Papierowa rewolucja: z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Warszawa
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
2010
|
| Series: | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
62 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The paper revolution |
| Physical Description: | 310, [1] S. Ill. 21 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788376291246 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
1.
Wprowadzenie
Temat badań i jego definicja
........................................................................ 9
Ramy chronologiczne i zakres pracy
............................................................. 14
Baza źródłowa:
oral history ..........................................................................
16
Archiwalia
..................................................................................................... 21
Literatura przedmiotu
.................................................................................... 23
Kilka uwag o podstawach metodologicznych, inwigilacji i lustracji
............ 25
2.
Dekada dyletantów
Polska Gierka
................................................................................................. 32
Amatorskie początki
...................................................................................... 35
Prekursorzy z Lublina
.................................................................................... 38
Korniki
........................................................................................................... 41
Pierwsze boje
................................................................................................. 47
„Zapis
........................................................................................................... 49
Pieszczoty władzy
......................................................................................... 61
3.
Raczkowanie
Początki Nowej
.............................................................................................. 67
Czarna księga cenzury
................................................................................... 73
Sto kwiatów
................................................................................................... 80
Czytelnicy z Rakowieckiej
............................................................................ 90
Wobec druku i kolportażu
............................................................................. 91
Sprawa Chojeckiego
...................................................................................... 101
4.
Nieudane próby penalizacji
Uwięzienie Michalaka
................................................................................... 111
Uwięzienie Chojeckiego i Grzesiaka
............................................................. 116
5.
Festiwal „Solidarności
Gorący sierpień
.............................................................................................. 126
Wolność jak szampan uderza do głowy
........................................................ 132
W Regionie Mazowsze
.................................................................................. 139
Sprawa Narożniaka
........................................................................................ 143
Cenzura
........................................................................................................ 51
Wydawniczy potentat
.................................................................................. 154
6.
Stan wojenny
Grudniowa noc
............................................................................................. 159
„To dopiero początek...
.............................................................................. 165
„Żyrafy do szafy, pawiany na ściany
......................................................... 170
Nowa w stanie
.............................................................................................. 174
„Tygodnik Mazowsze
................................................................................ 179
Uderzenie sierpniowe
.................................................................................. 183
Nowi liderzy
................................................................................................ 186
Imperium MSW
........................................................................................... 195
7.
Wyprzedaż idei
Długi marsz
.................................................................................................. 199
Czynnik ludzki
.............................................................................................202
Prawa rynku
.................................................................................................205
Pecunia
non
ölet ..........................................................................................210
8.
Nowe prądy
Taktyka władz
..............................................................................................222
Terror materialny
.........................................................................................224
Zmiana polityki kulturalno-wydawniczej
....................................................226
Rozbijać czy inspirować?
............................................................................229
Polityka konfiskat
........................................................................................236
9.
Czas obrachunku
Przed przełomem
.........................................................................................239
Okrągły stół
..................................................................................................241
Wilk w owczej skórze
..................................................................................245
Jutrzenka swobody
.......................................................................................246
10.
Epilog wydawniczego podziemia
Nowa. Bez
happy
endu
................................................................................250
W okowach kapitalizmu
..............................................................................252
Na marginesie
..............................................................................................255
11.
Dziedzictwo drugiego obiegu
Próba statystyki
............................................................................................259
Autorzy i ich dzieła
......................................................................................264
Polityka wydawnicza
...................................................................................271
Analiza dorobku
...........................................................................................281
Zakończenie
......................................................................................................285
Wykaz skrótów
.................................................................................................289
Summary
............................................................................................ 292
Indeks osób
.......................................................................................................296
SUMMARY
The Paper Revolution. A History of the Second Circulation Publishing in Po¬
land of
1976-1989/90
The Polish second circulation of publications in the period of
1976-1989/1990
was not only an uncommon phenomenon in the context of the Eastern bloc, but also
on a global scale. It was not made up of tens, but hundreds of illegal printing houses,
where both the press and books were printed. It is also necessary to mention stamps,
tags, postcards, calendars, posters, labels, stickers for attaching to walls, and dif¬
ferent kinds of gadgets, including tape recorders and video cassettes, produced and
distributed in even greater quantities than the underground publications proper.
The appearance of independent printing initiatives was necessary owing to the
functioning of the Main Office for the Control of the Press, Publications, and Pub¬
lic Performances, which was finally established in
1945
and exercised unlimited
power over the verbal, pictorial and auditory media on behalf of the Polish Work¬
ers Party and then Polish United Workers Party (PUWP). In practice, all printed
matter and public appearances had to be endorsed by censors who acted according
to the directive principle, i.e. prohibitions and orders given by the PUWP Central
Committee. In this manner, a very tight system of censorship was created.
Owing to censorship, works of Polish and world literature of even the highest
value could not come to light. Among the authors whose works were on the index
were
Bertold Brecht,
Josif
Brodski, Günter
Grass, Arthur
Koestier,
Milan
Kundera,
Osip
Mandelsztam, George Orwell,
Bertrand
Russel,
Andriej Sacharow, Aleksandr
Sołżenicyn, Kurt
Vonnegut and the Poles:
Jerzy Andrzejewski, Witold Gombro¬
wicz, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Tadeusz Konwicki
and, finally,
Czesław Miłosz.
Historical research was also censored; suffice it to mention such forbidden words
as
17
September
1939
or
Katyń .
By presenting the banned items and taboo sub¬
jects, the second circulation , contributed to the reinvigoration of the intellectual
prowess of the Polish society which was seriously impaired by censorship.
The idea of publishing underground literature was nothing new. In the 19th cen¬
tury during the partition period, it constituted a permanent element of the political
culture. Shortly before the revolution of
1905,
the future Marshall
Józef Piłsudski
(as the initiator and editor-in-chief) and the would-be presidents of the Second
292
Republic
of Poland,
Stanisław
Wojciechowski and
Ignacy Mościcki,
committed
themselves to the printing of the Polish Socialist Party s paper
Robotnik
[Work¬
er]. During the occupation, illegal press publications and books, the publishing of
which entailed capital punishment, were basic necessities, at least for the intelli¬
gentsia, and thwarted the German propaganda intentions.
In
1944,
the Communists, after coming to power and immediately establishing
their informational monopoly, rightly considered gagging the opposition as a condi¬
tion for their supremacy and tried to maintain the status quo at any cost. Although
the defeat of the last detachments of the independence-oriented Underground State
did not constitute an end to the freedom of expression, it almost entirely frustrated
it. The practice of underground literature and publications was resumed on a broad¬
er scale towards the end of
Władysław Gomułka s
tenure in
1968
and later. During
the March events, students manually copied leaflets or used the so-called Chinese
copier method which consisted in typewriting to the dictation of one person.
Bogusława Blajfer
went even further to express her protest against the intervention
of the Polish Army in Czechoslovakia; she made copies using a washing machine
wringer.
The idea was taken up again in mid
1970s
in the circles of Lublin Catholic
University students. In
1976,
they managed to smuggle in a spirit duplicator. Si¬
multaneously, activities in disregard of the censorship were undertaken by mem¬
bers and cooperators of the
KOR
(Workers Defence Committee), which had been
established in order to give emergency help to those who had suffered in the June
events in
Radom, Ursus
and
Płock.
They initiated the publishing of
Komunikat
[Announcement] and
„Biuletyn Informacyjny
[Information Bulletin]. The issues
which were initially copied using typewriters soon started to be published in du¬
plicator form. The ROPCiO (Movement for Defence of Human and Civic Rights)
activists also created their own magazine called
U Progu
[On the Threshold].
As a whole, it was the beginning of a movement which soon became part of
the People s Republic of Poland reality and continued to function uninterruptedly
until as late as
1990
and the formal abolition of censorship.
The present paper deals with selected aspects of the functioning and organisa¬
tion of the so-called second circulation . It represents an attempt to provide an out¬
line of the whole issue on the basis of the accounts of its organisers which have been
gathered by the author and of archival materials (predominantly from the Institute
of National Remembrance Archives or the Opposition Archives of the
KARTA
Centre).
The chronological boundaries are the years
1976-1989/90.
The period can be
further subdivided.
1980
turned out to be the decisive year
-
the creation of the
multi-million Solidarity and the appearance of trade union printed matter; and
then
1981 -
the declaration of martial law and its consequences
-
the attempts to
entirely eliminate independent publishers. After the failure of those intentions in
293
1982
and
1983,
the phenomenon resumed its development from the middle of the
decade. A general fatigue not only concerned the recipients of the underground
publications but also part of the underground activists who sometimes succumbed
to the temptations of commercialisation, which was destructive to the then prevail¬
ing ethos. The change of the political situation in
1989
and
1990
made the second
circulation lose its
raison
d etre.
Much of this work is devoted to the activities of the repression apparatus which
were directed against independent initiatives. The author describes the methods
of fighting against the freedom of expression and the ways to limit it. The coercive
departments acted both against people (arrests, detentions, interrogations, searches,
firing from work, assault and battery by unknown perpetrators , provocations,
and, in the
1
980s, even prison sentences of several years) and the economic base
of the movement (requisitioning of equipment and editions etc.). On the other hand,
according to the classical principle that was applied in most secret services, a green
light was given to familiar opponents within certain defined boundries rather than
having to chase elusive, self-proliferating enemies. Thus, repressive measures
would sometimes be restricted, focusing on infiltration and sometimes, literally
on taking over full control.
The book opens with a chapter which contains an attempt to define the concept
of the second circulation . It is followed by a presentation of its temporal and
subject matter scope. Further on
-
the source base and the relevant literature are
presented and discussed. It also contains comments on the methodological princi¬
ples, surveillance and vetting. At this point, the author tries to present the multiple
non-academic circumstances which make it difficult or even impossible to provide
an objective picture of the events.
The second chapter begins with a presentation of the state cultural policy dur¬
ing Edward
Gierek
s
tenure. After providing a short outline of the independent
printing initiatives undertaken in the
1960s,
there follows a description of the ori¬
gins of the second circulation and, afterwards, its quick proliferation. A relatively
large amount of space is taken up by the presentation of
Zapis
[Record], the first
literary magazine published in disregard of the censorship. Further sub-chapters
are devoted to the decisive reaction of the authorities and the repression apparatus
which tried to eliminate or, when it proved impossible, to limit and control the
independent printing structures. There is an in-depth analysis of the unsuccessful
penalisation attempts: the
1979
arrests with the aim to sentence
Tomasz
Michalak
for common forgery, and a year later,
Mirosław
Chojecki and
Bogdan
Grzesiak,
convicted of a purported burglary of a duplicator from a state institution.
The fifth chapter deals with the Solidarity period: from August
1980
to
13
December
1981.
It presents the functioning of the independent printing during
the strikes in the
Gdańsk
and Gdynia shipyards and, subsequently, the Solidarity
Movement printing, predominantly in the Mazovia Region. It also demonstrates the
294
changes
which took place in the activity of the underground publishing houses. It
comprehensively discusses the so-called
Narożniak
case which related to the arrest
of an employee of the Solidarity copy room in connection with the revealing of
the contents of an official letter by Public Prosecutor General
Lucjan Czubiński
Comments on the Applied Principles for the Prosecution of Participants in Illegal
Antisocialist Activities ; the disclosure was likely to spark social unrest. The chap¬
ter also contains a discussion on the change of the GUKPPiW (Main Office for the
Control of the Press, Publications, and Public Performances) Act.
The halcyon days of Solidarity ended with the declaration of martial law,
which is the subject of the subsequent chapter. It describes the night of
12
Decem¬
ber and the then internments, as well as the later formation and existence of both
the Solidarity and publishing undergrounds despite draconian repression (sen¬
tencing
Ewa Kubasiewicz
to
10
years in prison!). Among the initiatives that should
be emphasised, it is necessary to mention the creation of
Tygodnik Mazowsze
[Mazovia Weekly].
After it had become clear that even the most severe punishments would not sup¬
press the freedom of speech and the authorities had resigned themselves to its ex¬
istence, the independent publishing houses went into a decline for various reasons
(chapter
7).
When, for all intents and purposes, the publishing houses found them¬
selves on the brink of ruin, the Polish Round Table talks began; as a result a special
subgroup was established that was to deal with the mass media. During its proceed¬
ings, not only the access for the opposition to the media but also the conditions for
the legalisation of the underground companies were discussed (chapter
8).
For the
majority of the second circulation activists, it was out of the question, considering
the still existing censorship.
The book is ended with chapters devoted to the analysis of the editorial policy
conducted by the respective publishing houses and finally, of the whole second
circulation output. There is also present a comprehensive reflection on the situa¬
tion of the rebellious part of the artistic circles which, owing to censorship restric¬
tions, could not but publish in disregard of the censors.
In the conclusion, the author refers to the German occupation, presenting both
similarities and differences in the functioning of free speech in the periods of
1939-
-1945
and
1976-1989/90.
The author does not evade sensitive and controversial questions that have been
avoided by other researchers. These concern, among other things, the financing of
the activity and accounting for the funds (cases of squandering money or literally
embezzling and devoting it to personal purposes were all but rare), conflicts be¬
tween the respective structures which even culminated in attempts to eliminate the
competition or finally, informational contacts with the secret services. It is worth
mentioning that such problems are characteristic of any underground organisation
and were also present in the AK (Polish Home Army) underground.
295
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Błażejowska, Justyna 1983- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036567915 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705671909 (DE-599)BVBBV036567915 |
| era | Geschichte 1976-1990 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1976-1990 |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV036567915 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:43:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376291246 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020489091 |
| oclc_num | 705671909 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| physical | 310, [1] S. Ill. 21 cm. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| spelling | Błażejowska, Justyna 1983- Verfasser (DE-588)132720566 aut Papierowa rewolucja z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990 Justyna Błażejowska Warszawa Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 2010 310, [1] S. Ill. 21 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 62 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The paper revolution Geschichte 1976-1990 gnd rswk-swf Untergrundpublizistik (DE-588)4186986-2 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Untergrundpublizistik (DE-588)4186986-2 s Geschichte 1976-1990 z DE-604 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Monografie 62 (DE-604)BV017143574 62 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020489091&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020489091&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Błażejowska, Justyna 1983- Papierowa rewolucja z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990 Untergrundpublizistik (DE-588)4186986-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4186986-2 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Papierowa rewolucja z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990 |
| title_auth | Papierowa rewolucja z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990 |
| title_exact_search | Papierowa rewolucja z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990 |
| title_full | Papierowa rewolucja z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990 Justyna Błażejowska |
| title_fullStr | Papierowa rewolucja z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990 Justyna Błażejowska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Papierowa rewolucja z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990 Justyna Błażejowska |
| title_short | Papierowa rewolucja |
| title_sort | papierowa rewolucja z dziejow drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w polsce 1976 1989 1990 |
| title_sub | z dziejów drugiego obiegu wydawniczego w Polsce 1976 - 1989/1990 |
| topic | Untergrundpublizistik (DE-588)4186986-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Untergrundpublizistik Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020489091&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020489091&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017143574 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT błazejowskajustyna papierowarewolucjazdziejowdrugiegoobieguwydawniczegowpolsce197619891990 |