The sounds of German:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English German |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2010
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 269 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 1 Audio-CD (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9780521694629 0521694620 |
Internformat
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| 020 | |a 9780521694629 |9 978-0-521-69462-9 | ||
| 020 | |a 0521694620 |9 0-521-69462-0 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1333310050 | ||
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| 084 | |a GC 6087 |0 (DE-625)38512: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Russ, Charles V. J. |d 1942- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)109805437 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The sounds of German |c Charles V. J. Russ |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 269 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |e 1 Audio-CD (12 cm) | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a German language / Textbooks for foreign speakers / English | |
| 650 | 4 | |a German language / Phonology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Deutsch | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020427990&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020427990 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143071208669184 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: The sounds of German
Autor: Russ, Charles V. J.
Jahr: 2010
Contents
List of figures XVI
Preface XIX
List of abbreviations XXII
1 Standards of pronunciation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Sounds and language ]
1.1.2 Spelling and writing systems 2
1.1.3 The German language 4
1.1.4 Spelling and writing in German 7
1.1.5 The science of studying sounds 8
1.1.6 The development of the International Phonetic Association and
its alphabet 8
1.1.7 The wish for a standardization of pronunciation i 1
1.2 Standards of pronunciation for German 12
1.2.1 Stage pronunciation (Die Bühnenaussprache) 12
1.2.2 The Duden and pronunciation standards 15 ,
1.2.3 Pronunciation standards in former East Germany as reflected in the
Wörterbuch der deutschen Aussprache 16
1.2.4 The terms used in the standardization of German pronunciation 17
1.3 Conclusion 17
Questions 18
2 Basic concepts 19
2.0 Introduction 19
2.1 Vocal communication 19
2.2 The organs of speech 20
2.3 The larynx (der Kehlkopf) 22
VI Contents
2.4 Air-stream mechanisms 23
2.5 Some acoustic characteristics of sounds 23
2.6 Types of sounds 25
2.6.1 Vowels 25
2.6.2 Consonants 26
2.6.3 State of the vocal cords 26
2.6 A The release of the occlusion in the pronunciation of plosives 27
2.6.5 The role of the velum and the nasal cavity 28
2.6.6 Vowel or consonant? 29
2.6.7 The case of [h] 29
2.6.8 The glottal stop (der Glottisschlag, -e) 29
Questions 30
3 Vowels 31
3.0 Introduction 31
3.1 Short and long vowels 32
3.2 Front rounded and back unrounded vowels 34
3.3 Diphthongs and sequences of vowels 35
3.4 Unstressed vowels 35
3.5 The vowels in detail 36
3.5.1 Short lax vowels 36
3.5.1.1 Short high close front unrounded vowel [i] 37
3.5.1.2 Short high close front rounded vowel [y] 37
3.5.1.3 Short high close back vowel [õ] 38
3.5.1.4 Short half-open front unrounded vowel [å] 39
3.5.1.5 Short half-open front rounded vowel [ce] 40
3.5.1.6 Short half-open back rounded vowel [o] 41
3.5.1.7 Short open unrounded vowel [a] 42
3.5.2 Long tense vowels 42
3.5.2.1 Long high close front unrounded vowel [i:] 43
3.5.2.2 Long high close front rounded vowel [y:] 44
3.5.2.3 Long high close back vowel [u:] 45
3.5.2.4 Long half-close front unrounded vowel [e:] 45
3.5.2.5 Long half-open front unrounded vowel [å:] 46
3.5.2.6 Long half-close front rounded vowel [â:] 47
3.5.2.7 Long half-close back rounded vowel [o:] 48
3.5.2.8 Long open unrounded vowel [a:] 49
3.5.3 Diphthongs 50
3.5.3.1 The diphthong [ai] 51
3.5.3.2 The diphthong [au] 52
3.5.3.3 The diphthong [oi] 53
3.5.3.4 The diphthong [ui] 54
VII Contents
3.5.4 Unstressed vowels 54
3.5.4.1 Schwa 54
3.5.4.2 So-called dark schwa 54
3.5.4.3 Short tense vowels in unstressed syllables 55
3.5.4.4 Short lax vowels in derivational affixes 56
3.6 Non-syllabic vowels 56
Questions 56
4 Consonants 58
4.0 Production of consonants 58
4.1 Manner of articulation 59
4.1.1 Obstruents (der Obstruent, -eri) 59
4.1.2 Sonorants 59
4.1.2.1 Nasals (derNasal,-e) 59
4.1.2.2 Lateral 60
4.1.2.3 The r-sounds 60
4.1.3 Affricates (die Affrikate,-ri) 61
4.2 Place of articulation 62
4.2.1 Labial (der Labial, -e labial, bilabial, labiodental) 62
4.2.2 Alveolar (der Alveolar, -e, alveolar) 63
4.2.3 Post-alveolar (der Postalveolar, -e; postalveolar) 63
4.2.4 Palato-velar 63
4.3 State of the vocal cords 64
4.4 The consonants in detail 64
4A.I Plosives 64
4.4.1.1 Voiceless fortis bilabial plosive [p] 65
4.4.1.2 Voiced lenis bilabial plosive [b] 66
4.4.1.3 Voiceless fortis alveolar plosive [t] 67
4.4.1.4 Voiced lenis alveolar plosive [d] 68
4.4.1.5 The voiceless palato-velar plosive [k] 69
4.4.1.6 The voiced palato-velar plosive [g] 70
4.4.2 Fricatives 71
4.4.2.1 The voiceless labio-dental fricative [f] 71
4.4.2.2 The voiced labio-dental fricative [v] 72
4.4.2.3 The voiceless alveolar fricative [s] 73
4.4.2.4 The voiced alveolar fricative [z] 74
4.4.2.5 The voiceless post-alveolar fricative [ƒ) 74
4.4.2.6 The voiced post-alveolar fricative [3] 75
4.4.2.7 The voiceless palatal fricative [ç] 76
4.4.2.8 The voiceless velar fricative [x] 77
4.4.2.9 The voiced palatal fricative [j] 78
VIII Contente
4.4.3 Affricates 78
4.4.3.1 The labial affricate [pf] 79
4.4.3.2 The alveolar affricate [ts] 79
4.4.3.3 The post-alveolar affricate [tj] 80
4.4.4 Nasals 80
4.4.4.1 The labial nasal [m] 80
4.4.4.2 The alveolar nasal [n] 81
4.4.4.3 The palato-velar nasal [?] 82
4.4.5 Other consonants 83
4.4.5.1 The lateral [1] 83
4.4.5.2 The r-sounds 84
4.4.5.3 The glottal fricative [h] 85
Questions 86
5 Sounds in contrast 88
5.1 Phonemes and allophones 88
5.1.1 Phonemic opposition 89
5.1.2 Peripheral sounds 90
5.2 The vowel phonemes 91
5.2.1 Problems of phonemic analysis of the vowels 92
5.2.1.1 The feature of vowel length 92
5.2.1.2 The special status of/e:/ 92
5.2.1.3 The phonemic status of the diphthongs - unitary phonemes or
vowel + glide 92
5.2.1.4 The vowels in unstressed syllables 93
5.3 Oppositions between vowels 94
5.3.1 Opposition between long (tense) vowels and short (lax) vowels 94
5.3.
5.3.
5.3.
5.3.
5.3.
5.3.
5.3.
5.3.
.1 /i/:/i:/ 95
.2 Id : /e:/ 95
.3 /e/:/e:/ 95
A lol: lo:l 95
.5 /u/:/u:/ 96
.6 /a/ : /a:/ 96
.7 løl : la:/ 96
.8 /y/ : /y:/ 96
5.3.2 Oppositions between front and back vowels 97
5.3.2.1 High vowels /i:/ : lu:/ 97
5.3.2.2 High vowels III :/u/ 97
5.3.2.3 Mid vowels/e:/:/o:/ 97
5.3.2.4 Mid vowels Id : lol 97
5.3.2.5 Low vowels/e:/:/a:/ 98
IX Contents
5.3.3 Multilateral oppositions between vowels of different tongue heights 98
5.3.4 Oppositions between front vowels with rounded and unrounded lips 99
5.3.4.1 /y/:/i/ 99
5.3.4.2 /y:/:/i:/ 99
5.3.4.3 løl:/cl 99
5.3.4.4 /ø:/:/e:/ 99
5.4 The consonant phonemes 100
5.4.1 Problems of phonemic analysis among the consonants 100
5.4.1.1 The status of [x] and [ç] 100
5.4.1.2 The affricates: are they one phoneme or two? 101
5.5 Phonemic oppositions among consonants 101
5.5.1 The bilateral opposition between voiceless and voiced plosives 102
5.5.1.1 /p/:/b/ 102
5.5.1.2 /t/:/d/ 102
5.5.1.3 /k/:/g/ 103
5.5.2 The bilateral opposition between voiceless and voiced fricatives 103
5.5.2.1 /f/:/v/ 103
5.5.2.2 /s/:/z/ 104
5.5.2.3 /J7:/3/ 104
5.5.3 Bilateral opposition: plosive : fricative 104
5.5.3.1 /p/:/f/ 104
5.5.3.2 /t/:/s/ i 05
5.5.3.3 /k/:/x-ç/ J05
5.5.3.4 /b/:/v/ J05
5.5.3.5 /d/:/?/ J06
5.5.3.6 /g/ : /j/ i 06
5.5.4 Nasal plosion vs oral plosion 107
5.5.4.1 /m/:/b/ J07
5.5.4.2 /?/: /d/ J07
5.5.4.3 /?/:/g/ i07
5.5.5 Multilateral oppositions between places of articulation 208
5.5.5.1 Voiceless plosives:/?/:/t/:/k/ JOS
5.5.5.2 Voiced plosives:/b/:/d/:/g/ 108
5.5.5.3 Nasal plosives: Ými : Ýni : /?/ 109
5.5.5.4 Voiceless fricatives:/f/:/s/:/ƒ/:/x-ç/ 109
5.5.5.5 Voiced fricatives: M : Izl : /3I : Ijl 109
5.5.6 Oppositions with the lateral III and trill or fricative Ixl 110
5.5.6.1 /l/:/r/ 110
5.5.6.2 /l/:/d/ 110
5.5.6.3 /r/:/d/ 110
5.5.6.4 /l/:/t/ 111
5.5.6.5 /r/:/x-c/ JiJ
Contents
5.5.7 Mutlilateral oppositions: Affricates in opposition to their plosives
and fricatives 112
5.5.7.1 /pf/:/p/:/f/ 112
5.5.7.2 /ts/:/t/:/s/ 112
5.5.7.3 /tJV :/t/:/J7 112
Questions 113
6 Sounds and spelling 114
6.0 General principles 114
6.1 The phonemic principle {phonematisches Prinzip) 115
6.1.1 One phoneme is represented by more than one letter 115
6.1.2 Predictable variation of letters for a phoneme 115
6.1.3 Random variation of letters for a phoneme 116
6.1.4 A cluster of phonemes is represented by one letter 117
6.2 The morphophonemic principle (Stammprinzip) 118
6.3 The homonymy principle 119
6.4 Spelling of individual phonemes 120
6.4.1 Short vowels in stressed syllables 120
6.4.1.1 Short/a/ 121
6.4.1.2 Short Id 121
6.4.1.3 Short/i/ 122
6.4.1.4 Short open/o/ 122
6.4.1.5 Short open Id 122
6.4.1.6 Short open M 122
6.4.1.7 Short open /ce/ 123
6.4.2 Long vowels 123
6.4.2.1 Long /a:/ 124
6.4.2.2 Long/e:/ 224
6.4.2.3 Long open/e:/ J24
6.4.2.4 Long/i:/ 225
6.4.2.5 Long/o:/ 125
6.4.2.6 Long close/u:/ 126
6.4.2.7 Long close/ø:/ 226
6.4.2.8 Long close/y:/ 126
6.4.3 Diphthongs J27
6.4.3.1 The falling diphthong /ai/ 127
6.4.3.2 The falling diphthong /au/ 227
6.4.3.3 The falling diphthong/oi/ 22«
6.4.4 Consonants 128
6.4.4.1 The labial affricate/pf/ 128
6.4.4.2 The alveolar affricate/ts/ 228
6.4.4.3 The alveo-palatal affricate /tí/ 229
XI Contents
6.4.4.4 The voiceless labial stop/ñ/ 129
6.4.4.5 The voiced labial stop/b/ 129
6.4.4.6 The voiceless alveolar stop hi 130
6.4.4.7 The voiced alveolar stop Id/ 130
6.4.4.8 The voiceless palato-velar stop/k/ 130
6.4.4.9 The voiced palato-velar stop/g/ 131
6.4.4.10 The voiceless labio-dental fricative HI 131
6.4.4.11 The voiced labio-dental fricative hi 131
6.4.4.12 The voiceless alveolar fricative Is/ 132
6.4.4.13 The voiced alveolar fricative 111 132
6.4.4.14 The voiceless alveo-palatal fricative/ƒ/ 132
6.4.4.15 The voiceless palato-velar fricative Ic-xl 132
6.4.4.16 The voiced alveo-palatal fricative /3I 133
6.4.4.17 The voiced palatal fricative Ijl 133
6.4.4.18 The labial nasal /ml 133
6.4.4.19 The alveolar nasal Inl 133
6.4.4.20 The velar nasal/ç/ 133
6.4.4.21 The lateral IV 133
6.4.4.22 The hi phoneme 134
6.4.4.23 The glottal fricative/h/ 134
6.5 Spelling reform 134
6.5.1 Spelling reform up to 1901 134
6.5.2 Spelling reform 1901 to 1996 137
Questions 140
7 Distribution of vowels and consonants 142
7.0 Introduction 142
7.1 The structure of the syllable: Vowels and consonants 142
7.2 Phonotactics 144
7.2.1 Initial consonant clusters 144
7.2.2 Final consonant clusters 145
7.2.3 Medial consonant clusters 146
7.3 The hierarchical structure of the syllable 147
7.3.1 Analysis of consonant clusters 149
7.3.2 The analysis of vowel length and diphthongs 149
7.4 Syllable boundaries 150
7.5 Changes affecting syllable structure 151
7.5.1 Syncope 15/
7.5.2 Epenthesis 151
7.5.3 Apocope 152
Questions 152
XII Contents
8 Foreign sounds 153
8.0 Introduction 153
8.1 Borrowing in the history of German 153
8.2 Borrowing and the sound system of German 156
8.2.1 New sounds are introduced 156
8.2.1.1 The voiced post-alveolar [3] 157
8.2.1.2 Nasal vowels 158
8.2.1.3 The case of uvular [R] 159
8.2.2 Lost sounds have been re-introduced 160
8.2.2.1 Initial [p] in OHG 160
8.2.2.2 Unstressed vowels [-a, -o, -i, -u] 161
8.2.3 New consonant clusters 163
8.2.3.1 Initial ?3-] 163
8.2.3.2 Initial [ps-] 164
8.2.3.3 Initial [sk-] 164
8.2.3.4 Initial [s] + obstruent or sonorant 164
8.2.3.5 Some minor clusters 165
8.2.3.6 The initial cluster [vr-] 165
8.2.4 The re-introduction of lost consonant clusters 166
8.2.4.1 Initial voiceless labial stop + liquid [pi-], [pr-] 166
8.2.4.2 Medial [-mb-] 166
8.2.4.3 The consonant cluster/tw/ 166
8.2.5 New distribution of already existing sounds and consonant clusters 166
8.2.5.1 Intervocalic voiced labio-dental [-V-] 167
8.2.5.2 Initial voiceless alveolar fricative [s-] 167
8.2.5.3 Initial alveolar affricate [tf-] 167
8.2.6 New morphophonemic alternations 168
8.2.7 New word stress patterns: word-final stress 168
8.2.8 The sounds of English post-1945 loans 169
8.2.8.1 Pronunciation of English vowels 170
8.2.8.2 Pronunciation of English consonants 170
8.2.8.3 Consonant clusters 171
8.3 Attitudes to foreign words 171
Questions 173
9 Alternations 175
9.1 Introduction 175
9.1.1 Distinctive features 175
9.1.2 Underlying forms and phonological rules 178
9.2 Automatic alternations 179
9.2.1 Word-final devoicing 179
XIII Contents
9.2.2 Treatment of schwa 180
9.2.3 Alternations involving [e] 180
9.3 Morphophonological or morphophonemic alternations 180
9.3.1 Relic alternations 181
9.3.1.1 Reflexes of the High German Sound Shift 181
9.3.1.2 Some Germanic consonant alternations 181
9.3.2 Common alternations 182
9.3.2.1 Vowel gradation 182
9.3.2.2 Alternations in loan words 184
9.3.3 Productive alternations: umlaut 185
9.3.3.1 Umlaut in noun plurals 186
9.3.3.2 Umlaut in the comparison of adjectives 187
9.3.3.3 Umlaut in the present tense of strong verbs 188
9.3.3.4 Umlaut in Subjunctive II 188
9.3.3.5 Umlaut in derivational morphology 188
Questions 189
10 Suprasegmental features and syllables 191
10.0 Introduction 191
10.1 Word stress 191
10.2 The placement of stress 191
10.2.1 Suffixes 192
10.2.2 Prefixes 193
10.2.3 Adjectival prefixes 195
10.2.4 Compounds 195
10.2.4.1 Compound nouns 195
10.2.4.2 Compound adjectives 197
10.2.4.3 Compound verbs 197
10.2.4.4 Compound particles 197
10.3 Sentence stress and weak forms 198
10.4 Intonation 199
Questions 201
11 Pluricentric and regional variation 203
11.0 Introduction 203
11.1 German dialects 203
11.2 The ambiguity of the term German 207
11.3 Pluricentric variation 207
11.3.1 Pronunciation in Switzerland 208
11.3.1.1 Vocalic differences 209
11.3.1.2 Consonantal differences 209
11.3.1.3 Differences in stress 210
XIV Contents
11.3.2 Pronunciation in Austria 210
11.3.2.1 Vocalic differences 211
11.3.2.2 Consonantal differences 211
11.3.2.3 Differences in stress 212
11.3.3 Features of pronunciation typical of Germany 212
11.3.3.1 Vocalic differences 213
11.3.3.2 Consonantal differences 213
Questions 214
12 Sound changes 217
12.0 Preliminaries 217
12.1 History of German 217
12.1.1 Old High German 217
12.1.1.1 Some OHG texts 219
12.1.2 Middle High German 220
12.1.2.1 MHG texts 221
12.1.3 Early New High German and the development of the
NHG standard 222
12.2 Sound change 226
12.3 Sound change and spelling 227
12.3.1 Statements on pronunciation by contemporary phoneticians
and grammarians 227
12.3.2 Loanwords 227
12.3.3 Phonological development in the language itself 227
12.3.4 Spelling conventions and variants 228
12.3.5 Rhymes and puns 228
12.3.6 Related languages and dialects 228
12.4 Types of phonetic change 229
12.4.1 Vowels 229
12.4.2 Consonants 229
12.5 Phonemic change 230
12.5.1 Merger 230
12.5.2 Split 230
12.5.3 Shift 231
12.6 Vowel changes 231
12.6.1 Diphthongization and monophthongization 231
12.6.1.1 The development of OHG ai and au 231
12.6.1.2 Diphthongization in OHG 232
12.6.1.3 Monophthongization in NHG 233
12.6.1.4 Diphthongization in NHG 233
12.6.2 Development of umlaut vowels 234
XV Contents
12.6.3 Changes in vowel quantity 235
12.6.3.1 Lengthening 235
12.6.3.2 Shortening 237
12.6.4 Changes in vowel quality 237
12.6.4.1 Lowering 238
12.6.4.2 Rounding and derounding 238
12.6.5 Thee-sounds 238
12.6.5.1 Origin of/å:/ 238
12.6.5.2 The short e-sounds 239
12.6.6 The retraction of long/a:/ 239
12.7 Consonantal changes 239
12.7.1 Second, or High German, Sound Shift 239
12.7.1.1 The geographical distribution of the Second Sound Shift 242
12.7.1.2 Theories about the Second Sound Shift 244
12.7.2 Voiced and voiceless plosives and fricatives 245
12.7.3 Voiced and voiceless fricatives 246
12.7.4 The origin of///and merger with/s/ 247
12.7.5 Nasals 247
Questions 248
References 250
Index 260
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Russ, Charles V. J. 1942- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)109805437 |
| author_facet | Russ, Charles V. J. 1942- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Russ, Charles V. J. 1942- |
| author_variant | c v j r cvj cvjr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036505659 |
| classification_rvk | GC 6087 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1333310050 (DE-599)BVBBV036505659 |
| discipline | Germanistik / Niederlandistik / Skandinavistik |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036505659 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:41:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521694629 0521694620 |
| language | English German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020427990 |
| oclc_num | 1333310050 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 |
| physical | XXII, 269 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 1 Audio-CD (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Russ, Charles V. J. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)109805437 aut The sounds of German Charles V. J. Russ 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2010 XXII, 269 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 1 Audio-CD (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier German language / Textbooks for foreign speakers / English German language / Phonology Deutsch HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020427990&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Russ, Charles V. J. 1942- The sounds of German German language / Textbooks for foreign speakers / English German language / Phonology Deutsch |
| title | The sounds of German |
| title_auth | The sounds of German |
| title_exact_search | The sounds of German |
| title_full | The sounds of German Charles V. J. Russ |
| title_fullStr | The sounds of German Charles V. J. Russ |
| title_full_unstemmed | The sounds of German Charles V. J. Russ |
| title_short | The sounds of German |
| title_sort | the sounds of german |
| topic | German language / Textbooks for foreign speakers / English German language / Phonology Deutsch |
| topic_facet | German language / Textbooks for foreign speakers / English German language / Phonology Deutsch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020427990&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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