Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā: individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Latvian |
| Published: |
Rīga
LU Latviešu Valodas Institūts
2009
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: The state language in multilingual society: individual and social bilingualism in Latvia |
| Physical Description: | 206 S. 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789984742533 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā |b individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā |c Vineta Poriņa |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: The state language in multilingual society: individual and social bilingualism in Latvia | ||
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SATURS
Priekšvärds
. 5
Ievads. 11
1.
Individuală
bilingvisma
jëdziens
. 16
1.1.
Individuală bilingvisma
definïcijas.
21
1.2.
Dzimtã valoda
. 24
1.3.
Otrãs valodas apguve
. 27
2.
Socială bilingvisma
jëdziens.
40
2.1.
Valodu
daudzveidïba.
45
2.2.
Etniska
identitate un
etniskas
grapas
. 47
2.3.
Etnolingvistiskã
vitalitate
. 51
3.
Individuală bilingvisma
tipologija.
54
3.1.
Bilingva valodu
prašme
un lietojums
. 54
3.2.
Funkcionălais bilingvisms un valodas prasmes
. 56
3.3.
Produktîvais un receptîvais bilingvisms
. 58
3.4.
Sabalansëtie
bilingvi
. 60
3.5.
Pusvalodïgi indivïdi
. 61
3.6.
KomunikatTvã
kompetence
. 62
3.7.
Papildinošais
un
aizstäjošais bilingvisms
. 63
4.
Valodas
situacija Latvija.
65
4.1.
Latvijas
iedzïvotaju
etnodemogräfiskä
struktura
. 66
4.2.
Valsts valodas likums
. 75
4.3.
Atestãcijas
nozïme
valsts valodas apguves
veicinäšanä
. 87
4.4.
Plašsazinas
lïdzekji
kä
valodas
situãcijas
komponents
. 99
4.5.
Latviešu
un
krievu valodas bilingvisma
izplatîba
Latvija
. 109
5.
Individuälais
bilingvisms Latvija.
116
5.1.
Latvijas
iedzïvotaju sadalïjums
pëc
dzimtãs
valodas
. 120
5.2.
Latvijas
iedzïvotaju
latviešu
un
krievu valodas
prašme
. 125
5.3.
Individa etnolingvistiskas
identitätes,
sazinas valodas
izvëles
problema un
koda
maina starp
bilingvãlajiem
Latvijas iedzïvotajiem
. 132
5.4.
Latviešu
un krievu valodas lietojums
dazãdãs
sociolingvistiskajãs funkcijãs
. 142
5.5.
Svešvalodu prašme
Latvija.
145
6.
Attieksme pret
bilingvälo
izglïtïbu
un jaunäkäs
paaudzes bilingvismu. 148
6.1.
Situacija
Latvijas
mazakumtautîbu izglïtîba.
149
6.2.
Mazakumtautîbu
pãrstãyju attieksme
pret
bilingvälo
izglïtïbu
. 151
6.3.
Mazakumtautîbu
pãrstãvju skolu
izvële
berniem
. 155
6.4.
Latviešu
un mazakumtautîbu
pãrstãvju
attieksme
pret
bërnu
otrãs
valodas
prasmi
. 157
Valsts valodas
situäcijas
izvërtëjums un ieteikumi
. 165
Saïsinajumi
. 180
Summary. The
State
Language in Multilingual
Society:
Individual
and Social
Bilingualism in Latvia
. 181
Bibliografija.
188
THE STATE LANGUAGE
IN MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY:
INDIVIDUALAND
SOCIAL BILINGUALISM
IN LATVIA
CONTENTS
Preface
. 5
Introduction
. 11
1.
The Concept of Individual Bilingualism
. 16
1.1.
Definitions of Individual Bilingualism
. 21
1.2.
Native Language
. 24
1.3.
Second Language Learning
. 27
2.
Social Bilingualism
. 40
2.1.
Linguistic Diversity
. 45
2.2.
Ethnic Identity and Ethnic Groups
. 47
2.3.
Ethnolinguistic Vitality
. 51
3.
Typology of Individual Bilingualism
. 54
3.1.
Use of Language and Language Skills of Bilingual
Individuals
. 54
3.2.
Functional Bilingualism and Language Skills
. 56
3.3.
Productive and Receptive bilingualism
. 58
3.4.
Balanced Bilinguals
. 60
3.5.
Semilinguals
. 61
3.6.
Communicative Competence
. 62
3.7.
Additive and Subtractive Bilingualism
. 63
181
4.
The Language Situation in Latvia
65
4.1.
Ethnodemographic Structure in Latvia
.
66
4.2.
State Language Law
.
75
4.3.
Role of Certification in the Learning of the State
87
Language
.
°
'
4.4.
Role of Mass Media
.
yy
4.5.
Distribution of Latvian and Russian Bilingualism
in Latvia
.
109
5.
Individual Bilingualism in Latvia
.
5.1.
Bilinguals and their Native Language
. 120
5.2.
Latvian and Russian Language Skills of Inhabitants
of Latvia
. 125
5.3.
Ethnolinguistic Identity, Language Choice and
Code-Switching between Bilinguals in Latvia
. 132
5.4.
Latvian and Russian Language Use
. 142
5.5.
Foreign Language Skills in Latvia
. 1^5
6.
Attitudes towards Bilingual Education and Second
Language Aquisition
.
6.1.
Minority Education in Latvia
.
6.2.
Vacillations in Attitude towards Bilingual Education
.
6.3.
Choice of Schools for Minority Education
.
6.4.
Attitudes of Latvians and Minorities towards Second
Language Skills
. 157
Conclusion and Recommendations
.
Abbreviations
. 180
Summary in English. The State Language in Multilingual
Society: Individual and Social Bilingualism in Latvia
. 181
Bibliography
. 188
182
THE STATE LANGUAGE
IN MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY:
INDIVIDUALAND
SOCIAL BILINGUALISM
IN LATVIA
SUMMARY
Linguistic issues in Latvia are riddled with political, historical
and economic aspects as well as those related to identity and social
development and as such they demand constant research. This latest study
is a continuation of my doctoral dissertation (Porina, 2003a) as a point
of departure for analyses of the present situation in Latvia with respect
to language policy, social and individual bilingualism in a longitudinal,
namely
-
comparative perspective.
After the Second World War, Russian became the dominant
language in Latvia, since it was the basic means of communiation
between all Soviet republics. Latvian was relegated to the status of a
local language. During the Soviet occupation, ethnic diversity in Latvia
grew from
10
to
130
ethnic groups with Russian as the indisputable
language of communication.
On regaining of independence Latvia renewed independence of
the state but was faced with the problem of a demographical balance:
the titular nation was numerical fewer than the ethnically diverse, but
linguistically homogeneous population in the seven major cities of
Latvia. The Latvian government was faced with the daunting task of
breaking down the hegemony of Russian. Legislation was introduced
and Latvian was declared the official state language of Latvia. This
had the effect of inducing many Russian speakers to learn Latvian and
send their children to Latvian schools.
Ifin
1989
only
19%
of minority
speakers knew Latvian, by the year
2000
this percentage increased
to
54.5%.
Now approximately
91%
of minorities know at least some
Latvian.
The introductory chapters of the present study contain a detailed
description of theories related to bilingualism in order to provide a
framework for the interpretation and discussion of the findings at hand.
183
This study contains many tables where the results of surveys are compiled
on the basis of which conclusions are made.
In my doctoral dissertation, the problems of language planning in
the complex bilingual situation at the time were analysed with reference
to the ethnodemographic situation in Latvia. The results of the present
study show that percentage of Latvians has increased from
52%
in
1989
to
57.7%
in
2000
and
59.3%
in
2009
(see Table
6).
The percentage of the
entire population who are speakers of Latvian has increased from
61.7%
in
1989
to
79%
in
2000.
Recent emigration from Latvia is affecting the size of all groups,
apart from the Roma whose number has actually increased. Latvians tend
to emigrate to a lesser degree than the minorities.
The State Language Law stipulates Latvian as the only official
language in Latvia. Oher languages were admissible only when
public interests were not affected. During the process of legislation
in
2000,
the condition for using other languages became vague in
formulation which resulted in laxity in language choice in society that
has strengthened social bilingualism in Latvia. With respect minorities,
instead of striving to use Latvian, they opt for Russian even if they are
of non-Russian descent (see Figure
3
and
4).
In places of employment,
if the boss is a bilingual in Russian and Latvian, the language used
among employees is generally Russian. This means that a Latvian
seeking employment has to reckon with speaking Russian on a daily
basis with his colleagues. White collar employment, including hotel,
restaurant and shop personnel, are generally required to know Latvian,
Russian and English.
State language certification for minorities, positing three levels of
proficiency, to corespond to employment requirements, was instrumental
in increasing proficiency in Latvian. However, when the clause indicating
the link between language level and job requirements was deleted in
2000
in preparation for
EU
membership, language certification was seen
more as a formality and its effect diminished, it no longer functions as a
major reason for learning Latvian.
The non-Latvian press in Latvia is in Russian. None of the three
main newspapers is sympathetic to the view that the titular nation is
the language of the majority and that society is entitled to function in
the language of this majority, namely Latvian. Two of the three main
newspapers are vociferous in their constant criticism of the State
Language Law, any requirements for acquisition of Latvian and bilingual
184
education. In addition, they vehemently attack the Latvian interpretation
of events during the Second World War and the view that Soviet Union
occupied Latvia.
EU
membership is regarded as a wedge between
Russians in Latvia and Russia.
Latvian
-
Russian bilingualism is common in Latvia. Minority
speakers who have become assimilated, the majority during Soviet
times, consider eather Russian or in isolated cases
-
Latvian as their
native language (see Table
26).
Instances of minority group members
wishing to revive their former ethnic affiliation are slowly becoming
more frequent.
The proportion of non-Latvians purporting to possess a good
knowledge of Latvian has increased by
10
to
15
percent between
2000
and
2008,
whilst a similar decrease is registered for those whose
knowledge of Latvian is weak. The most dramatic increase in Latvian
speakers is in the age group
15-34
years which must be attributed to
bilingual education.
Despite theses figures, the use of Latvian does not reflect
improvement. When asked why non-Latvians do not wish to use Latvian,
they cite insufficient knowledge of the language. This may be interpreted
as an excuse to avoid using Latvian whenever possible. The Latvian
government aims at an integrated society based on the knowledge and use
of the state language. To accommodate two languages and many cultures
in a country as small as Latvia is not viable economically: enormous
resources are required to guarantee full democracy and civil rights in two
separate languages for some two millions inhabitants, especially with
regard Latvia's economic potential.
The tenacity of Russian language use in the public sphere is
largely due to Latvians complying when addressed in Russian rather then
insisting on speaking Latvian. The reasons given for this are: to enable
better communication; to avoid demonstration of a negative attitude
towards non-Latvians; to show themselves as tolerant human beings;
inertia. Code-switching between Latvian and Russian occurs among
Latvians to enhance expressivity and transmit humor.
A generation shift is occurring since the younger generation
(under
15
yr.-olds) no longer has the same command of Russian as the
parents. This generation, on account of the internet and other cultural
phenomena, is
au fait
with English which is perceived as a threat to
Latvian language purity by the parents since English to a large extent is
foreign to them.
185
This study describes four different models of bilingual education
available to minority schools. The model preferred by most parents is that
from the first grade onwards, one subject is taught entirely in Latvian, with
a further subject added each consecutive year. The attitude to bilingual
education has been monitored since
2000.
My findings correspond to
results elsewhere, namely that it has taken
5
years for bilingual education
to take hold and achieve its goal with respect to acquisition of the state
language. Bilingual education has also resulted in minority schools in
languages other than Russian teaching formerly monolingual Russian-
speaking children of non-Russian descent the language of their parents or
grandparents, Latvian and Russian. The choice of bilingual education for
children on the part of parents has increasingly shifted to favour education
in Latvian schools. The female minority population is significantly more
in favour of children integrating into Latvian society than their male
counterparts.
The path to an integrated society in Latvia is developing slowly.
Its progress is hindered by the relatively small majority of the titular
nation and the linguistic homogeneity of the minority groups. This
prompts a discussion of whether two official languages is not an option.
This may be rejected on two counts: the economic resources required for
this and the fear of the fulfilment of the prediction made by the ethnically
Russian mayor of Riga in
2009,
that Latvian is bound to disappear in
two or three generations if Latvia is to have two official languages.
Further impediments are: unpredictable waves of migration; an aging
population; minority groups not putting to use acquired language skills
in Latvian; ambiguous and vague formulation regulating language use
in legislation; the press in Latvia that divides society into two camps.
However, the effects of bilingual education are bearing fruit and the
process of acquisition of Latvian by the vast majority of inhabitants of
Latvia is moving in the right direction. The coming generation, with
the opportunity to take advantage of education possibilities in other
EU
countries, is likely to produce a plurilingual situation where individuals
are not solely geared to Russian as the second language. |
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| id | DE-604.BV036487806 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-07T13:05:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789984742533 |
| language | Latvian |
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| physical | 206 S. 22 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
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| publisher | LU Latviešu Valodas Institūts |
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| spelling | Poriņa, Vineta Verfasser aut Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā Vineta Poriņa Rīga LU Latviešu Valodas Institūts 2009 206 S. 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: The state language in multilingual society: individual and social bilingualism in Latvia Bilingualism / Latvia Language policy / Latvia Zweisprachigkeit (DE-588)4068227-4 gnd rswk-swf Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 g Zweisprachigkeit (DE-588)4068227-4 s Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020410464&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020410464&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Poriņa, Vineta Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā Bilingualism / Latvia Language policy / Latvia Zweisprachigkeit (DE-588)4068227-4 gnd Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068227-4 (DE-588)4077732-7 (DE-588)4074187-4 |
| title | Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā |
| title_auth | Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā |
| title_exact_search | Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā |
| title_full | Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā Vineta Poriņa |
| title_fullStr | Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā Vineta Poriņa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā Vineta Poriņa |
| title_short | Valsts valoda daudzvalodīgajā sabiedrībā |
| title_sort | valsts valoda daudzvalodigaja sabiedriba individualais un socialais bilingvisms latvija |
| title_sub | individuālais un sociālais bilingvisms Latvijā |
| topic | Bilingualism / Latvia Language policy / Latvia Zweisprachigkeit (DE-588)4068227-4 gnd Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bilingualism / Latvia Language policy / Latvia Zweisprachigkeit Sprachpolitik Lettland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020410464&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020410464&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT porinavineta valstsvalodadaudzvalodigajasabiedribaindividualaisunsocialaisbilingvismslatvija |