Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo: (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.)
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Russian |
| Published: |
Sankt-Peterburg
Nestor-Istoriaj [u.a.]
2009
|
| Series: | Trudy Instituta Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury / Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury
25 Historia militaris |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | PST: Military history and warfare of the Cimmerian Bosporus. - Text in kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung auch in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 348 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9785846508019 9785981874253 |
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| 500 | |a PST: Military history and warfare of the Cimmerian Bosporus. - Text in kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung auch in engl. Sprache | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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SUMMARY
Military History and Warfare
of the Cimmerian Bosporus
(the 6th century
ВС
—
the
mid
-ЗгсІ
century AD) by
Ju.A.Vinogradov
and V.A.Goroncharovsky
The Cimmerian Bosporus
—
the name
used for the Kerch Gulf and the adjacent ter¬
ritory in Antiquity
—
saw pioneering Greek
newcomers who established several colonies
there in the first half of the 6th century
ВС,
such as Panticapaeum, Nymphaeum, Phana-
goria, etc. It was in the Cimmerian Bosporus
that the largest ancient state was founded
within the Northern
Pontic
area
—
the Greek-
barbarian Bosporan kingdom. Its military his¬
tory is interesting in many aspects, of which
one of the most important aspects demon¬
strates the particularities of the adaptation of
the Greek military system to specific military-
political and demographic conditions of the
region under review. Undoubtedly the Greeks
brought to the northern coast of the Black Sea
the system of warfare that had formed by that
time in the mother country, and finds of gen¬
uine Greek weapons coming from the earliest
archaeological contexts of the region are quite
natural. However, under conditions of the
Northern
Pontic
area this system seems to
have been sufficiently quickly transformed
by adapting to the local milieu. The available
archaeological evidence reveals here Scyth¬
ian, Maeotic and Sarmatian influences. This
adaptation became apparent, first of all, in the
increasing role of cavalry troops, archers, etc.
Local Greek nobles were most likely the best
susceptible to these influences.
Part I of this book is devoted to the period
from the appearance of Greeks on the coast
of the Cimmerian Bosporus
lo
the dcatli of
Mithridatcs VI Hupatores and opens with
chapter
1
"Greeks and barbarians on the Cim¬
merian Bosporus. Problems of coexistence."'
The most important feature of the Greek col¬
onies of the Northern
Pontic
area was the fact
that they interacted with a very mobile world
of Eurasian nomads. Periodical movements
of nomads from east to west (approximately
once every
200—300
years) caused serious
changes in the military-political situation in
the region, thereby influencing the develop¬
ment of all the peoples and states adjacent to
the steppe zone. Nomadic invasions of new
territories led, as a rule, to military crises,
lengthy wars, etc. Among the Greek states of
the Black Sea coast the Cimmerian Bosporus
was situated as the very first advanced post
on the route of barbarian movements from
the east. Several phases in its history may be
named as crises or even catastrophes
(480
B.C.; around
270
B.C.; second half of the
2nd
century B.C.; and probably some other ones
as well, although they are not so evident yet).
In all likelihood these crises were closely con¬
nected with the movements of new nomadic
tribes going westwards.
Chapter
2
is entitled "The Bosporus in the
struggle against Scythian aggression". The
Bosporan Greeks were able to successfully
resist the Scythian threat in
480
B.C. by en¬
tering into a defensive alliance with the ruling
dynasty of the Archeanactides at its head.
There are valid grounds to believe that the
Archeanactides used the contradictions that
were in existence among the barbarian tribes
of the Northern
Pontic
area to great success.
Chapter
3
is entitled "The Spartocides cre¬
ate Power". Simultaneously with the increas¬
ing role of cavalry in the Bosporus, the sig¬
nificance of civil militia forces was diminish¬
ing, and as such disappeared altogether after
the establishment of the Spartocides' power.
A considerable factor of international policy
in the Black Sea northern coast under the
345
Summary
Early Spartocides was the Bosporan-Scyth-
ian alliance, which set a sufficiently quiet,
stable situation for a long time, thereby influ¬
encing the heyday of material culture in the
4th century B.C. throughout the region in
question. Close relations with the Scythians
promoted to some degree a transformation of
the Bosporan military system, which had be¬
gun sometime earlier through the strengthen¬
ing of local borrowings.
Chapter
4
is entitled "The Bosporan king¬
dom between Scythians and Sarmatians".
After the collapse of Great Scythia at the turn
of the 4th
— 3rd
centuries B.C., the most
important place in the system of relations of
the Bosporan state with the barbarian world
was occupied by the Sarmatians. For this
reason, Sarmatian features came to manifest
themselves in Bosporan warfare. In spite of
such a transformation the Bosporan army was
not, nevertheless, a version of Barbarian
troops. It always kept a Greek army which
differed drastically from armed forces of bar¬
barian tribes, viz. in armament, battle forma¬
tion, ways of conducting military actions, etc.
There was an active relationship between the
colonies and the mother country, including
in the field of warfare. All the main achieve¬
ments in the military sphere were perma¬
nently brought from the Mediterranean Greek
world to the Bosporus by professional sol¬
diers; mercenaries who were invited for mil¬
itary service by the kings of the Bosporus
with pleasure. During various historical phas¬
es there served as mercenaries the natives
arriving from many lands of Greece, as well
as the Thracians and Celts. A combination in
the Bosporan army under the Spartokides of
the three principal components
—
aristocrat¬
ic cavalry troops, detachments of Greek and
other mercenaries, and contingents of allied
barbarian tribes
—
made it possible to solve
highly complex military problems that were
inspired by global military-political and eth¬
nical changes in the Northern
Pontic
area for
almost three centuries (as, for instance, in the
second quarter of the
3rd
century B.C.).
Chapter
5
is entitled "Bosporus in the struc¬
ture of the State of Mithridates VI Eupators".
Only the serious system and political crisis
which began in the Bosporus, like in the other
Greek states of the Northern Black Sea coast,
within the latter half of the
2nd
century B.C.,
resulted in the downfall of the Spartocides and
the transition of power to Mithridates VI, the
king of
Pontus.
One of the most important
reasons of such a course of events seems to
have consisted in the absence of any reliable
support among barbarians of the region for
establishing a long-term alliance that would
have been a guarantor of stability both in the
Bosporus and in the lands adjacent to it.
After the defeat and death of Mithridates
VI (in
63
B.C.) as a result of his struggle against
Rome, the Greek states of the Northern
Pontic
area, including the Bosporan kingdom, fell into
the Romans' control and moved farther north¬
eastwards
—
into the very thick of warlike
tribes who were dangerous to the civilized
world. The new historical realities undoubt¬
edly had an influence upon the warfare of the
Bosporan realm, although this influence remai¬
ned, as a matter of
principie,
within the course
of those regularities which had been outlined
by the entire preceding development.
Part II of this book "From the reign of
Farnaces to the beginning of the Gothic wars"
is devoted to the study of warfare in the Bo¬
sporan kingdom in the epoch of Roman po¬
litical influence
(63
B.C to the middle of the
3rd century AD). It is very important to elab¬
orate on the problems of history of this pe¬
riod. These problems developed under condi¬
tions of an appreciable barbarian cultural
environment. In this period specific local
conditions caused a serious transformation of
Bosporan arms and armour, and battle tactics
as well. This process went too far on the turn
of the Eras, as one can see an intensive influx
of Sarmatians into the structure of the Bospo-
346
War History
and Warfare of the Cimmerian Bosporus (6th century
ВС
—
middle of the
3rd
century AD)
ran population and its militarization of the
period. At the same time the Bosporan king¬
dom as a vassal of the Roman empire partly
perceived achievements of its warfare. This
part is an attempt to give a complete essay of
the warfare and military history of the Bos¬
poran kingdom in the Roman period as is
possible proceeding from the available kinds
of evidence, viz. data of the ancient literary
and epigraphic sources, archaeology and pic¬
torial art.
Chapter
1,
entitled "The Organization of
the Bosporan Army", deals with the command
structure and composition of troops consisting
of cavalry and infantry. The army was divided
into units of guards, mercenaries, military set¬
tlers and, as a reserve force, city civil home
guards. Furthermore, military contingents of
dependent tribes and allies from the neigh¬
bouring peoples were also used. An analysis
of the written, epigraphic and pictorial mate¬
rial shows that the barbarian environment and
contacts with Rome were of certain impor¬
tance for the nature of Bosporan warfare.
Chapter
2,
entitled "Offensive and De¬
fensive Weapons", examines one of the main
sources
—
archaeological finds of weapons.
The principal attention is paid to specifics
of Bosporan arms and armour. There is a
brief review of the current state of examining
swords, daggers, spears, javelins, bows and
arrows, helmets, corselets and shields, as well
as a description of their available specimens.
For many of them very close analogies can
be found in different regions of the Sarmatian
world. This must be explained as being a re¬
sult of cultural exchange between Bosporan
warriors and nomads residing in the Northern
Pontic
steppe area. For instance, the long
swords and composite bows of the so-called
"Hun" type, both typical for nomadic warfare,
became popular in the Bosporan army during
Roman times. Also, the concept of employing
heavily-armed cavalrymen ("cataphracts")
was borrowed from Sarmatian nomads.
Chapter
3,
entitled "The Bosporan army
on battle fields", has to do with the study of
problems of strategy and tactics of the Bos¬
poran army and their reflection in scenes of
works of pictorial art. It is necessary to un¬
derline that Bosporan commands carried stra¬
tegic plans which were mainly defensive in
character. Large offensive war operations,
undoubtedly, had to be coordinated with the
Roman administration of the province of
Bithynia-Pontos. A special section in this
chapter is devoted to analysis of battle scenes
in Bosporan decorative painting.
Chapter
4,
"Defense organization of the
State", is devoted to variatons of long-term
defense of state borders. Such were earth ram¬
parts, fortified settlements with a citadel, and
fortresses lying on the ways to the capital city
on the shore of Cimmerian Bosporus. This
entire system of defense functioned at least
from the late 40s of the
1st
century B.C., i. e.
King Asandros' reign, up to the middle of the
3rd
century AD, when it was destroyed in the
course of Germanic invasions (the so-called
"Gothic" wars).
Chapter
5,
entitled "The Bosporus on the
turn of epochs: from independence to the sta¬
tus of a vassal state", deals with events of the
military history of the Bosporan kingdom
over one hundred years
—
from Pharnaces'
rule
(63—47
ВС)
through the middle of the
1st century AD, when the Bosporus had grad¬
ually been included in the orbit of Roman
policy. Thus the events connected with the
Bosporan war of
45-49
AD are considered in
detail. Finally, chapter
6,
"Between the Roman
empire and barbarians", is devoted to the pe¬
riod of the strong military and political union
between Rome and the Bosporus. During these
two-hundred years military organization in the
Bosporan kingdom passed from blossoming
to decline caused by the movement of German
tribes to the Northeast Black Sea coast.
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Введение (Ю. А. Виноградов, В. А. Горончаровский)
.
5
Часть
I.
ВОЕННАЯ ИСТОРИЯ И ВОЕННОЕ ДЕЛО БОСПОРА ОТ ВРЕМЕНИ
ГРЕЧЕСКОЙ КОЛОНИЗАЦИИ ДО ЗАВЕРШЕНИЯ МИТРИДАГОВЫХ
ВОЙН (Ю. А. Виноградов)
Гл ава
1.
Боспор Киммерийский во время греческой колонизации
.13
1.1.
Греки и варвары. Проблемы сосуществования
.13
1.2.
Военное дело скифов
.17
1.3.
Греки на Боспоре. Первые шаги
.26
Глава
2.
Боспор в борьбе со скифской агрессией
.46
2.1.
Союз Археанактидов
.46
2.2.
Военное дело синдо-меотов
.60
Глава
3 .
Боспор при ранних Спартокидах
.71
3.1.
Спартокиды создают державу
.71
3.2.
Армия Спартокидов
.79
3.3.
Негативные перемены в степях Северного Причерноморья
.89
3.4.
Усобица сыновей царя Перисада
I
.91
3.5.
Новые веяния в военном деле
.96
Гл ава
4.
Боспор между скифами и сарматами
. 100
4.1.
Последствия дестабилизации военно-политической ситуации в степях
для Боспора
.100
4.2.
Относительная стабилизация военно-политической обстановки
во второй половине
III
—
первой половине
Π
вв. до н. э
.109
4.3.
Новое в военном деле Боспора
.112
4.4.
Боспор в условиях новой дестабилизации в степях
. 121
Глава
5.
Боспор в составе державы Митридата
VI
Евпатора
.129
5.1.
Подчинение Боспора понтийскому царю
. 129
5.2.
Боспор и Митридатовы войны
.136
Часть
II.
ВОЕННОЕ ДЕЛО И ВОЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ
БОСПОРСКОГО ЦАРСТВА ОТ ПРАВЛЕНИЯ ФАРНАКА
ДО НАЧАЛА ГОТСКИХ ВОЙН (А А. Горончаровский)
Глава
1.
Организация и состав боспорской армии
.151
1.1.
Командный состав и комплектование армии
.151
1.2.
Конница
.161 ■
1.3.
Пехота
.174
Глава
2.
Наступательное и защитное вооружение
.177
2.1.
Наступательное воружение
.177
2.2.
Защитное воружение
.194
Глава
3.
Боспорская армия на полях сражений
.207
3.1.
Стратегия итактика
.207
3.2.
Батальные сцены в боспорском искусстве
.211
Глава
4.
Оборона границ государства
.217
4.1.
Рубежи обороны
.217
4.2.
Крепость Илурат в системе обороны Европейского Боспора
.225
348
Глава
5.
Боспор на
рубеже эпох: от независимости к
статусу
вассального
царства
.242
5.1.
Правление Фарнака: попытка возрождения державы Митридата
Евпатора
.242
5.2.
Укрепление обороны границ государства при Асандре
.246
5.2.
Динамия и Полемон: Боспорское царство на весах политики Римской
империи
.249
5.4.
Аспург: друг Цезаря и друг римлян
.257
5.5.
Митридат
VIII
и Боспорская война
45-49
гг.
.260
Глава
6.
Между Империей и варварами
.272
6.1.
В союзе с Римом
.272
6.2.
Савромат
II
и Вторая Боспорская война
.278
6.3.
Вторжения варваров и разрушение системы обороны государства
.282
Заключение
.289
Список использованной литературы
.293
1.
Письменные источники
.293
2.
Научная литература
.294
Список сокращений
.325
Список иллюстраций
.326
Указатель имен
.330
Указатель географических названий
.338
Указатель этнических терминов
.343
Summary
.345 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Vinogradov, Jurij Alekseevič 1950- Gorončarovskij, Vladimir Anatolʹevič 1954- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1013027604 (DE-588)1013027728 |
| author_facet | Vinogradov, Jurij Alekseevič 1950- Gorončarovskij, Vladimir Anatolʹevič 1954- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Vinogradov, Jurij Alekseevič 1950- |
| author_variant | j a v ja jav v a g va vag |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036465212 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)643733049 (DE-599)BVBBV036465212 |
| era | Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-300 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-300 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Straße von Kertsch Region (DE-588)4690188-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Straße von Kertsch Region |
| id | DE-604.BV036465212 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:10:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785846508019 9785981874253 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020337009 |
| oclc_num | 643733049 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 348 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Nestor-Istoriaj [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Trudy Instituta Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury / Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury Historia militaris |
| spelling | Vinogradov, Jurij Alekseevič 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)1013027604 aut Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.) Ju. A. Vinogradov ; V. A. Gorončarovskij Military history and warfare of the Cimmerian Bosporus Sankt-Peterburg Nestor-Istoriaj [u.a.] 2009 348 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Trudy Instituta Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury / Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury 25 Historia militaris PST: Military history and warfare of the Cimmerian Bosporus. - Text in kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung auch in engl. Sprache Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-300 gnd rswk-swf Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Straße von Kertsch Region (DE-588)4690188-7 gnd rswk-swf Straße von Kertsch Region (DE-588)4690188-7 g Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-300 z DE-604 Gorončarovskij, Vladimir Anatolʹevič 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)1013027728 aut Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury Trudy Instituta Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury 25 (DE-604)BV013519965 25 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020337009&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020337009&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Vinogradov, Jurij Alekseevič 1950- Gorončarovskij, Vladimir Anatolʹevič 1954- Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.) Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4690188-7 |
| title | Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.) |
| title_alt | Military history and warfare of the Cimmerian Bosporus |
| title_auth | Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.) |
| title_exact_search | Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.) |
| title_full | Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.) Ju. A. Vinogradov ; V. A. Gorončarovskij |
| title_fullStr | Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.) Ju. A. Vinogradov ; V. A. Gorončarovskij |
| title_full_unstemmed | Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.) Ju. A. Vinogradov ; V. A. Gorončarovskij |
| title_short | Voennaja istorija i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmerijskogo |
| title_sort | voennaja istorija i voennoe delo bospora kimmerijskogo vi v do n e seredina iii v n e |
| title_sub | (VI v. do n.ė. - seredina III v. n.ė.) |
| topic | Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Krieg Straße von Kertsch Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020337009&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020337009&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013519965 |
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