Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics: strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2010
|
| Series: | Essentials in ophthalmology
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 231 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783540858508 3540858504 9783540858515 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics |b strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment |c ed.: Birgit Lorenz ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 231 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| adam_text | Contents
Chapter
1
Epidemiology of
Pediatrie
Strabismus
Amy E. Green-Simms and Brian G. Mohney
1.1
Introduction
........................... 7
1.2
Forms of
Pediatrie
Strabismus
.......... 7
1.2.1
Esodeviations
.......................... 7
1.2.1.1
Congenital
Esotropia
................... 2
1.2.1.2
Accommodative
Esotropia
.............. 2
1.2.1.3
Acquired Nonaccommodative
Esotropia
.............................. 2
1.2.1.4
Abnormal Central Nervous System
Esotropia
.............................. 2
1.2.1.5
Sensory
Esotropia
...................... 2
1.2.2
Exodeviations
.......................... 3
1.2.2.1
Intermittent Exotropia
.................. 3
1.2.2.2
Congenital Exotropia
................... 3
1.2.2.3
Convergence Insufficiency
.............. 3
1.2.2.4
Abnormal Central Nervous System
Exotropia
.............................. 3
1.2.2.5
Sensory Exotropia
...................... 3
1.2.3
Hyperdeviations
....................... 3
1.3
Strabismus and Associated
Conditions
............................. 4
1.4
Changing Trends in Strabismus
Epidemiology
.......................... 4
1.4.1
Changes in Strabismus Prevalence
...... 4
1.4.2
Changes in Strabismus Surgery Rates
... 4
1.5
Worldwide Incidence and Prevalence
of Childhood Strabismus
............... 4
1.6
Incidence of Adult Strabismus
.......... 7
References
............................. 7
Chapter
2
Changes in Strabismus Over Time: The Roles of
Vergence Tonus
and Muscle Length Adaptation
David L. Guyton
2.1
Binocular Alignment System
............ 7 7
2.1.1
Long-Term Maintenance
of Binocular Alignment
................. 7 7
2.1.2
Vergence
Adaptation
................... 72
2.1.3
Muscle Length Adaptation
............. 72
2.2
Modeling the Binocular
Alignment Control System
.............. 13
2.2.1
Breakdown of the Binocular
Alignment Control System
.............. 74
2.2.2
Clarification of Unanswered
Questions Regarding the
Long-Term Binocular Alignment
Control System
......................... 74
2.2.3
Changes in Strabismus as
Bilateral Phenomena
................... 74
2.2.4
Changes in Basic Muscle Length
........ 75
2.2.5
Version Stimulation and
Vergence
Stimulation
.................. 76
2.2.6
Evidence Against the Final
Common Pathway
..................... 17
2.3
Changes in Strabismus
................. 18
2.3.1
Diagnostic Occlusion: And the
Hazard of Prolonged Occlusion
......... 19
2.3.2
Unilateral Changes in Strabismus
....... 19
2.3.2.1
Supporting Evidence for Bilateral
Feedback Control of Muscle Lengths
___ 19
2.4
Applications of Bilateral Feedback
Control to Clinical Practice and
to Future Research
..................... 27
References
............................. 22
Chapter
3
A Dissociated Pathogenesis
for Infantile
Esotropia
Michael
С
Brodsky
3.1
Dissociated Eye Movements
............ 25
3.2
Tonus
and its relationship
to infantile
esotropia
................... 25
3.3
Esotropia
and Exotropia as
a Continuum
........................... 26
3.4
Distinguishing Esotonus
from Convergence
..................... 28
3.5
Pathogenetic Role of Dissociated
Eye Movements in Infantile
Esotropia
... 29
References
............................. 30
Chapter
4
The
Monofixation
Syndrome: New
Considerations on Pathophysiology
Kyle
Arnoldi
4.1
Introduction
........................... 33
4.2
Normal and Anomalous
Binocular Vision
........................ 33
4.2.1
Binocular Correspondence:
Anomalous, Normal, or Both?
........... 34
4.3
MFS with Manifest Strabismus
.......... 35
4.3.1
Esotropia
is the Most Common
form of MFS
............................ 35
4.3.2
Esotropia
Allows for Better
BinocularVision
........................ 35
4.3.3
Esotropia
is the Most Stable Form
....... 36
4.4
Repairing and Producing MFS
.......... 36
4.4.1
Animal Models for the Study
of MFS
................................. 37
4.5
Primary MFS (Sensory Signs of
Infantile-Onset Image Decorrelation)
... 38
4.5.1
Motor Signs of Infantile-Onset
Image Decorrelation
................... 38
References
............................. 39
Chapter
5
Visual Cortex Mechanisms of Strabismus:
Development and
Maldevelopment
Lawrence Tychsen
5.1
Esotropia
as the Major Type
of Developmental Strabismus
.......... 41
5.1.1
Early-Onset (Infantile)
Esotropia
........ 41
5.1.2
Early Cerebral Damage as
the Major Risk Factor
................... 41
5.1.3
Cytotoxic Insults to Cerebral Fibers
...... 42
5.1.4
Genetic Influences on
Formation of Cerebral Connections
..... 42
5.1.5
Development of Binocular
Visuomotor Behavior
in Normal Infants
....................... 42
5.1.6
Development of
Sensorial
Fusion and Stereopsis
.................. 43
5.1.7
Development of
Fusionai
Vergence
and an Innate
Convergence Bias
...................... 44
5.1.8
Development of Motion
Sensitivity and Conjugate
Eye Tracking (Pursuit/OKN)
............. 44
5.1.9
Development and
Maldevelopment
of Cortical
Binocular Connections
................. 44
5.1.10
Binocular Connections Join
Monocular Compartments Within
Area V1
(Striate
Cortex)
................. 44
5.1.11
Too Few Cortical Binocular
Connections in Strabismic Primate
...... 46
5.1.12
Projections from
Striate
Cortex
(Area VI
)
to
Extrastriate
Cortex
(Areas MT/MST)
........................ 46
5.1.13
Inter-Ocular Suppression
Rather than Cooperation
in Strabismic Cortex
.................... 46
5.1.14
Naso-Temporal
Inequalities
of Cortical Suppression
................. 47
5.1.15
Persistent
Nasalward
Visuomotor Biases in Strabismic
Primate
................................ 47
5.1.16
Repair of Strabismic Human
Infants: The Historical Controversy
...... 50
5.1.17
Repair of High-grade Fusion
is Possible
.............................. 50
5.1.18
Timely Restoraion of Correclated
Binocular Input: The Key to Repair
...... 50
5.2
Visual Cortex Mechanisms
in
Micro-Esotropia
(Monofixation
Syndrome)
............................. 51
5.2.1
Neuroanatomic Findings in
Area VI of
Micro-Esotropie
Primates
___ 52
5.2.2
Extrastriate
Cortex in
Micro-Esotropa
......................... 52
References
............................. 54
Chapter
6
Neuroanatomical Strabismus
Joseph L. Demer
6.1
General Etiologies of Strabismus
........ 59
6.2
Extraocular Myopathy
.................. 59
6.2.1
Primary
ЕОМ
Myopathy
................ 59
6.2.2
Immune Myopathy
..................... 60
6.2.3
Inflammatory Myositis
.................. 61
6.2.4
Neoplastic Myositis
..................... 61
6.2.5
Traumatic Myopathy
................... 61
6.3
Congenital Pulley Heterotopy
.......... 62
6.4
Acquired Pulley Heterotopy
............ 63
6.5
Divergence Paralysis
Esotropia
........ 64
6.5.1
Vertical Strabismus Due to
Sagging Eye Syndrome
................. 65
6.5.2
Postsurgical and Traumatic Pulley
Heterotopy
............................ 65
6.5.3
Axial High Myopia
...................... 65
6.6
Congenital Peripheral Neuropathy:
The Congenital Cranial
Dysinnervation Disorders (CCDDs)
...... 66
6.6.1
Congenital
Oculomotor
(СШ)
Palsy
..... 67
6.6.2
Congenital Fibrosis of the
Extraocular Muscles (CFEOM)
........... 67
6.6.3
Congenital Trochlear (CN4) Palsy
........ 69
6.6.4
Duane s Retraction
Syndrome
(DRS)
........................ 69
6.6.5
Moebius Syndrome
.................... 70
6.7
Acquired Motor Neuropathy
............ 71
6.7.1
Oculomotor Palsy
...................... 71
6.7.2
Trochlear Palsy
......................... 71
6.7.3
Abducens Palsy
........................ 71
6.7
A Inferior Oblique
(10)
Palsy
.............. 71
6.8
Central Abnormalities
of
Vergence
and Gaze
.................. 72
6.8.1
Developmental
Esotropia
and Exotropia
.......................... 72
6.8.2
Cerebellar Disease
...................... 72
6.8.3
Horizontal Gaze Palsy and
Progressive Scoliosis
................... 72
References
............................. 72
Chapter
7
Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders:
Facts and Perspectives to Understand Ocular
Motility Disorders
Antje Neugebauer
and Julia Fricke
7.1
Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation
Disorders: Facts About Ocular
Motility Disorders
...................... 77
7.1.1
The Concept of CCDDs:
Ocular Motility Disorders as
Neurodevelopmental Defects
.......... 77
7.1.1.1
Brainstem and Cranial
Nerve Development
.................... 78
7.1.1.2
Single Disorders
Representing CCDDs
................... 78
7.1.1.3
Disorders Understood as CCDDs
........ 81
7.2
Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation
Disorders: Perspectives to Understand
Ocular Motility Disorders
............... 83
7.2.1
Congenital Ocular
Elevation Deficiencies: A
Neurodevelopmental View
............. 83
7.2.1.1
Brown Syndrome
....................... 83
7.2.1.2
Congenital Monocular
Elevation Deficiency and
Vertical Retraction Syndrome
........... 87
7.2.2
A Model of some Congenital
Elevation Deficiencies as
Neurodevelopmental Diseases
......... 89
References
............................. 91
Chapter
8
The Value of Screening for Amblyopia Revisited
Jill Carlton and Carolyn Czoski-Murray
8.1
Amblyopia
............................. 95
8.2
What Is Screening?
..................... 96
8.2.1
Screening for Amblyopia,
Strabismus, and/or
Refractive Errors
........................ 96
8.2.1.1
Screening for Amblyopia
............... 97
8.2.1.2
Screening for Strabismus
............... 97
8.2.1.3
Screening for Refractive Error
........... 97
8.2.1.4
Screening for Other Ocular Conditions
.. 97
8.2.2
Difference Between a Screening
and Diagnostic Test
.................... 97
8.2.3
Justification for Screening for
Amblyopia and/or Strabismus
.......... 98
8.2.4
Recent Reports Examining
Pre-School Vision Screening
............ 98
8.3
Screening Tests for Amblyopia,
Strabismus, and/or
Refractive Error
......................... 700
8.3.1
Vision Tests
............................ 700
8.3.2
Cover-Uncover Test
..................... 700
8.3.3
Stereoacuity
........................... 707
8.3.4
Photoscreening and/or
Autorefraction
......................... 707
8.3.5
What to Do with Those Who
Are Unable to Perform
Screening Tests?
........................ 702
8.3.6
Who Should Administer
the Screening Program?
................ 702
8.4
Treatment of Amblyopia
................ 103
8.4.1
Type of Treatment
...................... 703
8.4.2
Refractive Adaptation
.................. 703
8.4.3
Conventional Occlusion
................ 704
8.4.4
Pharmacological Occlusion
............. 704
8.4.5
Optical Penalization
.................... 704
8.4.6
Effective Treatment of
Amblyopia in Older Children
(Over the Age of
7
Years)
................ 704
8.4.7
Treatment Compliance
................. 705
8.4.8
Other Treatment Options
for Amblyopia
.......................... 705
8.4.9
Recurrence of Amblyopia
Following Therapy
..................... 705
8.5
QualityofLife
.......................... 706
8.5.1
The Impact of Amblyopia
Upon HRQoL
........................... 706
8.5.2
Stereoacuity and Motor Skills
in Children with Amblyopia
.............
Î06
8.5.3
Reading Speed and Reading
Ability in Children with Amblyopia
...... 706
8.5.4
Impact
of
Amblyopia
Upon Education
........................ 706
8.5.5
Emotional Well-Being and
Amblyopia
............................. 707
8.5.6
The Impact of Strabismus
Upon HRQoL
........................... 707
8.5.7
Critique of HRQoL Issues
in Amblyopia
.......................... 70S
8.5.8
The Impact of the Condition
or the Impact of Treatment?
............ 108
References
............................. 709
Chapter
9
The Bruckner Test Revisited
Michael Graf
9.1
Amblyopia and Amblyogenic
Disorders
.............................. 7 73
9.1.1
Early Detection of Amblyopia
........... 113
9.1.2
Bruckner s Original Description
......... 114
9.2
Corneal
Light Reflexes
(First Purkinje Images)
.................. 114
9.2.1
Physiology
............................. 7 74
9.2.2
Performance
........................... 7 75
9.2.3
Shortcomings and Pitfalls
.............. 7 75
9.3 Fundus
Red Reflex (Bruckner Reflex)
.... 7 75
9.3.1
Physiology
............................. 7 76
9.3.2
Performance
........................... 7 79
9.3.3
Possibilities and Limitations
............ 720
9.4
Pupillary Light Reflexes
................. 720
9.4.1
Physiology
............................. 727
9.4.2
Performance
........................... 727
9.4.3
Possibilities and Limitations
............ 727
9.5
Eye Movements with Alternating
Illumination of the Pupils
............... 722
References
............................. 722
Chapter
10
Amblyopia Treatment
2009
Michael
X. Repka
10.1
Amblyopia Treatment
2009............. 725
10.1.1
Introduction
........................... 725
10.1.2
Epidemiology
.......................... 725
10.1.3
Clinical Features of Amblyopia
.......... 726
10.1.4
Diagnosis of Amblyopia
................ 726
10.1.5
Natural History
......................... 727
10.2
Amblyopia Management
............... 727
10.2.1
Refractive Correction
................... 727
10.2.2
Occlusion by Patching
.................. 728
10.2.3
Pharmacological Treatment
with
Atropine
.......................... 729
10.2.4
Pharmacological Therapy
Combined with a Piano Lens
............ 730
10.3
Other Treatment Issues
................. 131
10.3.1
Bilateral Refractive Amblyopia
.......... 737
10.3.2
Age Effect
.............................. 737
10.3.3
Maintenance Therapy
.................. 737
10.3.4
Long-Term Persistence of
an Amblyopia Treatment Benefit
........ 732
10.4
Other Treatments
...................... 732
10.4.1
Filters
.................................. 732
10.4.2
Levodopa/Carbidopa
Adjunctive Therapy
.................... 733
10.5
Controversy
............................ 733
10.5.1
Optic Neuropathy Rather than
Amblyopia
............................. 733
References
............................. 734
Chapter
11
Best Age for Surgery for Infantile
Esotropia:
Lessons from the Early vs. Late Infantile
Strabismus Surgery Study
H. J. Simonsz and
G. H.
Rolling
11.1
Introduction
........................... 737
11.1.1
Definition and Prevalence
.............. 737
11.1.2
Sensory or Motor Etiology
.............. 737
11.1.3
Pathogenesis: Lack of
Binocular Horizontal Connections
in the Visual Cortex
..................... 738
11.1.4
History
................................. 738
11.1.5
Outcome Parameters
................... 738
11.2
Outcome of Surgery in the ELISSS
....... 739
11.2.1
Reasons for the ELISSS
.................. 739
11.2.2
Summarized Methods of the ELISSS
..... 739
11.2.3
Summarized Results of the ELISSS
...... 740
11.2.4
BinocularVisionatAgeSix
.............. 740
11.2.5
Horizontal Angle of
Strabismus at Age Six
.................. 740
11.2.6
Alignment is Associated
with Binocular Vision
................... 74 7
11.3
Number of Operations and
Spontaneous Reduction into
Microstrabismus
Without Surgery
....... 742
11.3.1
The Number of Operations Per Child and
the Reoperation Rate in the ELISSS
...... 742
11.3.2
Reported Reoperation Rates
............ 742
11.3.3
Test-Retest Reliability Studies
........... 744
11.3.4
Relation Between the Postoperative
Angle of Strabismus and the
Reoperation Rate
....................... 745
11.3.5
Scheduled for Surgery, but no
Surgery Done at the End of the
Study at the Age of Six Years
............ 745
11.3.6
Spontaneous Reduction
of the Angle
............................ 746
11.3.7
Predictors of Spontaneous
Reduction into
Microstrabismus........ 746
11.3.8
Random-Effects Model
Predicting the Angle and
its Variation
............................ 746
Appendix
.............................. 749
References
............................. 749
Chapter
12
Management of Congenital Nystagmus
with and without Strabismus
Anil Kumar, Frank A. Proudlock, and Irene
Gottlob
12.1
Overview
.............................. 754
12.1.1
Congenital Nystagmus with
and Without Sensory Deficits
........... 754
12.1.1.1
The Clinical Characteristics
of Congenital Nystagmus
............... 756
12.1.2
Manifest Latent Nystagmus (MLN)
...... 757
12.1.2.1
Clinical Characteristics
of Manifest Latent Nystagmus (MLN)
___ 757
12.1.3
Congenital Periodic Alternating
Nystagmus (PAN)
....................... 758
12.1.3.1
Clinical characteristics
of congenital periodic
alternating nystagmus
................. 759
12.2
Compensatory Mechanisms
............ 760
12.2.1
Dampening by Versions
................ 760
12.2.2
Dampening by
Vergence
............... 760
12.2.3
Anomalous Head Posture
(ΑΗΡ)
........ 760
12.2.3.4
Measurement of
ΑΗΡ
................... 760
12.2.3.5
Effect of Monocular and
Binocular Visual Acuity
Testing on
ΑΗΡ
......................... 767
12.2.3.6
Testing
ΑΗΡ
at Near
.................... 762
12.2.3.7
The Effect of Straightening
the Head in Patients with
ΑΗΡ
.......... 762
12.3
Treatment
............................. 762
12.3.1
Optical Treatment
...................... 762
12.3.1.1
Refractive Correction
................... 762
12.3.1.2
Spectacles and Contact
Lenses (CL)
............................. 762
12.3.1.3
Prisms
................................. 763
12.3.1.4
LowVisualAids
......................... 763
12.3.2
Medication
............................. 163
12.3.3
Acupuncture
........................... 764
12.3.4 Biofeedback........................... 764
12.3.5
BotulinumToxin-A(Botox)..............
764
12.3.6
Surgical Treatment of Congenital
Nystagmus
............................. 164
12.3.6.1
Management of Horizontal
ΑΗΡ
........ 765
12.3.6.2
Management of Vertical
ΑΗΡ
........... 766
12.3.6.3
Management of Head Tilt
............... 767
12.3.6.4
Artificial Divergence Surgery
........... 767
12.3.6.5
Surgery to Decrease the
Intensity of Nystagmus
................. 768
References
............................. 769
Chapter
13
Surgical Management of Dissociated Deviations
Susana Gamio
13.1
Dissociated Deviations
................. 774
13.2
Surgical Alternatives to Treat
Patients with DVD
...................... 775
13.2.1
Symmetric DVD with Good Bilateral
Visual Acuity, with No Oblique
Muscles Dysfunction
................... 775
13.2.2
Bilateral DVD with Deep
Unilateral Amblyopia
................... 775
13.2.3
DVD with Inferior Oblique
Overaction (IOOA) and V Pattern
........ 776
13.2.4
DVD with Superior Oblique
Overaction (SOOA) and A Pattern
....... 777
13.2.5
Symmetric vs. Asymmetric
Surgeries for DVD
...................... 778
13.2.6
DVD with Hypotropia of the
Nonfixating Eye
........................ 778
13.3
Dissociated Horizontal Deviation
....... 779
13.4
Dissociated
Torsionai
Deviation.
Head tilts in patients with
Dissociated Strabismus
................. 780
13.5
Conclusions
............................
7S2
References
............................. 782
Chapter
14
Surgical Implications of the
Superior Oblique Frenulum
Burton J. Kushner and Megumi Iizuka
14.1
Introduction
........................... 785
14.2
Clinical and Theoretical
Investigations
.......................... 786
14.2.1
The Effect of Superior Rectus Muscle
Recession on the Location of the
Superior Oblique Tendon Before
and After Cutting the Frenulum
......... 786
14.2.2
The Effect of the Frenulum
on Superior Oblique Recession
Using a Suspension Technique
.......... 788
14.2.3
The Theoretical Effect of the Superior
Oblique Frenulum on the Posterior Partial
Tenectomy of the Superior Oblique
....... 789
References
............................. 792
xiv Contents
Chapter
15
Pearls
and Pitfalls in Surgical
Management of Paralytic Strabismus
Seyhan B.
Özkan
15.1
General Principles of Surgical
Treatment in Paralytic
Strabismus
............................. 795
15.1.1
Aims of Treatment
...................... 795
15.1.2
Timing of Surgery
...................... 795
15.1.3
Preoperative
Assessment
............... 7 96
15.1.4
Methods of Surgical Treatment
......... 797
15.2
Third Nerve Palsy
.......................
79S
15.2.1
Complete Third Nerve Palsy
............ 798
15.2.2
Incomplete Third Nerve Palsy
........... 799
15.3
Fourth Nerve Palsy
..................... 200
15.4
Sixth Nerve Palsy
....................... 204
References
............................. 205
Chapter
1
б
Modern Treatment Concepts
in Graves Disease
Anja
Eckstein and Joachim
Esser
16.1
Graves Orbitopathy (GO):
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
......... 207
16.1.1
Graves Orbitopathy is Part of a Systemic
Disease: Graves Disease (GD)
........... 207
16.1.2
Graves Orbitopathy-Clinical Signs
...... 208
16.1.2.1
Clinical Changes Result in
Typical Symptoms
...................... 208
16.1.3
Clinical Examination of GO
............. 208
16.1.3.1
Signs of Activity
........................ 208
16.1.3.2
Assessing Severity of GO
............... 209
16.1.3.3
Imaging
............................... 277
16.1.4
Classification of GO
..................... 27 7
16.2
Natural History
......................... 272
16.3
Treatment of GO
....................... 273
16.3.1
Active Inflammatory Phase
............. 213
16.3.1.1
Glucocorticoid Treatment
.............. 213
16.3.1.2
Orbital Radiotherapy
................... 273
16.3.1.3
Combined Therapy: Glucocorticoids
and Orbital Radiotherapy
............... 273
16.3.1.4
Other ImmunosuppressiveTreatments
and New Developments
................ 213
16.3.1.5
Therapy of Dysthyroid Optic
Neuropathy [DON] and
Sight-Threatening
Corneal
Breakdown
............................ 274
16.3.1.6
Other Simple Measures that
may Alleviate Symptoms
............... 274
16.3.2
Inactive Disease Stages
................. 275
16.3.2.1
Orbital Decompression
................. 275
16.3.2.2
Extraocular Muscle Surgery
............. 276
16.3.2.3
Lid Surgery
............................ 277
16.4
Thyroid Dysfunction and GO
............ 220
16.4.1
Association Between Treatment of
Hyperthyroidism and Course of GO
..... 220
16.4.2
Relationship Between
TSH-Receptor-Antibody (TRAb)
Levels and Orbitopathy
................. 220
16.5
Environmental and Genetic
Influence on the Course of GO
.......... 227
16.5.1
Relationship Between Cigarette
Smoking and Graves Orbitopathy
....... 227
16.5.2
Genetic Susceptibility
.................. 227
16.6
Special Situations
...................... 222
16.6.1
EuthyroidGO
.......................... 222
16.6.2
Childhood GO
.......................... 222
16.6.3
GOandDiabetes
....................... 222
References
............................. 223
В.
LORENZ ·
M.
BRODSKY
(Eds.)
Pediatric
Ophthalmology, Neuro- Ophthalmology, Genetics
A:
s
genetics and neurobiology have leapt to the forefront of clinical
medicine, scientific progress in the field of strabismus has exploded.
Our understanding of basic clinical conditions is evolving from
a simple descriptive model to a more scientific mechanistic model.
While the long-standing clinical observations of our mentors remain the
bedrock of clinical practice, a forward-looking approach to strabismus
has reinvigorated the field with a cascade of new clinical research.
For this book, we have assembled a panel of
16
innovative thinkers who
offer exciting new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of
strabismus. What emerges is an overview of the multifactorial causes
of ocular misalignment.
The topics covered include:
■
Epidemiology of
pediatric
strabismus
m Tonus
mechanisms in strabismus
m
Congenital cranial
innervation
disorders
m
Neurobiology of
monofixation
syndrome
•
Neuroanatomical factors
•
Management of congenital and acquired nystagmus
m
Surgical management of dissociated and nondissociated
deviations
•
Timing of surgery
Through this volume, the editors will provide fresh perspectives
and insights into the neurological mystery of clinical strabismus and
the new treatment strategies that will ultimately benefit patients
around the world.
|
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| spelling | Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment ed.: Birgit Lorenz ... Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2010 XVI, 231 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Essentials in ophthalmology Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd rswk-swf Augenkrankheit (DE-588)4112627-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 s Augenkrankheit (DE-588)4112627-0 s DE-604 Lorenz, Birgit Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020324537&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020324537&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Augenkrankheit (DE-588)4112627-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4030550-8 (DE-588)4112627-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment |
| title_auth | Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment |
| title_exact_search | Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment |
| title_full | Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment ed.: Birgit Lorenz ... |
| title_fullStr | Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment ed.: Birgit Lorenz ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment ed.: Birgit Lorenz ... |
| title_short | Pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, genetics |
| title_sort | pediatric ophthalmology neuro ophthalmology genetics strabismus new concepts in pathophysiology diagnosis and treatment |
| title_sub | strabismus - new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment |
| topic | Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Augenkrankheit (DE-588)4112627-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kind Augenkrankheit Aufsatzsammlung |
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