Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chicago, Ill.
Section of Antitrust Law, American Bar Association
c2010
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XV, 297 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781604428940 1604428945 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
FOREWORD XI
PREFACE XIII
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
A. THE TEXT AND BACKGROUND OF SECTION 1 1
1. WHY CONGRESS DETERMINED THAT A FEDERAL STATUTE WAS NEEDED 1
2. LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND OF SECTION 1 3
3. COMMON LAW AND THE CONTENT OF SECTION 1 5
A. CONTRACTS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE 6
B. COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE 7
C. CONSPIRACIES IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE 8
B. EARLY DECISIONS INTERPRETING SECTION 1 9
C. OTHER ANTITRUST STATUTES AND LAWS 15
CHAPTER II WHAT CONSTITUTES A CONSPIRACY? 19
A. WHAT IS AN AGREEMENT? 19
1. EARLY SUPREME COURT CASES DEFINING ANTITRUST AGREEMENTS....20 2. THE
MODERN STANDARD: MONSANTO V. SPRAY-RITE SERVICE CORP 24
B. WHAT ARE A CONSCIOUS COMMITMENT AND A COMMON SCHEME? 25 1. THE
IMPORTANCE OF INTENT 25
2. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FORM OF AGREEMENT 31
A. EXPRESS AGREEMENTS 31
B. TACIT OR NON-EXPRESS AGREEMENTS 32
3. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL AGREEMENTS 37
A. HORIZONTAL RESTRAINT CASES 37
B. VERTICAL RESTRAINT CASES 40
C. PROOF OF PARTICIPATION IN A CONSPIRACY 42
1. PARTICIPATION IN AN EXISTING CONSPIRACY 42
A. VOLUNTARY VS. COERCED PARTICIPATION 42
III
IMAGE 2
B. IS THERE A SLIGHT EVIDENCE RULE? 43
2. UNWITTING BENEFICIARY OF A CONSPIRACY 44
3. WITHDRAWING FROM AN EXISTING CONSPIRACY 45
A. BURDEN OF PROOF OF WITHDRAWAL 45
B. ELEMENTS OF PROOF OF WITHDRAWAL 46
C. WHAT CONSTITUTES THE AFFIRMATIVE CONDUCT NECESSARY TO WITHDRAW? 46
D. EFFECT OF WITHDRAWAL ON STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 48 E. EFFECT OF
WITHDRAWAL ON DAMAGES 49
F. THE DIFFICULTY OF WITHDRAWAL 49
CHAPTER III PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF A CONSPIRACY 51
A. PROVING AN AGREEMENT 51
B. USING DIRECT EVIDENCE TO PROVE AN AGREEMENT 52
C. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE MUST TEND TO EXCLUDE THE POSSIBILITY OF
INDEPENDENT ACTION 56
D. USING INDIRECT EVIDENCE TO PROVE THE EXISTENCE OF AN AGREEMENT 58
E. USING CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE BASED ON DEFENDANTS CONDUCT TO PROVE
THE EXISTENCE OF AN AGREEMENT 60
1. PLAUSIBILITY 61
2. CONSCIOUS PARALLELISM 63
A. PROOF OF PARALLEL BEHAVIOR 63
B. PROOF THAT BEHAVIOR WAS CONSCIOUSLY PARALLEL 65 C. PROOF OF CONSCIOUS
PARALLELISM IS NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT 65
3. PLUS FACTORS 69
A. ACTIONS AGAINST THE DEFENDANT S INDEPENDENT SELF- INTEREST 69
B. MOTIVE TO CONSPIRE 74
C. OPPORTUNITY TO CONSPIRE 76
D. MARKET CONCENTRATION AND STRUCTURE 78
E. PRETEXTUAL EXPLANATIONS FOR ANTICOMPETITIVE CONDUCT 81 F. SHARING OF
PRICE INFORMATION 83
G. SIGNALING 87
H. INVOLVEMENT IN OTHER CONSPIRACIES 89
IV
IMAGE 3
CHAPTER IV
THE SPECIAL ISSUES OF COCONSPIRATOR EVIDENCE AND PARALLEL GOVERNMENT
ENFORCEMENT 93
A. STATEMENTS BY COCONSPIRATORS 93
1. THE OLD RULE: GLASSERV. UNITED STATES 94
2. COURT S DECISION IN UNITED STATES V. BOURJAILY 95
3. THE CURRENT RULE: FEDERAL RULE OF EVIDENCE 801(DX2XE) 97 A. A
STATEMENT BY A COCONSPIRATOR OF A PARTY 98 B. DURING THE COURSE OF
THE CONSPIRACY 100
C. IN FURTHERANCE OF THE CONSPIRACY 101
B. EFFECT OF WITNESS INVOCATION OF FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS 102 1.
ADMISSIBILITY IN CIVIL ACTIONS OF PARTIES INVOCATION OF FIFTH AMENDMENT
103
2. ADMISSIBILITY IN CIVIL ACTIONS OF NON-PARTIES INVOCATION OF FIFTH
AMENDMENT 104
C. EFFECTS OF PARTICIPATION IN LENIENCY PROGRAMS AND PLEA AGREEMENTS 106
1. LENIENCY PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS 106
2. ALLEGED COCONSPIRATORS OF LENIENCY PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS.... 107 D.
EFFECT OF PARALLEL U.S. GOVERNMENT ACTIONS 108
1. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL 109
2. PRIMA FACIE EVIDENTIARY EFFECTS 111
E. EFFECT OF PARALLEL STATE GOVERNMENT ACTIONS 114
CHAPTER V COLLABORATIVE VENTURES 117
A. BUSINESS COLLABORATIONS THAT TYPICALLY ARE NOT SUBJECT TO SCRUTINY
UNDER SECTION 1 OF THE SHERMAN ACT 117
1. AGREEMENTS BETWEEN RELATED ENTITIES OR INDIVIDUALS WORKING FOR THE
SAME FIRM 118
A. A COMPANY AND ITS WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARY 118 B. TWO WHOLLY OWNED
SUBSIDIARIES OF A SINGLE PARENT COMPANY (I.E., SISTER CORPORATIONS)
119
C. COMPANIES WITH A COMMON OWNER 120
D. A COMPANY AND ITS PARTIALLY-OWNED AFFILIATE-HOW MUCH OWNERSHIP IS
REQUIRED TO TRIGGER THE COPPERWELD RULE? 121
E. A SUPPLIER COMPANY AND ITS INDEPENDENT DEALERS, AND DUAL DISTRIBUTION
122
IMAGE 4
2. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE THAT OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES FROM
THE SAME FIRM OR RELATED FIRMS CANNOT CONSPIRE WITH EACH OTHER ~ 123
B. BUSINESS COLLABORATIONS THAT TYPICALLY ARE SUBJECT TO SCRUTINY UNDER
SECTION 1 OF THE SHERMAN ACT 124
1. FULLY INTEGRATED COLLABORATIVE VENTURES 125
2. JOINT PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION VENTURES 127
3. JOINT SELLING AGENCIES AND POOLED ACTIVITIES 127 4. COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH AGREEMENTS 131
5. OPEN MEMBERSHIP AND NETWORK JOINT VENTURES 133 6. TRADE AND
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 138
7. HEALTH CARE 141
8. STANDARD SETTING ORGANIZATIONS 144
9. SPORTS LEAGUES 149
CHAPTER VI INITIAL PLEADING 155
A. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PLEADING IN FEDERAL COURTS 155 1. PLEADINGS
BEFORE THE FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 155 2. PLEADING AS DRAFTED
UNDER THE FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 157
B. THE SUPREME COURT SETS THE STANDARD FOR A RULE 8 PLEADING 158 1.
CONLEYV. GIBSON .158
2. CONLEY V. GIBSON AS APPLIED IN ANTITRUST ACTIONS 159 C. TWOMBLY SETS
A NEW STANDARD FOR INTERPRETING RULE 8(A) 161 D. INTHEWAKEOF7 VO/NWY 163
1. POLICY RATIONALES MOTIVATING A SHIFT IN THE PLEADING STANDARD 163
A. COSTS TO DEFENDANTS 163
B. JUDICIAL FAILURE TO MANAGE CASES 163
2. PLEADING AN ANTITRUST CLAIM POST- TWOMBLY 164
A. DIRECT ALLEGATIONS OF A CONSPIRACY 166
B. EVIDENCE OF PARALLEL CONDUCT AND ALLEGATIONS OF COMPLEX AND
HISTORICALLY UNPRECEDENTED CHANGES IN PRICING STRUCTURES MADE FOR NO
OTHER DISCERNIBLE REASON 168
C. EVIDENCE OF PARALLEL CONDUCT AND FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS PLACED IN A
CONTEXT THAT RAISES A SUGGESTION OF A PRECEDING AGREEMENT 169
E. A STATISTICAL SNAPSHOT OF TWOMBFY S INITIAL IMPACT 171
VI
IMAGE 5
F. CLARIFICATION OF TWOMBLY: ASHCROFT V. IQBAL 173
1. OVERVIEW OF IQBAL 173
2. ILLUMINATING TWOMBLY STV/O WORKING PRINCIPLES 174 G. IMPLICATIONS FOR
CURRENT PLEADING PRACTICES 176
1. AMENDED COMPLAINT 176
2. RACING TO THE COURTHOUSE 178
3. LEGISLATION TO REINSTATE CONLEY S NO SET OF FACTS 179 4. ANTITRUST
STATE LAWS 179
CHAPTER VII SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN CONSPIRACY CASES 181
A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN ANTITRUST CONSPIRACY CASES 181 B. LEGAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN MOVING FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 186 1. DIRECT EVIDENCE OF
CONSPIRACY 186
2. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE OF A CONSPIRACY 188
A. PARALLEL BEHAVIOR: NOT SUFFICIENT ON ITS OWN TO ESTABLISH CONSPIRACY
189
B. OTHER FORMS OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE 190
3. PLAUSIBILITY OF CONSPIRACY 192
C. CIRCUIT-BY-CIRCUIT SUMMARY OF APPLICATION OF MONSANTO AND MATSUSHITA
193
D. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN ADVOCATING FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT....201 1.
PRACTICAL BARRIERS TO OBTAINING SUMMARY JUDGMENT 202 2. USE OF EXPERTS
203
A. EXPERTS ON CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE: THE RATIONALITY OF BEHAVIOR 203
B. EXPERTS IN RULE OF REASON CASES: DEMONSTRATING ANTICOMPETITIVE OR
COMPETITIVE EFFECTS 204 C. EXPERT TESTIMONY ON THE ULTIMATE ISSUE:
ADMISSIBILITY OF CONSPIRATOLOGY 205
D. SUMMARY JUDGMENT AS GATEKEEPER OF EXPERT EVIDENCE...207
CHAPTER VIII ECONOMIC EXPERT TESTIMONY 209
A. THE USE OF ECONOMIC EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH, OR DISPROVE, THE EXISTENCE
OF CONSPIRACY 209
B. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF COLLUSION 211 1. REQUIREMENTS
FOR SUCCESSFUL COLLUSION: THE CONSENSUS- DETECTION-PUNISHMENT PARADIGM
212
2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF A MARKET TO COLLUSION 214
VII
IMAGE 6
C. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MARKET OUTCOMES MAY BE USED TO
DETECT COLLUSIVE BEHAVIOR 217
1. ANALYSIS OF DATA ON PRICES 219
2. ANALYSIS OF DATA ON OUTPUT AND CAPACITY 221
3. ANALYSIS OF MARKET SHARES 221
4. ANALYSIS OF THE PROFITABILITY OF ALLEGED COLLUSION 221 5. ANALYSIS OF
UNUSUAL PATTERNS AND OBSERVATIONS 222 6. ANALYSIS OF DISCLOSURE AND
EXCHANGE OF NONPUBLIC INFORMATION 223
7. ANALYSIS OF WHETHER OBSERVED BEHAVIOR IS CONSISTENT WITH UNILATERAL
INCENTIVES 223
D. THE USE OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO ESTIMATE THE EXISTENCE AND IMPACT
OF COLLUSION 224
1. ALTERNATE REDUCED FORM MODELS 226
A. BEFORE-AND-AFTER 226
B. BENCHMARK COMPARISONS 228
C. STRUCTURAL BREAKS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRICE AND COST 229
2. REDUCED FORM VS. STRUCTURAL MODELS 230
3. REQUIREMENTS AND RESPONSES 230
E. AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS-DETECTING BID RIGGING 232
1. BIDS ARE HIGH AND POSITIVELY CORRELATED, AFTER CONTROLLING FOR COSTS
AND MEASURES OF MARKET POWER 233
2. A DISCONNECT BETWEEN BIDS AND COSTS 236
3. INEXPLICABLE GAP BETWEEN WINNING AND LOSING BIDS 238 F. THE STANDARDS
FOR ADMISSIBILITY OF EXPERT TESTIMONY IN ANTITRUST CONSPIRACY CASES 238
1. QUALIFICATIONS 240
2. RELIABILITY 241
3. FIT 242
CHAPTER IX TRYING CONSPIRACY CASES 245
A. FACT PATTERN 245
B. JUROR PERCEPTIONS AND PREDISPOSITIONS - ISSUES FOR DEFENSE COUNSEL
246
C. THE IMPORTANCE OF JURY CONSULTANTS 251
D. JUROR COMPREHENSION OF ECONOMIC TESTIMONY 254
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 254
VHL
IMAGE 7
2. PERSUADING THE JURY THROUGH EFFECTIVE DIRECT EXAMINATION ..256
A. SUBSTANCE 256
B. STYLE 259
3. PERSUADING THE JURY THROUGH EFFECTIVE CROSS-EXAMINATION... 261 4.
JUROR REACTION TO EXPERT TESTIMONY 263
E. JUROR COMPREHENSION OF THE MONSANTO STANDARD IN CASES WITHOUT DIRECT
EVIDENCE 264
1. DIRECT EVIDENCE VS. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE 265 2. TYPES OF
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE: COMPETITOR COMMUNICATIONS AND PRICING PRACTICES
267
3. THE PROBLEM OF PARALLEL CONDUCT 269
4. SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES 270
A. DEFENDING A CORPORATION 270
B. PROVING KNOWING PARTICIPATION 271
C. WITHDRAWAL 271
TABLE OF CASES 275
INDEX 293
IX
|
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| spelling | Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws Chicago, Ill. Section of Antitrust Law, American Bar Association c2010 XV, 297 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Antitrust law / United States Antitrust law / United States / Cases Conspiracy / United States USA American Bar Association Section of Antitrust Law Sonstige (DE-588)1000361-7 oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020480984&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws Antitrust law / United States Antitrust law / United States / Cases Conspiracy / United States |
| title | Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws |
| title_auth | Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws |
| title_exact_search | Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws |
| title_full | Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws |
| title_fullStr | Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws |
| title_full_unstemmed | Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws |
| title_short | Proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws |
| title_sort | proof of conspiracy under federal antitrust laws |
| topic | Antitrust law / United States Antitrust law / United States / Cases Conspiracy / United States |
| topic_facet | Antitrust law / United States Antitrust law / United States / Cases Conspiracy / United States USA |
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