Optical properties of solids:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2010
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | Oxford master series in physics
3 : Condensed matter physics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 396 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199573370 9780199573363 |
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Contents
1
Introduction
1
1.1
Classification
of optical processes
1
1.2
Optical coefficients
2
1.3
The complex refractive index and dielectric constant
6
1.4
Optical materials
9
1.4.1
Crystalline insulators and semiconductors
9
1.4.2
Glasses
12
1.4.3
Metals
13
1.4.4
Molecular materials
14
1.4.5
Doped glasses and insulators
16
1.5
Characteristic optical physics in the solid state
17
1.5.1
Crystal symmetry
18
1.5.2
Electronic bands
20
1.5.3
Vibronic bands
21
1.5.4
The density of states
21
1.5.5
Delocalized states and collective excitations
22
1.6
Microscopic models
23
Chapter summary
24
Further reading
25
Exercises
25
2
Classical propagation
28
2.1
Propagation of light in a dense optical medium
28
2.1.1
Atomic oscillators
29
2.1.2
Vibrational oscillators
31
2.1.3
Free electron oscillators
32
2.2
The
dipole
oscillator model
33
2.2.1
The
Lorentz
oscillator
33
2.2.2
Multiple resonances
38
2.2.3
Comparison with experimental data
41
2.2.4
Local field corrections
43
2.3
The Kramers-Kronig relationships
44
2.4
Dispersion
46
2.5
Optical anisotropy
48
2.5.1
Natural anisotropy: birefringence
48
2.5.2
Induced optical anisotropy
53
2.6
Optical chirality
55
Chapter summary
57
Further reading
58
xii Contents
Exercises
58
Interband
absorption
62
3.1
Interband
transitions
62
3.2
The transition rate for direct absorption
64
3.3
Band edge absorption in direct gap semiconductors
68
3.3.1
The atomic physics of the
interband
transitions
68
3.3.2
The band structure of a direct gap
ПІ
-V
semicon¬
ductor
69
3.3.3
The joint density of states
71
3.3.4
The frequency dependence of the band edge ab¬
sorption
72
3.3.5
The Franz-Keldysh effect
74
3.3.6
Band edge absorption in a magnetic field
75
3.3.7
Spin injection
77
3.4
Band edge absorption in indirect gap semiconductors
79
3.5
Interband
absorption above the band edge
82
3.6
Measurement of absorption spectra
84
3.7
Semiconductor photodetectors
86
3.7.1
Photodiodes
87
3.7.2
Photoconductive devices
89
3.7.3
Photovoltaic devices
90
Chapter summary
91
Further reading
92
Exercises
92
Excitons
95
4.1
The concept of
excitons
95
4.2
Free
excitons
96
4.2.1
Binding energy and radius
96
4.2.2
Exciton absorption
98
4.2.3
Experimental data for free
excitons
in GaAs
100
4.3
Free
excitons
in external fields
101
4.3.1
Electric fields
102
4.3.2
Magnetic fields
103
4.4
Free
excitons
at high densities
104
4.5
Frenkel
excitons
107
4.5.1
Rare gas crystals
107
4.5.2
Alkali halides
108
4.5.3
Molecular crystals
108
Chapter summary
109
Further reading
110
Exercises
110
Luminescence
113
5.1
Light emission in solids
113
5.2
Interband
luminescence
115
5.2.1
Direct gap materials
116
Contents xiii
5.2.2
Indirect
gap materials
Π
7
5.3
Photoluminescence
118
5.3.1
Excitation and relaxation
118
5.3.2
Low carrier densities
120
5.3.3
Degeneracy
121
5.3.4
Optical orientation
123
5.3.5
Photoluminescence spectroscopy
125
5.4
Electroluminescence
126
5.4.1
General principles of electroluminescent devices
126
5.4.2
Light-emitting diodes
129
5.4.3
Diode lasers
130
5.4.4
Cathodoluminescence
135
Chapter summary
136
Further reading
137
Exercises
138
Quantum confinement
141
6.1
Quantum-confined structures
141
6.2
Growth and structure of quantum wells
144
6.3
Electronic levels
146
6.3.1
Separation of the variables
146
6.3.2
Infinite potential wells
147
6.3.3
Finite potential wells
149
6.4
Quantum well absorption and
excitons
152
6.4.1
Selection rules
152
6.4.2
Two-dimensional absorption
154
6.4.3
Experimental data
156
6.4.4
Excitons
in quantum wells
157
6.4.5
Spin injection in quantum wells
158
6.5
The quantum-confined Stark effect
160
6.6
Optical emission
164
6.7
Intersubband transitions
166
6.8
Quantum dots
167
6.8.1
Quantum dots as artificial atoms
167
6.8.2
Colloidal quantum dots
170
6.8.3
Self-assembled epitaxial quantum dots
172
Chapter summary
174
Further reading
175
Exercises
176
Free electrons
180
7.1
Plasma reflectivity
180
7.2
Free carrier conductivity
183
7.3
Metals
185
7.3.1
The
Drude
model
185
7.3.2
Interband
transitions in metals
188
7.4
Doped semiconductors
191
7.4.1
Free carrier reflectivity and absorption
191
xiv Contents
7.4.2
Impurity absorption
196
7.5
Plasmons
198
7.5.1
Bulk plasmons
198
7.5.2
Surface plasmons
202
7.6
Negative refraction
207
Chapter summary
209
Further reading
210
Exercises
211
8
Molecular materials
214
8.1
Introduction to organic materials
214
8.2
Optical spectra of molecules
216
8.2.1
Electronic states and transitions
216
8.2.2
Vibronic coupling
218
8.2.3
Molecular configuration diagrams
219
8.2.4
The Franck-Condon principle
221
8.2.5
Experimental spectra
224
8.3
Conjugated molecules
227
8.3.1
Small conjugated molecules
227
8.3.2
Conjugated polymers
229
8.4
Organic opto-electronics
232
8.5
Carbon nanostructures
235
8.5.1
Introduction
235
8.5.2
Graphene
236
8.5.3
Carbon nanotubes
237
8.5.4
Carbon
bucky
balls
241
Chapter summary
243
Further reading
244
Exercises
245
9
Luminescence centres
247
9.1
Vibronic absorption and emission
247
9.2
Colour centres
250
9.2.1
F-centres in alkali halides
250
9.2.2
NV centres in diamond
253
9.3
Paramagnetic impurities in ionic crystals
255
9.3.1
The crystal-field effect and vibronic coupling
255
9.3.2
Rare-earth ions
257
9.3.3
Transition-metal ions
259
9.4
Solid-state lasers and optical amplifiers
261
9.5
Phosphors
264
Chapter summary
266
Further reading
267
Exercises
268
10
Phonons
271
10.1
Infrared active phonons
271
10.2
Infrared reflectivity and absorption in polar solids
273
Contents xv
10.2.1
The classical oscillator model
273
10.2.2
The Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relationship
276
10.2.3 Reststrahlen 277
10.2.4
Lattice absorption
278
10.3
Polaritons
281
10.4
Polarons
282
10.5
Inelastic light scattering
285
10.5.1
General principles of inelastic light scattering
286
10.5.2
Raman scattering
287
10.5.3
Brillouin scattering
289
10.6
Phonon lifetimes
290
Chapter summary
292
Further reading
292
Exercises
293
11
Nonlinear optics
295
11.1
The nonlinear susceptibility tensor
295
11.2
The physical origin of optical nonlinearities
298
11.2.1
Non-resonant nonlinearities
299
11.2.2
Resonant nonlinearities
302
11.3
Second-order nonlinearities
305
11.3.1
Nonlinear frequency mixing
305
11.3.2
Effect of crystal symmetry
308
11.3.3
Phase matching
310
11.3.4
Electro-optics
313
11.4
Third-order nonlinear effects
317
11.4.1
Overview of third-order phenomena
317
11.4.2
Frequency tripling
318
11.4.3
The optical Kerr effect and the nonlinear refrac¬
tive index
318
11.4.4
Stimulated Raman scattering
321
11.4.5 Isotropie
third-order nonlinear media
321
11.4.6
Nonlinear propagation in optical fibres and
solitone
322
11.4.7
Resonant nonlinearities in semiconductors
324
Chapter summary
326
Further reading
327
Exercises
328
A Electromagnetism in dielectrics
330
A.I Electromagnetic fields and Maxwell's equations
330
A.2 Electromagnetic waves
333
Further reading
339
В
Quantum theory of radiative absorption and emission
340
B.I Einstein coefficients
340
B.2 Quantum transition rates
344
B.3 Selection rules
347
Further reading
349
xvi Contents
С
Angular
momentum in atomic physics
350
C.I Angular momentum in quantum mechanics
350
C.2 Notation for atomic angular momentum states
351
C.3 Sub-level splitting
352
Further reading
353
D
Band theory
354
D.I Metals, semiconductors, and insulators
354
D.2 The nearly free electron model
356
D.3 Example band structures
359
Further reading
362
E
Semiconductor
p—i—n
diodes
363
Further reading
365
Solutions to exercises
366
Bibliography
376
Symbols
387
Index
389
OXFORD MASTER
SERIES
IN CONDENSED MATTER
PHYSICS
liooks in
this series are written at
the tinal year undergraduate and
beginning graduate level, and provide
straightforward introductions to key
topics in physics today. Background
material and applications as well as
pointers to more advanced work are
included, along with ample tutorial
material, examples, illustrations, chapter
summaries, and graded problem sets
(with some answers and hints).
The second edition of this successful textbook provides an up-to-date account of the optical
physics of solid-state materials.The basic principles of absorption, reflection, luminescence, and
light scattering are covered for a wide range of materials, including insulators, semiconductors,
and metals.The text starts with a review of classical optics, and then moves on to the treatment
of optical transition rates by quantum theory. In addition to the traditional discussion of crystalline
materials, glasses and molecular solids are also covered.
The first edition included a number of subjects that are not normally covered in standard texts,
notably semiconductor quantum wells, molecular materials, vibronic solid-state lasers, and nonlinear
optics.The basic structure of the second edition is unchanged, but all of the chapters have been
updated and improved. Futherniore, a number of important new topics have been added, including:
optical control of spin
·
quantum dots
·
plasmomcs
·
negative refraction
·
carbon nanostructures
(graphene, nanotubes and
fullerenes)
·
NV
centres in diamond.
The text is aimed at final year undergraduates, masters students, and researchers. It is mainly
written for physicists, but might also be useful for electrical engineers, materials scientists, and
physical chemists.The topics are written in a clear tutorial style with worked examples, chapter
summaries, and exercises. A solutions manual is available on request for instructors.
Mark Fox is Professor of Optical Physics at the University of Sheffield.
'Fox has succeeded in offering a good, compact, senior level presentation of the optical properties of
American Journal of Physics
(CERN Courter)
IN THE SAME SERIES
CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
Structure and dynamics: an atomic
view of materials
Band theory and electronic properties
of solids
J. Singleton
Magnetism in condensed matter
S.J. Blundell
Superconductivity, superfluids,
and condensates
ATOMIC. OPTICAL. AND LASER PHYSICS
Atomic physics
C.J. Foot
Modern classical optics
Ci.
A. Brooker
Laser physics
S.M. Hooker. C.E.Webb
Quantum optics: an introduction
A.M.Fox
Quantum information
S.M. Barnett
Soft condensed matter
RAL. Iones
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
www.oup.com
ISBN
978-0-19-957336-3 |
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| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:34:16Z |
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| isbn | 9780199573370 9780199573363 |
| language | English |
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| series | Oxford master series in physics |
| series2 | Oxford master series in physics |
| spelling | Fox, Mark 1961- Verfasser (DE-588)14135920X aut Optical properties of solids Mark Fox 2. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2010 XVI, 396 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford master series in physics 3 : Condensed matter physics Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 gnd rswk-swf Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 s Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 s DE-604 Oxford master series in physics 3 : Condensed matter physics (DE-604)BV017064373 3 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020350078&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020350078&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Fox, Mark 1961- Optical properties of solids Oxford master series in physics Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 gnd Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016918-2 (DE-588)4123887-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Optical properties of solids |
| title_auth | Optical properties of solids |
| title_exact_search | Optical properties of solids |
| title_full | Optical properties of solids Mark Fox |
| title_fullStr | Optical properties of solids Mark Fox |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optical properties of solids Mark Fox |
| title_short | Optical properties of solids |
| title_sort | optical properties of solids |
| topic | Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 gnd Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Festkörper Optische Eigenschaft Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020350078&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020350078&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017064373 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT foxmark opticalpropertiesofsolids |