Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Published: |
Čačak
Narodni Muzej
2009
|
| Series: | Izložbeni katalozi / Narodni Muzej Čačak
12 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract |
| Item Description: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Late Roman necropolis in Čačak |
| Physical Description: | 83 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788684067342 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | LATE ROMAN NECROPOLIS IN
ČAČAK
Traces of life from the Roman period in
Čačak
and its vicinity have been attracting
attention of the researches for a long time. The earliest data come from the writings of
Janko
Šafárik,
a librarian and custodian of the National Museum in Belgrade, recorded in
1865.
Important observations belong to a famous traveler and writer Felix Kanitz, one of the founders of
archeological excavations in Serbia, made in
1888.
Later researches brought to light the whole set
of significant findings by which Roman period of
Čačak
history has been reconstructed to a great
extent. Firstly, thanks to epigraphic monuments found in the center of the city and the nearest
vicinity, it was established that in the period from the mid of II to the mid of III century there was
a significant administrative center, the seat of
beneficiarii consularis
and a camp of the cohors II
Delmatarutn. Inscriptions point at the fact that the station of
beneficiarii
consularis was located on
the border between Roman provinces
Dalmaţia
and Moesia Superior, and according to the presence
of auxiliary troop of the Roman army it is considered that the region around today s
Čačak
belonged
to the Roman province of
Dalmaţia.
It is still unknown where the station of
beneficiarii
consularis
and the cohort camp were.
Archeological data are much more complete when we talk about late Roman period on
the territory of the modern town. On the basis of available findings two settlements complex have
been separated, dating back to the period from the end of III to the first half of V century. The
first was on the central plateau of
Čačak
where significant architectural remains have been found.
Second agglomeration was developing on the western outskirt of the town on the flat and fertile soil
of Beljina field, not far from the West
Morava.
In
1980
in Beljina on the site Jankovina
roman
baths
were accidentally found and they were systematically researched in the following two years. They
were built in the first half of the IV century, above the older layers which date back to the period
from mid II century to the end of III,
i.e.
beginning of IV century. Two phases of building were
recognized on the structure itself where the baths kept their basic shape, while in the younger phase
they were broaden with added rooms. Second phase of the baths dates back to the period after
380
and the end the first decades of V century when Huns made a break through
441- 443.
By making
surveys of the nearest neighborhoods it was concluded that the baths were a part of a building
complex which stretched on the area of
100
x
70
m
which could correspond to middle sized Roman
farming estate (villa
rustica).
The latest
archeologica
researches in this part of
Čačak,
carried out next to the newly built
church of Saint Virgin Mary Assumption resulted in discoveries which can be directly connected to
the complex in Beljina. The locality is situated on the second bank of cultivated
Lupnjača
river bed,
about
250
m
east of the place where the baths were discovered. (Fig.
1).
It is situated in the central
part of a flat and fertile field which stretched up to the hilly sides of villages Jezdina and Pridvorica
down to the flow of the West
Morava
on the north. With territorial growth of the town, this mainly
78
empty and farming space is now almost completely urban and covered with houses (Fig.
2).
The
space around the church planned for the church yard, bordered by right bank of the
Lupnjača
on
the west and
Danilo Mitrović
-
Avram
Street on the east, and the Svetogorska Street on the north,
presents the last larger free area in this part of the town (Fig.
3
and
4).
This site was discovered when they started digging a pit for slaking lime for the building of the
church in
1992.
Archeological excavations started in the second half of
2001.
In the course of the
following years the researches had systematic character and they were carried out continually up to
2007.
They were completely financed by the Municipality of
Čačak
fund with the help of Ministry
of Culture of Republic of Serbia and donating organization ACDI-VOCA.
By a wide archeological excavation a space between the north wall of the church and Svetogorska
Street on the north side is included (Fig.
4).
In the excavated area of about
620
m2 it is confirmed
the existence of archeological remains from different periods. The oldest traces of life belong to the
prehistoric period and belong from the layer where fragments of pottery, sherds of house clay walls
and animal bones, but no settlement objects were found. Among ceramic findings the forms of
bigger vessels made in rough
factures (pots,
pythoi) are the most numerous and according to their
typological characteristics they can date back to the transition period from the Bronze Age to the
Iron Age.
Younger cultural horizon belongs to the Roman period and it is characterized by existence
of two clearly separated layers (Fig.
5).
Foundations of two bigger objects (objects II and III) belong
to the older layer, out of which object II is completely excavated. They were built out of broken
stone and pebbles, bonded with mud or weak lime mortar (Fig.
6).
They were not deep funded
and they are preserved in the height of one or two rows of stones. Such foundations could carry
walls made of light material, probably wood, and the roof construction was probably alike. During
the excavations no traces of solid roof cover were found. Stratigrafically, remains of six half dug
objects are related to these constructions. For two dugs of somewhat bigger dimensions, of shallow
dug vertical sides and flat bottom where there are remains of stone hearths, can be supposed that
they belonged to the modest settlements of temporary character. An object was probably used for
smoking and drying food. It consisted of two connected pits, in one of them there was a calotte in
shape fireplace made of baked earth, while the other one was cylindrical in shape of strongly baked
sides and bottom (Fig.
8).
To the older Roman layer can eventually be attributed settlement character, although big
objects with built foundations can be, first of all, defined as economy buildings. On the basis of the
typology of the pottery and metal findings (Cat.No.
1-17),
it can be dated to the period of II-III
century and it would chronologically correspond to the layer above which the baths in Beljina were
built.
During III century (probably not before its middle part), the purpose of this space was
changed. In the following period it was used for burials. Necropolis was formed around square
79
building
-
object I, dimensions
5
χ
5
m,
poorly preserved on the floor and foundation level. (Fig.
9).What makes this building unique is its versatility and beauty of its architectural decoration.
Parts of
façade
decoration which was made of different types of columns with Corinthian capitals,
lavishly decorated with architrave and wreaths, decorated archivolts with an image of a waterfowl
which holds a snake in its bill, as well as exceptionally shaped acroteria found in the layer of barren
after complete demolition (Cat.No
121-137).
The whole decoration set points at exceptional beauty
of the object, but poor perseverance makes impossible to determine its purpose.
The lack of epigraphic findings additionally makes it more complicated. There are only
two fragments with parts of inscriptions where in one
beneficiaras consularis
is stated, while on the
other letter
M
is partially preserved, probably from the dedication to Jupiter (Cat. No.
124,125).
The object I might have had memorial character as a monumental grave of an important member of
the local community and members of his family, but it cannot be excluded that belong to a smaller
temple. In any case, as well as the necropolis, it is certainly in connection with the settlement in the
vicinity on the other bank of the river
Lupnjača.
The necropolis stratigraphically corresponds to the path paved with cobblestones
discovered along the south profile of the excavation. It is made of round pebbles and it is rimmed on
the edges with bigger stone blocks (Fig.
10).
This situation makes us suppose that these are probably
remains of the road which lead to the necropolis and the object in its center. At the point where
cobblestones end there is a trench partly excavated with pits for wooden columns which probably
carried fence which surrounded the graveyard.
According to the funeral practice the necropolis was biritual. On the excavated area
71
graves were discovered out of which
51
belong to the burnt deceased while in
20
graves were skeleton
buried deceased. Among the cremated graves the burnt remains of the deceased were positioned in
the pits in
32
graves, while in
18
graves they were in ceramic urns. Only in one case the burnt bones
were laid within the construction made of four vertically positioned bricks, with two horizontally
positioned bricks for bottom and cover. The greatest number of cremated deceased was buried in
simple grave pits of vertical edges and flat bottom, of circular, square or rectangular in base. Bigger
pits oval shaped prolonged or of ellipsis in base are recorded individually. In none of the excavated
pits traces of side or bottom burning were found.
Cremation was carried out at some other place after which the burnt bones would be
cleaned and laid in the center of the pit. Usually, above the cremated bones were grave goods.
(Fig.
11).
Cremated bones were grouped in such a way that it could be supposed that they were
transported in a kind of a bag or a wooden recipient whose traces have not been found. Only in one
case concentration of cremated bones in the center of the pit was covered with a small stone plate.
The deceased were cremated in costumes. Along with bones and costume remains, in the grave pit
were placed other grave goods without fire damages. (Cat. No.
25,26,29,30-32,34-39,41-43,47-
49,51-59,61).
In most cases it was a knife and different iron tools and decorative parts of costumes
80
and rare pieces of jewelry. In four graves there were smaller ceramic beakers individually placed
and in two graves a glass vessel. It was a custom to donate money to the deceased which was found
in most graves but separately, in two, and even three or four coins in one pit.
Apart from the usual pits with the remains of the burnt deceased, two pits where without
the human remains. In one of them carbonized nuts, damaged fibula, belt decoration and two
fragmented nails were found and in the other one parts of deliberately broken vessel, iron knife and
a tool which were often in other grave pits. These pits probably had a cult character, they are maybe
even cenotaphs. Except from them in the area of the necropolis only one smaller area covered
with river pebbles and fragmented animal bones was discovered and it could also have a ritual
character.
Pots and pretty deep bowls for everyday use were usually used as urns (Cat. No.
18,66-71,
76-80,88).
According to their
facture,
two types of vessels can be sorted out. One group represents
the common product of local pottery workshops known from other sites in
Čačak
and its vicinity,
while other group consists of pots made on a hand wheel and baked in the open fire. They are made
in rougher
facture, asimetrically
shaped, simple edge finishing and lack of decorations. This group
of urns presents novelty, since, as far as we know, that kind of pottery had never been noticed in this
region.
Urns were found individually, but in two cases they were in pair. (Fig.
12).
Apart from
uncovered urns, five were covered with a brick, and one in each was covered with a stone plate,
ceramic bowl or with a bottom of the other pot. Next to one urn there was a knife, and in one case
the urn was placed on the iron knife and spear. Only next to one urn there was a smaller ceramic
beaker as a grave good. The grave goods were in the urns, in six urns there were ceramic beaker and
a glass vessel in two cases. (Cat. No
19,20,23,24,63,64,72).
There were knifes in three urns, one
in each, while in two urns bone spindle-whorl was found. Bracelets were the most common pieces
of jewelry, but there were also fibulas, earrings, and even necklaces. In four cases in urns or next to
them money was found a coin per each.
Isolated finding in the area of necropolis is a smaller stone case which was probably used
for burring of remains of the cremated deceased (Cat. No.
120).
It was discovered in the secondary
position. It was opened and robbed. A part of a broken lid was also found. Unfortunately, its content
and the original place remain unknown. Its purpose is not clear as well. It was found in the right
position, and next to it a hoard of metal objects was buried (Fig.
13,
Cat. No
111 -118).
Skeleton buried deceased were mostly placed in the graves of a rectangular shape with
rounded edges (Fig.
14).
Orientation of the graves did not show any certain rule. There were not
any special grave constructions, but in one grave above the deceased there was a construction of
tegulae. The depth of skeleton graves is much bigger than the graves with burnt deceased. The
deceased were mainly placed on the back in a stretched position with arms along side bodies, and
only in one case the deceased was buried with arms crossed on pelvis. Apart from findings of
81
personal
jewelry and parts of costumes as grave goods which were placed next to the deceased
head or feet, a smaller ceramic beaker was found in each (Cat. No
91 -110).
In two graves there were
findings of iron tools and in one ceramic ware. Money was found in four graves individually, two or
three coins in each whole.
Although they did not stand out stratigraphically from other skeleton graves, three graves
excavated on the west side of the necropolis were buried by exceptional funeral rite. The deceased
were not in the usual position. They were placed on the stomach or side as they were just thrown
in the grave (Fig.
15).
Only in these graves there was a stone cover directly above skeletons, and
no grave goods were found. Concerning all previous facts, these graves do not fit into the common
image of the necropolis.
Duration of the burials on the necropolis can be dated back to the period from the
second half of III century to the second half of IV century on the basis of the typology of the grave
goods. Findings of money show that the most intensive burials were in the period of the rule of first
tetrarch
to the time of Emperor Constantine s successors. During that period, both funeral rituals
were applied. That fact makes this grave yard special, as in that time skeleton burial had already
been common. Late appearance of urns is specific and makes this grave yard different from other
necropolis with cremated deceased of the type Mala
Kopašnica-
Sase.
It seems that it has most
things in common with late Roman necropolis excavated in the region of southwest Serbia and
north Montenegro (Radoinja,
Kolovrat, Komini)
where late burial in urns was confirmed. Finally,
there is the question of the origin of this local community which was buried in this cemetery. Was it
an autochtonous population which kept its funeral customs in a conservative way or the population
that came at one point from somewhere? It is only one of the questions asked in connection with
this necropolis and a detailed analysis which is to come should give the answers. The aim of this
exhibition is much more modest. It should show the results of field works and draw the attention to
versatility of numerous findings, until final publication of all the results of archeological excavations
in the church yard of Saint Virgin Mary Assumption.
82
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| genre | (DE-588)4135467-9 Ausstellungskatalog 2009 Čačak gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Ausstellungskatalog 2009 Čačak |
| geographic | Čačak (Serbia) Antiquities, Roman Catalogs Čačak (DE-588)4229136-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Čačak (Serbia) Antiquities, Roman Catalogs Čačak |
| id | DE-604.BV036443571 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:39:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788684067342 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020315880 |
| oclc_num | 705495219 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 83 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Narodni Muzej |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Izložbeni katalozi / Narodni Muzej Čačak |
| spelling | Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku Katarina Dmitrović ; Dejan Radičević Čačak Narodni Muzej 2009 83 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Izložbeni katalozi / Narodni Muzej Čačak 12 In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Late Roman necropolis in Čačak Narodni muzej (Čačak, Serbia) Exhibitions Catalogs. Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Čačak Catalogs Tombs Serbia Čačak Catalogs Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd rswk-swf Čačak (Serbia) Antiquities, Roman Catalogs Čačak (DE-588)4229136-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135467-9 Ausstellungskatalog 2009 Čačak gnd-content Čačak (DE-588)4229136-7 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 s Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s DE-604 Dmitrović, Katarina Sonstige oth Radičević, Dejan Sonstige oth Narodni Muzej Čačak Izložbeni katalozi 12 (DE-604)BV022360944 12 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020315880&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku Narodni muzej (Čačak, Serbia) Exhibitions Catalogs. Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Čačak Catalogs Tombs Serbia Čačak Catalogs Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)4229136-7 (DE-588)4135467-9 |
| title | Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku |
| title_auth | Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku |
| title_exact_search | Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku |
| title_full | Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku Katarina Dmitrović ; Dejan Radičević |
| title_fullStr | Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku Katarina Dmitrović ; Dejan Radičević |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku Katarina Dmitrović ; Dejan Radičević |
| title_short | Kasnoantička nekropola u Čačku |
| title_sort | kasnoanticka nekropola u cacku |
| topic | Narodni muzej (Čačak, Serbia) Exhibitions Catalogs. Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Čačak Catalogs Tombs Serbia Čačak Catalogs Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Narodni muzej (Čačak, Serbia) Exhibitions Catalogs. Excavations (Archaeology) Serbia Čačak Catalogs Tombs Serbia Čačak Catalogs Funde Römerzeit Gräberfeld Čačak (Serbia) Antiquities, Roman Catalogs Čačak Ausstellungskatalog 2009 Čačak |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020315880&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022360944 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dmitrovickatarina kasnoantickanekropolaucacku AT radicevicdejan kasnoantickanekropolaucacku |