance. The Eastern Slavic civi¬
lization as it is shown in the book, evolved on the paths of the
515
dialogue and interaction among civilizations of the West, East
and the South
—
on the roads From Varangians to Greeks ,
From Varangians to Arabs . The authors complete them with
the third thoroughfare
—
Great Fur Road along northern and
northwestern rivers of prime significance for development of
economy and culture of North
Rus.
All life journey of the Eastern Slavic civilizations ran through
various contacts
—
from dialogue and cooperation to confron¬
tation and clash with other civilizations: Byzantine, Western
European, Moslem, Mongolian and even Indian and Chinese.
Finishing their research the authors show that the Eastern
Slavic civilization has not left the historical arena, and trans¬
formed into more extensive and many-sided Eurasian civilization
with the lapse of time which still exists passed through the 20th
с
as the period of the utmost rise and by the end of the cen¬
tury
—
the utmost deep-seated crisis and beginning of decay.
The utmost rich heritage accumulated by the Eastern Slavic
civilizations opened new horizons for development and enrich¬
ment of the Eurasian civilization. The book incorporates not
a few interesting points: about cities and their role in the estab¬
lishment of the Eastern Slavic civilization, multi-polar nature of
civilizations, and the Great Fur Road.
The merit of the book is a wide coverage of the problem,
and among other things the inclusion of a lot of articles of Rus¬
sian and Ukrainian historians and archeologists as its part that
enriches the narration with illustrated materials, make it more
multi-sided and convincing.
Obviously, an extensive research as a painting painted with
wide strokes does not lack of some failures. A certain eclectic
is felt in the presentation and stating of materials. It is espe¬
cially unbalanced in the articles brought in. Evidently, the pre¬
history of the Slavdom has nothing to do with the antiquities of
local Neolithic, Bronze Age and even with the Scythian world.
A modern science has left such approach in the past. One could
dispute also the appropriateness of bringing in separate spe¬
cific archeological monuments and their groups for analysis.
There is also room for argument pertaining to assessments of
a number of historical events not often contradicting each
other in various sections of the publication.
However, in general we have a book before us offering an
original view on the utmost rich history of the Eastern Slavic
civilization, provides an assessment of its heritage and place in
the world history, the book which has gathered together interest¬
ing and diverse materials.
E.N.
Nosov
—
R.A.S. Corresponding member,
Director, R.A.S. Institute for History of Material Culture
INTRODUCTION
The book about the origins and heights of the Eastern
Slavic civilization suggested for attention of the reader has its
prehistory and takes a justified place in the logic of development
of contemporary Russian civilizational school which we repre¬
sent and head today. Historical roots of this school date back
to
1839
when a small book by A. Metlinsky The Essence of
Civilization and Significance of Its Elements appeared in Khar¬
kov. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first book in the
world on the theory of civilizations (which is published a decade
before the book by Francois Guizot in France dedicated to the
history of civilizations in Europe and France). As such book is
practically not known we reproduced it in the second volume of
the monograph Civilizations: Theory, History, Dialogue and
Future (in Russian and English) (Kuzyk, Yakovets,
2006
V.
2,
Appendix
5).
The second landmark event in the prehistory of this school
was a widely known monograph of N.Ya. Danilevsky Russian
and Europe (Danilevsky,
1991)
published in
1869.
It states for
the first time the basics of the theory of local civilizations (cul¬
tural-historical types) repeated in many ways of featured book
by
0. Spengler
The Decline of the West published in
1918
and
further expounded in the
12
volume research on the theory and
history of local civilizations by British historian
A. Toynbee;
such
research is set forth in a nutshell in the book A Study of His¬
tory: Abridgement
(Toynbee,
1991).
The third milestone in the prehistory of the contemporary
Russian civilizational school may be viewed the writings and
activities of the first string sociologist of the 20th
c. Pitirim
Sorokin. He gave a profound analysis of the theory of civiliza¬
tions and set forth his vision of such problem in the book on
contemporary sociological theories. His four volume fundamen¬
tal work Social and Cultural Dynamics is a fundamental re¬
search in actual fact on the theory and history of civilizations
performed using an extensive application of cliometric measure¬
ments. Together with
A. Toynbee in
1961
Pitirim Sorokin es¬
tablished the international society for the comparative study of
civilizations. The International scientific conference Saint Pe¬
tersburg in the Dialogue of Civilizations and Cultures of the East
and the West was delivered by us in
2003
in association with
this society, published a book Globalization and Fate of Civiliza¬
tions
(2003)
and made a civilizational tour Northwestern
Rus:
Origins and Highlights of the Russian Civilization . Properly the
history of the contemporary Russian civilizational school begins
from
1992
when at the International Scientific Conference in
Moscow dedicated to the
100
birth anniversary of N.D. Kondra-
tieff a report was published by Yu.V. Yakovets The Establish¬
ment of the Post-Industrial Civilization . It grounds
a civiliza-
516
tional approach to history and future of humanity, the concept
of change of world civilizations formulated. Basic ideas of the
book were further expounded in the monograph The Origins of
a New Civilization
(1993
in Russian and English) delivered at
the congress of the World Federation of Futures Studies (Turku,
Finland), systematized in the monograph-textbook History of
Civilizations (published in
1995-1997)
which was amended wit
the section on local civilizations and published in
2000
in the
USA under The Past and the Future of Civilizations. The textbook
expounds on the theory and history of civilizations for two super
historical cycles, a forecast is given for the beginning of the
third super historical cycle
—
period of the post-industrial world
civilization of humanistically noospheric nature.
In parallel, the researches into the history of civilizations
evolved in Russia. In
1994,
a report of Yu. V. Yakovets was pub¬
lished to the cross-disciplinary discussion Pace of Change of
Civilizations and Historical Fates of Russia , in
2004 —
mono¬
graph of B.l l. Kuzyk, A.I. Ageev, etc. Russia in Space and Time.
The History of Future where super long-term
400
year and long-
term
80
year cycles of the history of the Russian civilizations were
identified. In
2005,
the first scientific-civilizational expedition was
arranged which output was the book of B.N. Kuzyk and
Yu. V. Yakovets Northern Black Sea Regions
—
Space of Interac¬
tion among Civilizations (with the involvement of Russian and
Ukrainian historians and archeologists). This book is its logic
continuation and development.
The summary work reflecting a system of views of national
civilizational school was the two volume fundamental mono¬
graph of B.IM. Kuzyk and Yu. V. Yakovets Civilization: Theory,
History, Dialogue and Future published in
2006
in Russian and
English and presented in the UN Dag Hammarskjujd library in
October
2006
and UNESCO headquarters in November
2007.
Our views on the theory of world, local and global civilizations,
cyclical-genetic regularities of their dynamics and interaction,
history of civilizations for the period from the Neolithic revolu¬
tion, on their future in the 21st
с
are expressed system-based
in it. A special sector is dedicated to cliometric measurements,
application of a geo-civilizational macro model, geo-civiliza-
tional and strategic matrices in the inquiries into this subject
and quantitative expression of historical tendencies.
The subject-matter of this book is the Eastern Slavic civiliza¬
tion. What is from our viewpoint the Eastern Slavic civilization?
Researches and scientific-civilizational expeditions in
2005-2007
brought us to the conclusion that civilizational development in
the north of Eurasia may be broken down into several stages.
1st
stage
—
from the Neolithic situation, revolution of the
4-3rd millennium B.C. to the beginning of the Iron Age. Social
division of labor emerged and implemented (later than in the
civilizational centers to the north of equator), commodity pro¬
duction and exchange began to develop, the first steps are
made in the social stratification, the tribal social system pre¬
vailed (and somewhere the leader-based states sprang up but
no state and local civilizations were yet in its classic meaning
of the word).
Und
stage
—
from the 7th
с
B.C. to the 5th
с
A.D.
tens of
Greek city
polies
sprang up in the northern Black Sea region
and came in close contact with the Scythian proto-civilization
and local tribes, states sprang up
—
Bosporus, Chersonessos,
Olbia, civilizational impact spread further to the North and East.
The inbreak of the Huns suspended a civilizational progress in
many ways.
Illrd stage
—
from the 6th to the 15th
с
The establishment
and rise of the Eastern Slavic civilization, efflorescence of Kie-
van and Novgorodian
Rus,
and at the end of the period
-
Vlad¬
imir-Suzdal and Moskovan
Rus,
extensive contacts with other
civilizations by the thoroughfares From Varangians to Greeks
and From Varangians to Persians , Mongolian invasion and the
rule of the Golden Horde further disintegrated into the Kazan,
Astrakhan and Crimean Khanates.
IVth stage
—
when the Eastern Slavic civilization trans¬
formed into Eurasian extending its sphere to Siberia in the 16th c,
and in the next centuries
—
to Central Asia, Caucasian, Baltic
countries. The Eurasian civilization reached the peaks of its
leadership and efflorescence in the
18*
с
(under Peter I and
Catherine II), at the beginning of the 19th
с
(with the victory in
the clash with the Western European civilization), in the mid-
20th
с
(after the victory in World War II). However, in the 70-80S
this powerful civilization successfully resisting western turned
out in the state of stagnation and crisis, and in the
90s
its
disintegration began.
Vth stage originates in the 19th
с
when the boundaries of
the Eurasian civilization were narrowed to the boundaries of
Russia (with close connection of Kazakhstan, Byelarus, Armenia)
and in prospect
—
on the new whorl of a civilizational crisis the
integrity of the Russian civilization may also be put in jeopardy
or the Eurasian civilization will revive in the narrow structure.
This is a historical alternative for the 21st century.
It was important for us to research into a millennium life
cycle of the Eastern Slavic civilization, origins of its formation,
rises and falls, victories and defeats in its cyclical dynamics,
as the deep roots of our future are hidden in the past. We had
to face many differences and myths in illumination of this
historical period brought by confrontation of national and class
contradictions, ideological and political biases, unilateral views
of separate archeologists, historians, and politicians. We will
be frank
—
we ve failed to find a convincing answer to many
questions. We have to be limited to the statement of various
positions here and there giving the establishment of the truth
517
to future researchers but the very statement of disputable is¬
sues is useful.
Like The Northern Black Sea Reions is Space of Interaction
among Civilizations this book is not univocal,
unidimensional,
it is impossible to determine clearly its place in anyone classi¬
fication of literature. Three elements are present in the book:
•
scientific-civilizational researches and findings of the au¬
thors expressing their viewpoint (other points of view of scien¬
tist on many problems are possible);
•
articles of Russian and Ukrainian historians and archeolo-
gists on certain periods and historical-archeological monuments
providing experimental materials for findings and generalization
but sometimes stating different viewpoints on one and the same
subject (we think that we have no authority either to even dif¬
ferences or pinpointing them);
•
personal impressions, observations and findings of the
members of the second (July
2006)
and third
(2007)
scientific-
civilizational expeditions across spaces of the Eastern Slavic
civilization. We d like to explain the specifics of our approach
to the theory, history and future of civilizations. The problem of
civilization is the subject of research of various sciences; each
applies its own approach and methodology specific to it.
Historians
—
Francois Guizot, Arnold
Toynbee,
Fernand
Braudel, William McNeill and other
-
view dynamics and interac¬
tion of civilizations in the historical aspect, in the overall flow
of national and world history. They first of all focus on the prime
events and their interconnections in philosophy and history.
Archeologists deal basically with the first stages of the es¬
tablishment of civilizations, civilizations of antiquity based on
the monuments of material culture preserved and reconstructing
the past by understanding of such monuments.
Sociologists
—
you may include A. Metlinsky, and then
A. Comte,
N.
Danilevsky, P. Sorokin, focus first of all on the
socio-cultural
essence of civilizational values.
Politologists concerns first of all with the problem of inter¬
action among civilizations in a geo-political space, conflicts
among them.
Futurologists
—
Alvin Toffler,
I.V.
Bestuzhev-Lada
-
look
into the future of civilizations and consider their interaction, fate
in the rapidly changing world.
The methodology of a relatively young branch of social sci¬
ences
—
civiliography
—
is distinguished by a complex ap¬
proach to the basic subject of their research.
First, civiliographers study civilizations in all its aspects, in
all its richness of edges representing the subject. These are all
components making the genotype of civilizations
-
population
(ethnic, race structure), natural environment, technological
level, economic and social relations, diversity of spiritual world,
system of civilizational values in statics and dynamics. Such
methodology has determined a civilizational approach to the
structure and dynamics of society unlike a formation-based
approach prevailed in the 20th
с
Second, civiliographers study the past, present and future in
a single flow resting on cyclical-genetic regularities. This has
determined the identification of civilizational cycles of various
duration
—
local, world and global civilizations, cycles of world
civilizations and historical super cycles as milestones in the
establishment and development of the global civilization in the
past and future.
Third, resting on the data and findings of the allied sciences,
creatively processing and accumulating information, civiliogra¬
phy has worked out and actively employ own tools for re¬
searches
—
geocivilizational macro models and matrices, and
a strategic matrix. This allows assessing dynamics and inter¬
relation of various elements making a civilizational genotype.
Civiliography is one of the youngest social sciences. Al¬
though its precursors date back already to the 19th
c. (F.
Guizot,
A. Metlinsky,
N.
Danilevsky, etc.), its formation was mainly in
the 20th
с
—
in works of
A. Toynbee,
P. Sorokin, F. Braudel.
A vigorous growth of such science began from the end of the
20h
с
—
in the writings of A. Toffler, S.
Huntington,
E.
Chernyak,
Yu.V. Yakovets,
B.N.
Kuzyk,
I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada,
A.I. Ageev and
others. This outburst of scientific creation has objective roots,
a social order. It is demanded by society, is a response of sci¬
ence to challenges of a new century. The matter is that the
problem of dynamics and interaction of civilizations is becoming
axial for the 21st century at least from its first half. New chal¬
lenges for the present and future of humanity are problems of
depopulation and aging of population struck more and more
countries and civilizations; problems of a global energy-eco¬
logical crisis and evolving technological overturn; contradictions
of a neo-liberal model of globalization, threats of conflicts and
clashes of civilizations; international terrorism; crisis of science,
culture, education, ethics; undermining the system of civiliza¬
tional values.
Science is called upon to provide answers to such momen¬
tous challenges arisen before global and local civilizations. The
task of the research undertaken by us is to offer our vision of
such complex phenomena on the path of the establishing post-
industrial humanistically noospheric world civilization, integral
socio-cultural
system.
This volume is a logic continuation of previous three of a
multi-volume book Civilizations: Theory, History, Dialogue and
Future. The first two volumes published in
2006
in Russian and
English and presented to the UN Dag Hammarskjujd Library in
October
2006
and UNESCO headquarters in November
2007
set
forth the basic points of the theory, history, dialogue and future
of civilizations. The third volume shaped a complex tissue of
518
interaction among civilizations by the example of the northern
Black Sea regions. The fourth volume researches into the
stages of the millennium life cycle of one civilization
-
Eastern
Slavic beginning from its prehistory and nascence to transforma¬
tion into the extensive Eurasian civilization.
We anticipate the next fifth volume to publish in several
languages: in printed and electronic form as the textbook
Civilizations: History and Future . Thus not only researchers
but also teachers and students will get a system-based and
richly illustrated aid reflecting the views of the contemporary
Russian civilizational school on one of the most acute problems
of the century already in.
The sixth, completing volume will be dedicated to the integral
global forecast of dynamics of civilizations in the 21st c, we
anticipate its appearing (in Russian and English) in
2009.
It seems that information contained in the book will turn to
be beneficial for the readers in three ways. First, for further
inquiries of scientists into the matters of civilizational develop¬
ment. Second, teachers, students and schoolchildren will get
rich and multi-dimensional material on civilizational range of
problems. Third, the book will give an impetus to the develop¬
ment of civilizational tourism (domestic and foreign travel as
the book is placed on the Internet sites: www.kuzyk.ru and www.
civil.newparadigm.ru
—
the best way of personal cognition of
the essence and features of civilizations.
We highly appreciate the scientists who responded to our
request and gave their writings to our book: R.A.S. Academician
V.L.
Yanin, R.A.S. corresponding member E.N.
Nosov,
N.A.S.U.
corresponding member A.P. Motsya, Dr. Sciences A.I. Ageev,
V.N. Bulatov,
S.A.
Bessonova,
V.l.
Guplev, E.L Gorokhovsky,
A.N.
Kirpichnikov, L.S. Klichko, B.V. Magomedov,
A.N.
Oblomsky,
M.A. Ostapenko, Yu.V. Razuvaev,
S.A.
Skory, R.V. Terpilovksy,
G.V. Troyanovsky, B.A. Shramko, and also L.D. Malygin.
We feel hopeful that this book will become a valuable aid in
studying the history of Russia, Eastern Slavic and Eurasian
civilizations in schools and higher educational institutions and
support for evolving educational civilizational tourism arming
new generations with authentic knowledge on complex civiliza¬
tional processes, richness of historical and cultural heritage of
Russia.
Prof. B.N. Kuzyk— R.A.S. Corresponding Member,
Director of the Institute for Economic Strategies
Prof. Yu.V. Yakovets
—
R.A.N.S. Academician, President
of the Pitirim Sorokin
—
Nikolai Kondratieff International
Institute
AFTERWORD
Lessons and Heritage of the Eastern
Slavic Civilization
What lessons can be drawn from the millennium path laid
above of the establishment, development and decline of the
Eastern Slavic civilization?
First lesson. The historical path of the Eastern Slavic civi¬
lization ran in the tideway of the world civilizational process
inherent to local civilizations of the third generation, fourth world
civilization
—
Medieval, the initial stage of the second historical
super cycle. This refers not only the chronological framework
of such civilization
—
from the 6th to the
1
5th cc. but its distinc¬
tive: a growing role of cities as the centers for shaping the
nucleuses of civilizational progress; intensification of market
relations, various trade exchange as the basis of economic
unity of civilizations under the remaining role of natural-patri¬
archal order in the village prevailed by its number
—
periphery
of civilization; establishment and strengthening of the state as
a prime bond of civilizational unity; the leading role of religion
not only in spiritual life but political and economic relations.
Hence, the Eastern Slavic civilization was not unique, exclusive;
general regularities and tendencies of civilizational progress at
the given stage of historical path of humanity, global civilization
manifested themselves in its dynamics and fate.
Second lesson. At the same certain special features distin¬
guishing it from other local civilizations of the third generation
were inherent to it. Unlike overpopulated western European,
Byzantine, Indian, Chinese civilizations, it took its stand on the
extensive area with a low density of population, expansive forest
areas and abundance of fur-bearing animals, in more severe
climate conditions that limited the opportunities of its contacts
and at the same time it gave scope for colonization and develop¬
ment of new lands. The geographic range of civilizations ex¬
panded with the lapse of time, and in the periods of its rise it
became the largest civilization of the third generation. The
Eastern Slavs escaped the period when the slavery system
prevailed, and feudal relations were not originally such cruel as
in western and oriental civilizations. Senses of freedom, inde¬
pendence in struggle against forces of nature and clashed with
neighboring states and civilizations were incident to the Slave
to a greater extent. The Orthodoxy also playing a significant role
in the establishment and life activity of the ancient Russian state
was tolerable and less cruel than the Byzantine and Catholic
churches. It was nothing similar here to the Byzantine
icono¬
clasm
or Catholic inquisition with prosecution and destruction
of nonconformists.
Third Lesson. The Eastern Slavic civilization has a relatively
open and mixed nature; it emerged and developed on the
519
thoroughfares of the dialogue among civilizations, at the cross¬
ings of trade exchange between civilizations of the West, Orient
and South. It took a lot from neighboring civilizations digesting,
synthesizing and enriching the borrowed in own civilizational
pot. The civilization itself also was of a poly-centric nature.
A democratic
veche
system of the Novgorodian Republic, cruel
monarchic system of Kievan
Rus,
influence of neighboring
Khazarian and Polovtzian contacts, impact of the semi-cente¬
nary Mongolian civilization, the tribal system persisted for many
years and pre-Christian beliefs of the tribes of the Russian North,
impact of the Slavic and Finno-Ugric roots in the Eastern
Slavic civilizations combined fancifully in it complementing each
other. The versatility and multi-dimensionality of this civilization
has determined its rich spiritual world and diversity of socio¬
political system, viability in the clash with other civilizations and
states.
Fourth lesson. The life cycle of the millennium Eastern
Slavic civilization included repeated periods of falls and civili¬
zational catastrophes when it seemed that the life cycle termi¬
nated, rises and revivals, periods of the prevalence of centrifu¬
gal or centripetal forces. Where in the periods of rises the
centripetal forces prevailed, political, economic, spiritual unity
of civilizations intensified, it entered the ranks of world leaders.
On the contrary, strengthening of centrifugal tendencies, disin¬
tegration and confrontation of the components making civiliza¬
tion weakened it making easy game for aggressive neighbors.
Fifth lesson. The completion of the life cycle of the Eastern
civilization is not connected with its defeat and division between
aggressive neighboring civilizations as it was the case with the
Mongolian and Byzantine civilizations. It transformed into the
more powerful and extensive Eurasian civilization of the fourth
generation. Although such transformation occurred more pain¬
ful and was accompanied by a civilizational catastrophe of the
beginning of the 18th
с
—
the Eurasian civilization revived and
established itself as one of the leaders of early industrial and
industrial world civilizations undergoing two catastrophes on its
path
—
at the beginning and the end of the 20th
с
where the
latter completed its life cycle and became the starting point of
next transformation
—
into the Eurasian civilization of the fifth
generation of a new format.
The heritage of the Eastern Slavic civilization was not lost
or thrown back to the civilizational dump. It was received and
developed by the Eurasian civilization, and it is now useful for
surmounting a civilizational crisis. What is such heritage?
First, the priority of spirituality as a prime civilizational
bond . The utmost rich culture, collectivist ethics humanistic
in Its foundation, religious and civilizational values persisted and
were enriched at the first stages and completed in the 19th and
20th cc. with a width and depth of a scientific search. It served
not only a spiritual foundation of the Eurasian civilization but
constituted the utmost valuable contribution of the Russian
culture and science in the development of the world civilization.
The attempts undertaken in the 20th
с
to implant oriental or
western systems of civilizational values in Russian fell short,
and brought many a loss.
Second, openness and sensitiveness inherent to the Russian
civilization in relations with other civilizations, commonness and
close political and economic ties with other civilizations (under
preservation of own values and maintenance of national inter¬
ests) were taken by the Eurasian civilization and played an
outstanding role in its life cycle. In the early industrial and in¬
dustrial epochs the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union were
the only power (apart from the Japanese civilization which was
on the periphery and was closed in itself for a long period) which
counteract a planetary aggression of the western European
civilization and a growing activity of the Moslem civilization
(Ottoman Empire) and contributed to the preservation and en¬
richment of civilizational diversity. Concurrently, the Eastern
Slavic civilization, and then the Eurasian civilization made a
weighty contribution to the development of the dialogue among
civilizations and their cross-fertilization, being a bridge between
the West, East and South by its geographical position.
Third, the Eastern Slavic civilization has accumulated abun¬
dant experience which is highly valuable and may be imbibed
and developed in the
21
s!
с
in the establishment of the fifth
generation of civilizations. This is a combination of the market
basics with a significant role of governmental regulation. This
is a democratic system of the Novgorodian Republic united the
people power and a relative independence of territorial entities
with the centralized power of the prince under separation of
powers. This is a mutually complement of personal freedoms
with a collective spirit and moral responsibility.
Fourth, an infinitude of monuments of ancient Russian ar¬
chitecture, culture and art preserved in the centers of Kievan
Rus,
Novgorodian Republic, Vladimir-Suzdal
Rus
and other
Russian principalities serve as a basis for not only development
of cultural-historical and civilizational tourism but for aesthetic
upbringing of contemporary and future generations, preservation
of continuity in civilizational values and revival of high culture.
Thus, the immersion into the history of the Eastern Slavic
civilization does not only help to uncover fuller and deeper
a bright page in the world history of civilizations but also pres¬
ents one of the fundamental basics in the establishment of
a humanistically noospheric post-industrial civilization, integral
socio-cultural
system, multi-polar world order which rests on
the dialogue and partnership among civilizations.
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ. Новый взгляд на восточнославянскую цивилизацию
(E.H.
Носов)
..................................8
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
...........................................................................................10
ГЛАВА
1.
ВОСТОЧНОСЛАВЯНСКАЯ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЯ В СИСТЕМЕ ЛОКАЛЬНЫХ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ ТРЕТЬЕГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ
1.1.
Закономерности динамики локальных цивилизаций
.....................................................17
1.1.1
Понятие локальных цивилизаций
.................................................................17
1.1.2.
Закономерности цикличной динамики цивилизаций
.................................................20
1.1.3.
Социогенетические закономерности развития локальных цивилизаций
.................................21
1.1.4.
Смена поколений локальных цивилизаций
.........................................................23
1.1.5.
Закон сжатия исторического времени
.............................................................28
1.2.
Восточнославянская цивилизация: предыстория, этапы и особенности становления
...........................30
1.2.1.
Истоки и этапы становления восточнославянской цивилизации
........................................30
1.2.2.
Фазы жизненного цикла восточнославянской цивилизации
...........................................33
1.2.3.
Государственно-политическое устройство
..........................................................36
1.3.
Взаимодействие восточных славян с другими цивилизациями третьего поколения
............................38
1.3.1.
Транзитное положение цивилизации и речные магистрали
............................................38
1.3.2.
Волны взаимодействий народов и цивилизаций в Восточной Европе
...................................39
ГЛАВА
2.
ИСТОКИ ВОСТОЧНОСЛАВЯНСКОЙ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ
2.1.
Племена скифской эпохи в восточноевропейской лесостепи (С А Скорый)
...................................47
2.1.1.
Общая характеристика скифского периода в лесостепном регионе
.....................................47
2.1.2.
Об этногеографии и этнической принадлежности автохтонного населения Лесостепи
.....................52
2.1.3.
Мир скифов-номадов и лесостепное население
....................................................57
2.2.
Поселения
1-го
тыс. до н.э. в Лесостепном Подонье (Ю.Д. Разуваев)
.......................................64
2.3.
Вельское городище (БА. Шрамко)
....................................................................74
2.4.
Мотронинское городище (С.С. Бессонова, С А. Скорый)
..................................................84
2.4.1.
Мотронинское городище скифской эпохи в Приднепровской Лесостепи
...................................84
2.4.2.
Мотронинское городище в истории восточнославянской цивилизации
..................................99
2.4.3.
Центр культуры протославян
...................................................................102
2.5.
Этническое содержание Черняховской культуры (Б.В. Магомедов)
.........................................108
2.6.
Ранние славяне в Лесостепном Поднепровье и Подонье
(I-V
вв. н.э.)
(A.M.
Обломский, Р.В. Терлиловский)
......122
2.7.
У истоков славянства (Р.В. Терпиловский)
............................................................141
2.8.
Западные импульсы в формировании славянства (Р.В. Терпиловский)
.....................................158
ГЛАВА
3.
ПУТИ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ВОСТОЧНОСЛАВЯНСКОЙ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ
3.1.
Археологические культуры неолита, бронзового и железного веков
.......................................169
3.1.1.
Неолит
.....................................................................................169
3.1.2.
Бронзовый век
...............................................................................170
3.1.3.
Железный век
...............................................................................175
3.1.4.
Греко-римская колонизация Северного Причерноморья
.............................................177
3.2.
Формирование восточнославянской цивилизации (особенности и «скрепы»)
................................181
3.2.1.
Великое славянское переселение
...............................................................181
3.2.2.
Особенности восточнославянской цивилизации
....................................................183
3.2.3.
«Скрепы» цивилизации
........................................................................188
190
3.3.
Восточнославянские города
........................................................................
3.3.1.
Роль городов в возникновении и развитии локальных цивилизаций
...................................
191
3.3.2.
Смена поколений городов
.....................................................................
ίΌ
-mc
3.3.3.
Города восточных славян
......................................................................
OyJ
3.4.
Становление Руси и первые города
(E.H.
Носов)
.......................................................
200
one
3.5.
Монастыри в истории России
.......................................................................
¿uo
ГЛАВА
4.
КИЕВСКАЯ РУСЬ
4.1.
Южнорусские земли
—
исторический центр восточнославянской цивилизации
..............................213
4.2.
Этапы формирования и развития Киевской Руси
.......................................................217
4.2.1.
Зарождение цивилизационных основ в южнорусских землях
........................................217
4.2.2.
Становление и расцвет Киевской Руси
...........................................................219
4.2.3.
Цивилизационные особенности Киевской Руси (южнорусских княжеств)
...............................220
4.3.
Страна «Русь» (АЛ. Моця)
.........................................................................226
4.4.
Киев. Киево-Печерская лавра
.......................................................................244
4.5.
Галицко-Волынская Русь (АЛ. Моця)
.................................................................251
4.6.
Хортица (историко-археологический очерк)
(MA.
Остапенко)
.............................................261
4.7.
Под сенью золотого грифона (Музей исторических драгоценностей Украины) (Е.В. Старченко, Л.С. Клочко)
......268
ГЛАВА
5.
НОВГОРОДСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА
5.1.
Двухполюсность восточнославянской цивилизации
.....................................................283
5.2.
Великий Новгород (В.Л. Янин)
......................................................................285
5.3.
Новгородская республика: демократическое государство с рыночной экономикой
...........................300
5.4.
Великий Новгород: материальный мир средневековой республики (СВ. Трояновский)
........................304
5.4.1.
Природа Новгорода
...........................................................................304
5.4.2.
Прото-Новгород, которому не хватило места
......................................................305
5.4.3.
Вечевая площадь
.............................................................................306
5.4.4.
На заре коммунального хозяйства
...............................................................307
5.4.5.
«Поставиша стены всем градом»
................................................................308
5.4.6.
Великий мост
................................................................................309
5.4.7.
Мост под бурными водами
.....................................................................315
5.4.8.
От подводных артефактов к символам республики
.................................................320
5.4.9.
Заключение
.................................................................................323
5.5.
Новгород и Ганза (ЕА. Рыбина)
.....................................................................323
5.5.1.
Доганзейский период
.........................................................................323
5.5.2.
О Ганзе
.....................................................................................325
5.5.3.
История и характер новгородско-ганзейских отношений
............................................325
5.5.4.
Характер торговли
............................................................................334
5.5.5.
Ганзейская контора и ганзейское купечество в Новгороде
...........................................336
5.5.6.
Заключение
...............................................................................338
5.6.
Старая Ладога (А.Н. Кирпичников)
...................................................................339
5.7.
Рента и рентный механизм в истории средневековой экономики Восточной Европы и Новгорода
(H.A.
Хан)
......361
5.8.
Торжок: цивилизационный очерк русского города (П.Д. Малыгин)
............................. 370
5.8.1.
Что такое Торжок?
..................................................... 370
5.8.2.
Имя города говорит о многом
........................................... 372
5.8.3.
Древнейший монастырь России
.......................................... 374
5.8.4.
Политическая дилемма средневекового Торжка: с Новгородом или с Москвой?
.........................376
5.8.5.
Торжок
—
щит Великого Новгорода
.................................. 380
5.8.6.
Почему Торжок считали и считают красивым городом
................................ 382
ГЛАВА
6.
РУССКИЙ СЕВЕР
6.1.
Этапы становления и развития Русского Севера
.......................................................385
6.1.1.
Особенности освоения Русского Севера
..........................................................385
6.1.2.
Освоение Севера новгородцами
.................................................................389
6.1.3.
Борьба Новгорода и Москвы за обладание Севером
................................................390
6.2.
Цивилизационные особенности Русского Севера
......................................................393
6.2.1.
Природно-климатические условия Поморья
.......................................................393
6.2.2.
Население
..................................................................................393
6.2.3.
Технологии
..................................................................................394
6.2.4.
Экономика
..................................................................................395
6.2.5.
Социально-политическое устройство
.............................................................396
6.2.6.
Духовный мир
...............................................................................397
6.2.7.
Наследие Русского Севера
.....................................................................397
6.3.
Острова Соловецкие
..............................................................................399
ГЛАВА
7.
ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОРУССКИЕ КНЯЖЕСТВА
7.1.
Колонизация славянами центральнорусских земель и особенности их цивилизационного развития
.............405
7.1.1.
Особенности цивилизационного развития центральнорусских земель
..................................406
7.2.
Владимиро-Суздальская Русь
.......................................................................410
7.3.
Тверское, Рязанское, Ростовское княжества
...........................................................418
7.4.
Историческое прошлое Рязани
......................................................................421
7.5.
Возвышение Московской Руси
......................................................................438
ГЛАВА
8.
КЛИОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ДИНАМИКИ ВОСТОЧНОСЛАВЯНСКОЙ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ
8.1.
Оценка динамики восточнославянской цивилизации на основе цивилизационной матрицы
....................443
8.1.1.
Методология построения цивилизационной матрицы
...............................................443
8.1.2.
Оценка динамики составных частей восточнославянской цивилизации
...................................443
8.1.3.
Интегральные оценки по динамике восточнославянской цивилизации
.................................445
8.2.
Динамика восточнославянской цивилизации в зеркале стратегической матрицы
.............................449
8.2.1.
Методология построения стратегической матрицы
.................................................449
8.2.2.
Измерения на основе стратегической матрицы
....................................................454
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Уроки и наследие восточнославянской цивилизации
...........................................475
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
................................................................477
Оглавление томов
1-11
«Цивилизации: теория, история, диалог, будущее»
......................................503
Оглавление тома
III
«Северное Причерноморье
—
пространство взаимодействия цивилизаций»
....................506
Contents: Vol. l&ll Civilizations: Theory, History, Dialogue and the Future
...........................................508
Contents: Vol. Ill Northern Black Sea Regions
—
Space of Interaction among Civilizations
.............................511
Contents: Vol. IV The Origins and Highlights of the Eastern Slavic Civilization
........................................513
•
Introduction
......................................................................................515
•
Afterword. Lessons of the Past and Looking into the Future
.................................................518
|
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| author | Kuzyk, Boris N. 1958- Jakovec, Jurij V. 1929- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136896057 (DE-588)103385231 |
| author_facet | Kuzyk, Boris N. 1958- Jakovec, Jurij V. 1929- |
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| spelling | Kuzyk, Boris N. 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)136896057 aut Civilizacii teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee 4 Istoki i veršiny vostokoslavjanskoj civilizacii B. N. Kuzyk, Ju. V. Jakovec Moskva Inst. Ėkonomičeskich Strategij 2008 519 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Jakovec, Jurij V. 1929- Verfasser (DE-588)103385231 aut (DE-604)BV035487778 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020500572&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020500572&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kuzyk, Boris N. 1958- Jakovec, Jurij V. 1929- Civilizacii teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee |
| title | Civilizacii teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee |
| title_auth | Civilizacii teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee |
| title_exact_search | Civilizacii teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee |
| title_full | Civilizacii teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee 4 Istoki i veršiny vostokoslavjanskoj civilizacii B. N. Kuzyk, Ju. V. Jakovec |
| title_fullStr | Civilizacii teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee 4 Istoki i veršiny vostokoslavjanskoj civilizacii B. N. Kuzyk, Ju. V. Jakovec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Civilizacii teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee 4 Istoki i veršiny vostokoslavjanskoj civilizacii B. N. Kuzyk, Ju. V. Jakovec |
| title_short | Civilizacii |
| title_sort | civilizacii teorija istorija dialog buduscee istoki i versiny vostokoslavjanskoj civilizacii |
| title_sub | teorija, istorija, dialog, buduščee |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020500572&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020500572&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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