Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function:
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | German |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2010
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XXV, 693, 8 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780123747679 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function |c Heinz Steiner and Kuei Y. Tseng |
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| adam_text | HANDBOOK OF BASAL GANGLIA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION HEINZ STEINER AND KUEI
Y. TSENG DEPARTMENT OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY, ROSALIND
FRANKLIN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND SCIENCE, THE CHICAGO MEDICAL SCHOOL,
USA AMSTERDAM * BOSTON * HEIDELBERG * LONDON * NEW YORK * OXFORD * PARIS
SAN DIEGO * SAN FRANCISCO * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TOKYO ACADEMIC PRESS IS
AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PART A THE BASAL GANGLIA SYSTEM AND ITS EVOLUTION 1. THE NEUROANATOMICAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE BASAL GANGLIA CHARLES R. GERFEN AND J. PAUL BOLAM I.
INTRODUCTION II. OVERVIEW OF BASAL GANGLIA ORGANIZATION III. THE
CORTICOSTRIATAL SYSTEM A. SUBTYPES OF CORTICOSTRIATAL NEURONS B.
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION OF CORTICOSTRIATAL AFFERENTS IV. STRIATUM A.
MEDIUM SPINY PROJECTION NEURONS B. SYNAPTIC INPUTS TO MEDIUM SPINY
NEURONS C. STRIATAL INTERNEURONS V. OUTPUT SYSTEMS OF THE STRIATUM A.
THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT PATHWAYS B. OTHER NUCLEI OF THE INDIRECT PATHWAY
C. DUAL PROJECTIONS WITHIN BASAL GANGLIA CIRCUITS VI. BASAL GANGLIA
OUTPUT NUCLEI: INTERNAL SEGMENT OF GLOBUS PALLIDUS AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
A. CELL TYPES B. INPUTS C. OUTPUTS VII. THE NIGROSTRIATAL DOPAMINE
SYSTEM A. DORSAL TIER VERSUS VENTRAL TIER DOPAMINE NEURONS B. INPUTS TO
DOPAMINE NEURONS VIII. STRIATAL PATCH-MATRIX COMPARTMENTS A. MARKERS
DEFINING THE PATCH-MATRIX COMPARTMENTS B. DOPAMINE INPUTS TO PATCHES
VERSUS MATRIX C. CORTICAL ANDTHALAMIC INPUTS D. OUTPUTS OF PATCHES
VERSUS MATRIX REFERENCES XIX XXIII XXV 3 3 4 6 6 7 8 8 9 11 12 1? 2. THE
CONSERVATIVE EVOLUTION OF THE VERTEBRATE BASAL GANGLIA ANTON REINER I.
INTRODUCTION A. DEFINING TRAITS OF BASAL GANGLIA IN MAMMALS BOX 2.1
BRAIN EVOLUTION AND THE TERM HOMOLOGY II. BASAL GANGLIA IN ANAMNIOTES A.
AGNATHANS B. CHONDROICTHYANS C. OSTEICTHYES - RAY-FINNED FISH D.
OSTEICTHYES - LOBE-FINNED FISH E. AMPHIBIANS F. SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW OF
BASAL GANGLIA EVOLUTION IN ANAMNIOTES III. BASAL GANGLIA IN AMNIOTES A.
REPTILES B. BIRDS C. OVERVIEW OF BASAL GANGLIA EVOLUTION IN AMNIOTES IV.
BASAL GANGLIA EVOLUTION - OUTDATED CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 29 29 29 30 31 31 32 34 37 38 41 41 41 44 49
50 50 50 14 16 17 18 18 19 19 19 21 21 21 21 22 23 23 3. CELL TYPES IN
THE DIFFERENT NUCLEI OF THE BASAL GANGLIA 63 DOROTHY E. OORSCHOT I.
INTRODUCTION * 63 A. OVERVIEW OF THE BASAL GANGLIA NUCLEI IN RODENTS AND
HIGHER VERTEBRATES 63 B. OVERVIEW OF RECENT FINDINGS ON THE CIRCUITRY
AND NUCLEI OF THE BASAL GANGLIA 64 II. PROJECTION NEURONS WITHIN THE
DIFFERENT NUCLEI OF THE BASAL GANGLIA 66 III. INTERNEURONS WITHIN THE
NUCLEI OF THE BASAL GANGLIA 67 IV. ABSOLUTE NUMBERS OF NEURONS IN THE
BASAL GANGLIA: FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS 68 A. ABSOLUTE NUMBER OF
PROJECTION NEURONS IN THE STRIATUM AND ITS TARGETS 68 CONTENTS B.
ABSOLUTE NUMBER OF GPE, GPI, SNR AND STN NEURONS 69 C. ABSOLUTE NUMBER
OF INTERNEURONS 70 V. GLIAL CELL TYPES WITHIN THE DIFFERENT NUCLEI 70 A.
ABSOLUTE NUMBER OF GLIAL CELLS: NEURON-TO- ASTROCYTE RATIOS IN SOME OF
THE BASAL GANGLIA NUCLEI OF THE RAT 71 VI. CONCLUSIONS: THE PAST AND THE
NEXT 10-15 YEARS 71 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 72 REFERENCES 72 4. NEUROTRANSMITTER
RECEPTORS IN THE BASAL GANGLIA 75 PIERS C. EMSON, HENRY J. WALDVOGEL AND
RICHARD L.M. FAULL I. INTRODUCTION II. LONOTROPIC RECEPTORS A. GLUTAMATE
RECEPTOR ION CHANNELS B. LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNELS II. METABOTROPIC
RECEPTORS A. FAMILY 1 B. FAMILY 3 V. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES 75 80 80 82 84 85 89 90 91 91 IV. V. VI. VII VIII PARTB
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE STRIATUM 5. THE STRIATAL SKELETON: MEDIUM
SPINY PROJECTION NEURONS AND THEIR LATERAL CONNECTIONS DIETMAR PLENZ
ANDJEFFERY R. WICKENS I. INTRODUCTION II. THE STRIATAL MEDIUM SPINY
NEURON A. GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE MEDIUM SPINY NEURON B. DENDRITIC
SPINES C. GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-MEDIATED RESPONSES D. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF
MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS E. DOPAMINERGIC MODULATION OF ION CHANNELS III.
ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY OF THE STRIATAL SKELETON A. QUANTITATIVE
NEUROANATOMICAL CONSIDERATION OF LOCAL CONNECTIVITY IV. SYNAPTIC
PHYSIOLOGY OF LATERAL INTERACTIONS 99 V. FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS, MODELS
AND OUTLOOK 108 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 109 REFERENCES 109 6. D1 AND D2 DOPAMINE
RECEPTOR MODULATION OF GLUTAMATERGIC SIGNALING IN STRIATAL MEDIUM SPINY
NEURONS 113 D. JAMES SURMEIER, MFFHELLE DAY, TRACY GERTLER, SAVIO CHAN
AND WEIXING SHEN I. INTRODUCTION 113 II. THE CLASSICAL MODEL OF
DOPAMINERGIC MODULATION 114 III. MODULATION OF INTRINSIC EXCITABILITY
AND GLUTAMATERGIC SIGNALING BY D1 RECEPTORS 114 BOX 6.1 D1 AND D2 MSNS
DIFFER IN DENDRITIC MORPHOLOGY 116 MODULATION OF INTRINSIC EXCITABILITY
AND GLUTAMATERGIC SIGNALING BY D2 RECEPTORS 117 DOPAMINERGIC MODULATION
OF LONG-TERM SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY 117 BOX 6.2 MSN DENDRITES ARE ACTIVE
118 THE INDIRECT PLAYERS - STRIATAL INTERNEURONS 124 DOPAMINERGIC
MODULATION OF GLUTAMATERGIC SIGNALING IN PARKINSON S DISEASE 124
FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN PARKINSON S DISEASE
128 IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS 128 REFERENCES 129 7. THE CHOLINERGIC
INTERNEURONS OF THE STRIATUM: INTRINSIC PROPERTIES UNDERLIE MULTIPLE
DISCHARGE PATTERNS 133 JOSHUA A. GOLDBERG AND CHARLES J. WILSON 99 99 99
101 101 103 104 105 106 107 I. INTRODUCTION II. AUTONOMOUS FIRING
PATTERNS IN CHOLINERGIC INTERNEURONS A. BIOPHYSICAL MECHANISM OF
AUTONOMOUS FIRING B. INFLUENCE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS ON AUTONOMOUS FIRING
III. INFLUENCE OF THE CHOLINERGIC INTERNEURONS ON THE STRIATAL NETWORK
A. NEURONAL EXCITABILITY B. SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION C. SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
IV. THE CHOLINERGIC INTERNEURONS ARE THE TONICALLY ACTIVE NEURONS OF THE
STRIATUM A. THE PAUSE RESPONSE B. SPONTANEOUS FIRING PATTERNS AND
SYNCHRONIZATION OF TANS 133 135 135 138 140 140 141 142 143 143 143
CONTENTS V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 8. GABAERGIC INTERNEURONS
OF THE STRIATUM JAMES M. TEPPER 9. ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALING IN THE
STRIATUM DAVID M. LOVINGER, MARGARET I. DAVIS AND RUI M. COSTA 145 146
151 I. II. III. IV. V. VI. II. INTRODUCTION PARVALBUMIN-LMMUNOREACTIVE
INTERNEURONS A. NEUROCYTOLOGY B. AFFERENTS AND EFFERENTS C. BASIC
MEMBRANE PROPERTIES D. FIRING CHARACTERISTICS E. SYNAPTIC CONNECTIVITY
F. IN VIVO RECORDINGS G. PHARMACOLOGY SOMATOSTATIN/NOS/NEUROPEPTIDE Y
INTERNEURONS A. NEUROCYTOLOGY B. AFFERENTS AND EFFERENTS C. BASIC
MEMBRANE PROPERTIES D. SYNAPTIC CONNECTIVITY E. SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY F.
PHARMACOLOGY LTS NEURONS A. SYNAPTIC CONNECTIVITY CALRETININ
INTERNEURONS OTHER GABAERGIC INTERNEURONS: TYROSINE
HYDROXYLASE-LMMUNOREACTIVE NEURONS A. STRIATAL EGFP-TH+ INTERNEURONS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 151 152 152 152 152
154 154 155 156 156 156 158 158 158 158 160 160 160 160 160 162 163 163
163 167 I. INTRODUCTION: THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM II. ENDOCANNABINOIDS
AND CANNABINOID RECEPTORS IN THE STRIATUM A. THE CB1 RECEPTOR B. THE CB2
RECEPTOR C. TRPV1 D. ENDOCANNABINOIDS IN STRIATUM E. BIOSYNTHETIC
ENZYMES F. DEGRADING ENZYMES III. CB1 RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE STRIATUM
IV. ENDOCANNABINOID-MEDIATED SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN THE STRIATUM A.
SHORT-TERM DEPRESSION B. LONG-TERM DEPRESSION 167 168 168 170 170 170
171 172 173 174 174 175 V. ENDOCANNABINOID ROLES IN STRIATUM- DEPENDENT
BEHAVIOR REFERENCES 10. NITRIC OXIDE SIGNALING IN THE STRIATUM ANTHONY
R. WEST P 11. 178 181 187 III. IV. V. VI. INTRODUCTION: THE NITRIC OXIDE
SYSTEM A. BIOSYNTHESIS OF NO B. NNOS-EXPRESSING INTERNEURONS AND NO
EFFECTOR PATHWAYS AFFERENT REGULATION OF STRIATAL NO SYNTHESIS A. ROLE
OF CORTICOSTRIATAL AFFERENTS AND GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS B. REGULATION OF
STRIATAL NO SYNTHESIS BY DOPAMINE EFFECTS OF NO SIGNALING ON
NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE A. REGULATION OF GLUTAMATE RELEASE B.
REGULATION OF DOPAMINE RELEASE C. REGULATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE
REGULATION OF STRIATAL NEURON ACTIVITY AND OUTPUT BY NO SIGNALING A.
TONIC NO SIGNALING B. PHASIC NO SIGNALING C. REGULATION OF SHORT- AND
LONG-TERM SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY D. REGULATION OF STRIATAL NEURONAL
SYNCHRONY AND OUTPUT ROLE OF STRIATAL NO-SGC SIGNALING IN MOTOR BEHAVIOR
IMPACT OF DOPAMINE DEPLETION ON STRIATAL NO-SGC SIGNALING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 187 187 188 189 189 189 191 191 192 192 192
192 193 193 194 195 195 196 196 ROLE OF ADENOSINE IN THE BASAL GANGLIA
201 MICAELA MORELLI, NICOLA SIMOLA, PATRIZIA POPOLI AND ANNA R. CARTA I.
INTRODUCTION: THE ADENOSINE SYSTEM 201 II. ADENOSINE RECEPTOR
LOCALIZATION AND FUNCTION 202 A. AT RECEPTORS 202 B. A 2A RECEPTORS 202
III. ADENOSINE RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS 203 A. BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS:
POSTSYNAPTIC MODULATION OF BG NEUROTRANSMISSION 203 B. BIOCHEMICAL
INTERACTIONS: PRESYNAPTIC MODULATION OF BG NEUROTRANSMISSION 206
CONTENTS IV. A 2 A RECEPTORS IN PARKINSON S DISEASE: BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES
A. POSTSYNAPTIC INTERACTIONS WITH THE DOPAMINE SYSTEM B. POSTSYNAPTIC
INTERACTIONS WITH THE GLUTAMATE SYSTEM C. PRESYNAPTIC INTERACTIONS D. A
2A RECEPTOR CONTROL OF STRIATAL GAD67 AND NEUROPEPTIDES V. A 2
A-DOPAMINE INTERACTIONS IN PARKINSON S DISEASE: BEHAVIORAL STUDIES A.
STUDIES IN RODENTS B. STUDIES IN PRIMATES C. CLINICAL TRIALS WITH A 2 A
RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN PD PATIENTS VI. A 2 A RECEPTORS IN HUNTINGTON S
DISEASE VII. NEUROPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF A 2A RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
VIII. ADENOSINE RECEPTORS AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES: ANY ROLE? IX.
CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 12. REGULATION OF CORTICOSTRIATAL SYNAPTIC
PLASTICITY IN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS MASSIMILIANO DI
FILIPPO AND PAOLO CALABRESI I. INTRODUCTION II. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CORTICOSTRIATAL LONG-TERM DEPRESSION
(LTD) AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP) A. ROLE OF GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS IN
LTD AND LTP B. ROLE OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS C. ROLE OF ACETYLCHOLINE D.
ROLE OF ENDOGENOUS CANNABINOIDS E. SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY EXPRESSED BY
STRIATAL INTERNEURONS III. SYNAPTIC DEPOTENTIATION AT CORTICOSTRIATAL
SYNAPSES: A MECHANISM OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FORGETTING ? IV. CORTICOSTRIATAL
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF PARKINSON S DISEASE V.
CORTICOSTRIATAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF
HYPERKINETIC DISORDERS A. HUNTINGTON S DISEASE B. L-DOPA-LNDUCED
DYSKINESIA 206 206 207 207 . VI. VII. STRIATAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND
NEURONAL ISCHEMIA CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES REFERENCES 226 226
227 208 208 209 209 210 210 211 211 213 213 219 219 220 PARTC ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY OF GLOBUS PALLIDUS, SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS AND SUBSTANTIA
NIGRA 13. ORGANIZATION OF THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS 233 HITOSHI KITA I.
INTRODUCTION: THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS IN THE BASAL GANGLIA CIRCUITRY 233 II.
ANATOMY OF THE STRIATUM AND THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS 233 A. FUNCTIONAL
TERRITORIES OF THE GPEANDGPI 234 B. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GPE
NEURONS 237 C. PROJECTION SITES OF GPE AXONS 237 D. MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF GPI NEURONS 238 E. PROJECTION SITES OF GPI AXONS 239
III. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS 239 A. PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
OF GPE NEURONS 239 B. PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GPI NEURONS 240 C.
SYNAPTIC INPUTS TO GPE AND GPI NEURONS 240 IV. FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
243 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 244 220 221 222 223 223 223 224 224 224 225
REFERENCES 14. PROJECTIONS FROM PALLIDUM TO STRIATUM PIETER VOORN I.
INTRODUCTION II. GENERAL ANATOMY OF PALLIDOSTRIATAL PROJECTIONS III.
TOPOGRAPHY IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF PALLIDOSTRIATAL NEURONS V. STRIATAL
TARGETS OF PALLIDOSTRIATAL NEURONS VI. CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY AND
REGULATION OF PALLIDOSTRIATAL NEURONS VII. FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES 244 249 249 249 251 252 253 254 254 255 CONTENTS XI 15. THE
SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS: FROM IN VITRO TO IN VIVO MECHANISMS STEPHANE
CHARPIER, CORINNE BEURRIER AND JEANNE T. PAZ 259 259 I. INTRODUCTION II.
SYNAPTIC ORGANIZATION OF THE SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS AND RESPONSES TO
CORTICAL STIMULATION 261 A. INPUTS 261 B. OUTPUTS 261 C. RESPONSES TO
CORTICAL STIMULATION 262 III. CELLULAR BASIS OF SINGLE-SPIKE AND BURST
FIRING IN SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS NEURONS IN VITRO 262 A. BURST FIRING 262
B. SINGLE-SPIKE ACTIVITY 263 C. IN VIVO ACTIVITIES OF STN NEURONS AND
THEIR RELATION TO CORTICAL PATTERNS 265 D. ANESTHESIA-DEPENDENT SLOW
OSCILLATIONS 265 E. NATURAL PATTERNS 266 IV. SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS,
DOPAMINE AND PARKINSONISM 266 A. DOPAMINERGIC CONTROL OF STN ACTIVITY
266 B. ABERRANT OSCILLATIONS IN THE GPE-STN NETWORK IN PARKINSONISM 266
V. THE SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS AS A REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CORTICAL
SEIZURES 267 A. PHARMACOLOGICAL AND DEEP-BRAIN STIMULATION STUDIES IN
GENERALIZED EPILEPSY 267 B. PROPAGATION OF SWDS IN BASAL GANGLIA
NETWORKS: FUNCTIONAL IMBALANCE BETWEEN CORTICO-SUBTHALAMO-NIGRAL AND
CORTICO-STRIATO-NIGRAL PATHWAYS 269 C. RHYTHMIC BURSTING IN STN AND GPE
NEURONS DURING SEIZURES AND ITS REPERCUSSION ON SNR CELLS 269 D. CONTROL
OF ICTOGENESIS BY THE SUBTHALAMO-NIGRO-THALAMO-CORTICAL PATHWAY 270 E.
IS THERE AN ON-LINE CONTROL OF CORTICAL SEIZURES BY THE STN? 271
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 271 REFERENCES 271 16. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF SUBSTANTIA
NIGRA DOPAMINE NEURONS: MODULATION BY GABA 275 JAMES M. TEPPER I.
INTRODUCTION 275 II. NEUROCYTOLOGY OF NIGROSTRIATAL DOPAMINE NEURONS 276
III. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NIGROSTRIATAL DOPAMINE NEURONS
277 A. EXTRACELLULAR RECORDINGS 277 B. INTRACELLULAR RECORDINGS 279 IV.
NEUROANATOMY OF GABA AFFERENTS TO NIGRAL DOPAMINE NEURONS 280 V.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF GABA AFFERENTS 281 A. RESPONSES TO STRIATAL
STIMULATION 281 B. RESPONSES TO PALLIDAL STIMULATION 281 C. RESPONSES TO
SNR STIMULATION 284 D. WHY ARE SNR NEURONS SO MUCH MORE SENSITIVE TO
GABA THAN NIGROSTRIATAL NEURONS? 285 E. PHARMACOLOGY OF GABAERGIC
SYNAPTIC RESPONSES IN NIGROSTRIATAL NEURONS IN VIVO 285 F. WHY ARE
POSTSYNAPTIC GABA B RESPONSES SEEN IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION OF GABA
AFFERENTS IN MICE IN VIVO, BUT NOT IN RATS? 286 G. EFFECTS OF GABA
RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS ON SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY IN NIGROSTRIATAL NEURONS
287 H. AFFERENT REGULATION OF BURST FIRING IN NIGROSTRIATAL NEURONS 289
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS 290 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 291 REFERENCES 291 17.
REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR DOPAMINE: RELEASE AND REUPTAKE 297 DAVID
SULZER, HUI ZHANG, MARIANNE BENOIT-MARAND AND FRANCOIS GONON I.
INTRODUCTION 297 II. REGULATION OF DOPAMINE RELEASE 297 A. EXOCYTOTIC
PROCESSES 297 B. REGULATION OF QUANTAL SIZE 299 C. REGULATION OF RELEASE
BY AUTORECEPTORS 301 D. REGULATION OF RELEASE BY HETERORECEPTORS 303 E.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMPULSE FLOW AND VESICULAR RELEASE 305 III.
DOPAMINE REUPTAKE 307 A. REUPTAKE REPLENISHES THE RELEASABLE POOL 307 B.
EXTRACELLULAR ELIMINATION OF THE RELEASED DOPAMINE IS ACHIEVED BY
REUPTAKE 307 C. REUPTAKE LIMITS DOPAMINE DIFFUSION IN THE EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID 307 D. REGULATION OF DOPAMINE REUPTAKE BY D2 AUTORECEPTORS 310 IV.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FIRING OF DOPAMINE NEURONS AND EXTRACELLULAR
DOPAMINE 310 CONTENTS V. A. THE TONIC EXTRACELLULAR DOPAMINE LEVEL B.
PHASIC CHANGES IN EXTRACELLULAR DOPAMINE CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 310 20.
ORGANIZATION OF PREFRONTAL-STRIATAL CONNECTIONS 353 PARTD NETWORK
INTEGRATION 18. ORGANIZATION OF CORTICOSTRIATAL PROJECTION NEURON TYPES
ANTON REINER I. INTRODUCTION II. CORTICAL PROJECTIONS TO BASAL GANGLIA -
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW III. CORTICOSTRIATAL NEURON TYPES IV. ULTRASTRUCTURE
OF CORTICAL INPUT TO STRIATUM V. DIFFERENTIAL INPUT OF CORTEX TO
STRIATAL NEURONS A. ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE B. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
C. OPEN QUESTIONS VI. FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS A. MOTOR CONTROL B.
MOTOR LEARNING, CORTICOSTRIATAL PLASTICITY AND THE DIFFERENTIAL CORTICAL
INPUT TO STRIATUM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 19. GATING OF CORTICAL
INPUT TO THE STRIATUM JEFFERY R. WICKENS AND GORDON W. ARBUTHNOTT I. II.
III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIM. 310 312 312 !23 323 323 325 328 330 330 333
334 334 334 335 HENKJ. GROENEWEGEN AND HARRY B.M. UYLINGS I. II. III.
IV. V. VI. VII. INTRODUCTION: PREFRONTAL CORTEX-BASAL GANGLIA CIRCUITS
PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND STRIATUM TOPOGRAPHICAL ORGANIZATION OF
PREFRONTAL-STRIATAL PROJECTIONS A. MEDIAL PREFRONTAL AND AGRANULAR
INSULAR PROJECTIONS TO THE STRIATUM B. ORBITAL-PREFRONTAL PROJECTIONS TO
THE STRIATUM RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PREFRONTAL-STRIATAL PROJECTIONS WITH
THE COMPARTMENTAL STRUCTURE OF THE STRIATUM A. STRIATAL COMPARTMENTS:
PATCH-MATRIX AND SHELL-CORE B. PREFRONTAL CORTICAL LAMINATION AND
STRIATAL COMPARTMENTS CORTICO-CORTICAL AND CORTICOSTRIATAL RELATIONSHIPS
RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PREFRONTAL-STRIATAL TOPOGRAPHY WITH OTHER STRIATAL
INPUTS A. TRIADIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE THALAMIC AND LIMBIC PROJECTIONS
WITH THE PREFRONTAL-STRIATAL SYSTEM MEDIUM-SIZED SPINY PROJECTION
NEURONS: INTEGRATORS OF STRIATAL INPUTS REFERENCES 353 354 355 355 357
357 357 358 359 361 361 363 363 337 337 341 21. GATING OF LIMBIC INPUT
TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM PATRICIO O DONNELL 367 INTRODUCTION ANATOMY OF
CORTICOSTRIATAL INPUT PATHWAYS CORTICOSTRIATAL MAPPING CORTICAL CELLS OF
ORIGIN TERMINAL DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOSTRIATAL AXONS SIGNIFICANCE OF
CORTICOSTRIATAL STATISTICS A. LACK OF OUTPUT FLEXIBILITY B. BROAD TUNING
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN THE CORTICOSTRIATAL PATHWAY SYNTHESIS AND
CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES 341 342 342 342 343 344 345 345
346 348 348 348 I. INTRODUCTION 367 II. THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS: A
FOREBRAIN GATEWAY 368 III. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MSNS THAT
SHAPE INPUT INTEGRATION 368 A. UP AND DOWN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL STATES AND
ENSEMBLE CODING IN THE NAC 368 B. UP STATES DEPEND ON GLUTAMATERGIC
INPUTS * 370 C. DOPAMINE MODULATION OF UP STATES 371 IV. HIPPOCAMPAL
GATING OF PREFRONTOCORTICAL THROUGHPUT 373 V. OTHER INPUTS CAN ALSO
DRIVE UP STATES AND COMMAND NEURONAL ACTIVITY IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
374 VI. THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BEHAVIORAL SWITCHBOARD 375 REFERENCES
377 CONTENTS 22. ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE
THALAMOSTRIATAL SYSTEMS 381 YOLAND SMITH, ADRIANA GALVAN, DINESH RAJU
AND THOMAS WICHMANN I. INTRODUCTION 381 II. ANATOMY OF THE
THALAMOSTRIATAL SYSTEMS 382 A. SOURCES OF THALAMOSTRIATAL PROJECTIONS
382 B. THALAMOSTRIATAL VERSUS THALAMOCORTICAL SYSTEMS: SEGREGATED OR
COLLATERALIZED ORIGINS 384 C. AFFERENTS TO THALAMOSTRIATAL NEURONS:
SOURCES OF BASAL GANGLIA- THALAMOSTRIATAL LOOPS 384 III. SYNAPTIC
ORGANIZATION OF THALAMOSTRIATAL SYSTEMS 385 A. SYNAPTIC ORGANIZATION OF
CM/PF PROJECTIONS TO THE STRIATUM 385 B. SYNAPTIC ORGANIZATION OF
NON-CM/PF THALAMOSTRIATAL PROJECTIONS 386 C. PLASTICITY OF THE SYNAPTIC
CONNECTIVITY OF THE THALAMOSTRIATAL AND CORTICOSTRIATAL SYSTEMS IN
PARKINSONISM 386 IV. PHYSIOLOGY OF CM/PF NEURONS AND RELATED
THALAMOSTRIATAL PROJECTIONS 387 A. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CM/PF
NEURONS 387 B. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CM/PF ACTIVATION UPON STRIATAL
NEURONS 388 V. EXTRASTRIATAL BASAL GANGLIA TARGETS OF CM/PF 389 VI.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CM/PF NEURONS IN PARKINSON S DISEASE AND RELATED
DISORDERS 389 VII. NEUROSURGICAL CM/PF INTERVENTIONS FOR MOVEMENT
DISORDERS 390 A. ABLATIVE SURGERIES OF CM/PF 390 B. CM/PF DEEP-BRAIN
STIMULATION AND TOURETTE S SYNDROME 390 C. CM/PF DEEP-BRAIN STIMULATION
AND PARKINSON S DISEASE 391 VIII. CONCLUSIONS 392 ABBREVIATIONS 392
REFERENCES 392 23. SUBCORTICAL CONNECTIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA 397
PHILIP WINN, DAVID I.G. WILSON AND PETER REDGRAVE I. INTRODUCTION 397
II. CORTICAL AND SUBCORTICAL LOOPS THROUGH THE BASAL GANGLIA 398 III.
FUNCTIONS OF PEDUNCULOPONTINE TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS AND ITS CONNECTIONS WITH
BASAL GANGLIA 398 A. ANATOMICAL CONNECTIONS 398 B. FUNCTIONS 400 IV.
FUNCTIONS OF SUPERIOR COLLICULUS AND ITS CONNECTIONS WITH BASAL GANGLIA
401 A. BACKGROUND 401 B. CONNECTIONS^WITH THE BASAL GANGLIA 401 V.
FUNCTION OF BASAL GANGLIA IN RELATION TO CORTICO-BASAL
GANGLIA-THALAMO-CORTICAL LOOPS AND THEIR DOPAMINERGIC AFFERENTS 402 A.
INTERNAL CIRCUITRY OF BASAL GANGLIA COULD AID SELECTION 403 B. BASAL
GANGLIA CAN COMPRESS INFORMATION AIDING SELECTION 403 C. DOPAMINE CAN
MODULATE SELECTION MECHANISMS WITHIN THE BASAL GANGLIA 403 VI.
COMPARISON OF FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS OF PEDUNCULOPONTINE TEGMENTAL
NUCLEUS AND SUPERIOR COLLICULUS WITH BASAL GANGLIA AND MIDBRAIN DOPAMINE
NEURONS 404 A. WHY ARE THERE SUBCORTICAL CONNECTIONS WITH THE BASAL
GANGLIA? 404 B. HOW MIGHT THE INPUT FROM SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES TO THE
BASAL GANGLIA FUNCTION? 404 C. HOW MIGHT THE OUTPUT FROM THE BASAL
GANGLIA TO SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES FUNCTION? 405 D. SUBCORTICAL-BASAL
GANGLIA CONNECTIONS WITHIN A HETERARCHICAL LAYERED NETWORK 405 VII.
CONCLUSIONS 406 REFERENCES 406 24. INTEGRATIVE NETWORKS ACROSS BASAL
GANGLIA CIRCUITS SUZANNE N. HABER 409 I. INTRODUCTION 409 II. PARALLEL
PROCESSING 410 A. FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF FRONTAL CORTEX 410 B.
GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY OF CORTICO-STRIATAL PROJECTIONS 410 C. GENERAL
TOPOGRAPHY OF THALAMO-STRIATAL PROJECTIONS 411 D. PATHWAYS THROUGH THE
BASAL GANGLIA AND BACK TO CORTEX 412 III. INTEGRATIVE PATHWAYS 413 A.
CORTICO-STRIATAL CONNECTIONS 413 B. INTEGRATION THROUGH CONNECTIONS OF
THE PALLIDUM 416 C. THE STRIATO-NIGRO-STRIATAL PROJECTION SYSTEM 417
CONTENTS D. THE PLACE OF THETHALAMUS IN BASAL GANGLIA CIRCUITRY 421 IV.
FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 422 ABBREVIATIONS 423 REFERENCES 423 25.
SYNCHRONOUS ACTIVITY IN BASAL GANGLIA CIRCUITS 429 JUDITH R. WALTERS AND
DEBRA A. BERGSTROM I. INTRODUCTION 429 II. TESTING PREDICTIONS OF THE
RATE-BASED MODEL: EFFECTS OF INCREASED DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATION
III. TESTING PREDICTIONS OF THE RATE-BASED MODEL: EFFECTS OF DOPAMINE
LOSS IV. SYNCHRONOUS FIRING PATTERNS IN BASAL GANGLIA CIRCUITS A.
MULTISECOND OSCILLATIONS B. 1 HZ OSCILLATIONS C. 4-30 HZ OSCILLATIONS D.
GAMMA FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS V. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES IV. B.
N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA) RECEPTORS 465 C. METABOTROPIC CLUTAMATE
RECEPTORS 468 REGULATION BY DOPAMINE 469 A. D1 RECEPTORS 469 B. D2
RECEPTORS 471 C. D1-D2 RECEPTOR SYNERGY 471 D. GENE EXPRESSION IN THE
GLOBUS PALLIDUS 472 REGULATION BY ADENOSINE 473 A. A1 RECEPTORS E- 473
B. A2A RECEPTORS 473 C. A1-A2A RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS 474 D. GENE
EXPRESSION IN THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS 474 PART E MOLECULAR SIGNALING IN THE
BASAL GANGLIA 26. SECOND-MESSENGER CASCADES STEPHANIE E. BRONSON AND
CHRISTINE KONRADI 429 430 431 432 433 436 436 436 438 V. REGULATION BY
ACETYLCHOLINE A. MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS B. NICOTINIC RECEPTORS VI.
REGULATION BY SEROTONIN A. 5-HT, RECEPTORS B. 5-HT 2 RECEPTORS C. 5-HT 3
RECEPTORS D. 5-HT4 RECEPTORS E. 5-HT 6 RECEPTORS F. 5-HT 7 RECEPTORS
VII. REGULATION BY NEUROPEPTIDES A. OPIOIDS B. TACHYKININS C.
NEUROTENSIN REFERENCES 474 474 475 475 476 476 476 477 477 477 477 477
480 480 481 28. D1 DOPAMINE RECEPTOR SUPERSENSITIVITY IN THE
DOPAMINE-DEPLETED STRIATUM: 447 ABERRANT ERK1/2 SIGNALING 491 I.
INTRODUCTION 447 II. SECOND-MESSENGER PATHWAYS 448 A. G-PROTEIN-COUPLED
RECEPTORS 448 B. LONOTROPIC RECEPTORS 454 C. CA 2+ SIGNALING 455 D.
RAS/MAP KINASE SIGNALING 457 III. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 458 REFERENCES
458 27. NEUROTRANSMITTER REGULATION OF BASAL GANGLIA GENE EXPRESSION 461
KRISTEN A. KEEFE AND KRISTEN A. HOMER I. INTRODUCTION 461 II. REGULATION
BY GLUTAMATE 463 A. CT-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL- 4-ISOXAZOLE-PROPIONATE
(AMPA)/ KAINATE RECEPTORS 464 CHARLES R. GERFEN I. INTRODUCTION: D1 AND
D2 DOPAMINE RECEPTORS IN DIRECT AND INDIRECT STRIATAL PROJECTIONS 491
II. DOPAMINE RECEPTOR SUPERSENSITIVITY IN PARKINSON S DISEASE 493 III.
ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF ERK1/2 INVOLVING SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS IN THE
DORSAL STRIATUM 494 IV. FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ABERRANT ACTIVATION
OF ERK1/2 IN DIRECT PATHWAY NEURONS 497 REFERENCES ^ 499 29.
PSYCHOSTIMULANT-LNDUCED GENE REGULATION IN CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS
HEINZ STEINER I. INTRODUCTION II. GENE REGULATION IN THE STRIATUM OCCURS
MOSTLY IN DIRECT PATHWAY 501 501 CONTENTS NEURONS AND IS MEDIATED BY D1
DOPAMINE RECEPTORS 503 BOX 29.1 ROLE OF CORTICAL ACTIVITY IN STRIATAL
GENE REGULATION - EFFECT OF CONTEXT 504 III. NEUROADAPTATIONS AFTER
REPEATED PSYCHOSTIMULANT TREATMENTS 505 A. INCREASED DYNORPHIN
EXPRESSION 505 BOX 29.2 OPIOID PEPTIDES AS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
THAT REGULATE STRIATAL OUTPUT 506 B. BLUNTED GENE INDUCIBILITY 507 C.
ALTERNATIVE SPLICING: ACCUMULATION OF DELTAFOSB 508 IV. TOPOGRAPHY OF
PSYCHOSTIMULANT- INDUCED GENE REGULATION: SENSORIMOTOR CORTICOSTRIATAL
CIRCUITS ARE MOSTLY AFFECTED A. MAPPING OF STRIATAL GENE REGULATION BOX
29.3 MAPPING OF AFFECTED FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS IN THE STRIATUM B.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORTICAL AND STRIATAL GENE REGULATION V. FUNCTIONAL
CONSEQUENCES OF PSYCHOSTIMULANT-LNDUCED MOLECULAR CHANGES IN THE
STRIATUM A. BEHAVIORAL STEREOTYPIES B. EFFECTS OF PSYCHOSTIMULANTS ON
PROCEDURAL LEARNING-ROLE IN ADDICTION? 514 BOX 29.4 EFFECTS OF COCAINE
ON PROCEDURAL LEARNING IN A MOTOR-SKILL PARADIGM 515 C. FACILITATORY
ROLE OF SEROTONIN IN STRIATAL GENE REGULATION: POSSIBLE CLINICAL
IMPLICATIONS 516 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 517 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 518
REFERENCES 518 IV. A. CHROMATIN REMODELING IN DRUG ADDICTION 535 B.
CHROMATIN REMODELING IN HUMAN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE 537 CONCLUSIONS 539
REFERENCES 539 PART F BASAL GANGLIA FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION 31. PHASIC
DOPAMINE SIGNALING AND BASAL GANGLIA FUNCTION 549 PETER REDGRAVE,
VERONIQUE COIZET AND JOHN REYNOLDS INTRODUCTION 549 SELECTION: A
FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM 549 REINFORCEMENT LEARNING 550 ROLE OF DOPAMINE IN
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING 551 509 509 510 512 513 513 JOL , II. III. IV. V.
VI. 30. CHROMATIN REMODELING: ROLE IN NEUROPATHOLOGIES OF THE BASAL
GANGLIA JOCELYNE CABOCHE, EMMANUEL ROZE, KAREN BRAMI-CHERRIER AND
SANDRINE BETUING I. INTRODUCTION II. CHROMATIN REMODELING AND HISTONE
MODIFICATIONS A. HISTONE ACETYLATION B. HISTONE PHOSPHORYLATION C.
HISTONE METHYLATION III. CHROMATIN REMODELING AND STRIATAL DYSFUNCTIONS
A. PHASIC DOPAMINE SIGNALING B. INCONVENIENT OBSERVATIONS C. THE
REINFORCING FUNCTION OF PHASIC DOPAMINE: REWARD PREDICTION? D. AN
ALTERNATIVE PROPOSAL: REINFORCEMENT OF AGENCY ASSESSMENT THE AGENCY
HYPOTHESIS A. A NEURAL NETWORK FOR DETERMINING AGENCY B. SIGNAL TIMING
AND THE DETERMINATION OF AGENCY C. AVERSIVE STIMULI AND FAILURES OF
PREDICTED REWARD D. WHY ARE SHORT-LATENCY DOPAMINE REINFORCEMENT SIGNALS
SO SHORT? SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VREFERENCES 527 32.
ROLE OF BASAL GANGLIA IN HABIT LEARNING AND MEMORY: RATS, MONKEYS, AND
HUMANS 551 552 553 553 554 554 555 555 556 557 557 557 561 527 528 529
532 535 535 MARK C. PACKARD I. II. III. IV. V. INTRODUCTION EVIDENCE
FROM RAT STUDIES EVIDENCE FROM MONKEY STUDIES EVIDENCE FROM HUMAN
STUDIES CONCLUSIONS, MODIFICATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS REFERENCES 561 561
564 565 566 567 CONTENTS 33. DRUG ADDICTION: THE NEURAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF A COMPULSIVE INCENTIVE HABIT 571 DAVID BELIN AND
BARRY J. EVERITT I. INTRODUCTION 571 II. DRUG ADDICTION: A
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER DEPENDENT UPON THE BASAL GANGLIA AND THEIR
CORTICAL INPUTS 572 III. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MAPPING OF THE CONSEQUENCES
OF PSYCHOSTIMULANT EXPOSURE IN THE BASAL GANGLIA 573 IV. DRUG
REINFORCEMENT: A MECHANISM DEPENDENT UPON VENTRAL CORTICO-
STRIATO-PALLIDAL LOOPS 573 A. FROM REWARD TO REINFORCEMENT, THE DOPAMINE
HYPOTHESIS 573 B. FROM POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: REDUCED
STRIATAL DOPAMINE TRANSMISSION AND BEYOND 574 C. NEUROCHEMICAL
SENSITIZATION OF STRIATAL DOPAMINE TRANSMISSION BY REPEATED EXPOSURE TO
PSYCHOSTIMULANTS 575 V. STRIATAL-DEPENDENT PAVLOVIAN AND INSTRUMENTAL
LEARNING MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION 576 A.
INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING PROCESSES: THE ACQUISITION OF DRUG TAKING BEHAVIOR
576 B. GOAL-DIRECTED AND HABITUAL DRUG SEEKING BEHAVIOR 576 C. PAVLOVIAN
CONDITIONING: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DRUG CUES D. CONDITIONED APPROACH
E. PAVLOVIAN-TO-LNSTRUMENTAL TRANSFER F. CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT VI.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR SUBSTRATES OF DRUG ADDICTION: ROLE OF
CORTICOSTRIATAL MECHANISMS A. PSYCHOSTIMULANT-LNDUCED PLASTICITY IN THE
CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITRY: WHEN ADDICTIVE DRUGS USURP BASAL
GANGLIA-DEPENDENT LEARNING MECHANISMS, SUCH AS STRIATAL LTP AND LTD B.
PSYCHOSTIMULANT-LNDUCED MOLECULAR ADAPTATIONS WITHIN THE BASAL GANGLIA:
IMPLICATIONS FOR DRUG ADDICTION VII. TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF
PSYCHOSTIMULANT ADDICTION: DYSREGULATION OF CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITRY
AND INCENTIVE HABITS 583 A. PARALLEL MECHANISMS 583 B. INTEGRATIVE
MECHANISMS 583 C. ADDICTION: TOWARDS THE VIEW OF AN INCENTIVE HABIT 585
34. D. TOP-DOWN INHIBITORY OR EXECUTIVE CONTROL 585 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
586 REFERENCES 586 PARKINSON S DISEASE: CROSS-TALK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS AND GENE DEFECTS. 593 GLORIA E. MEREDITH AND SUSAN TOTTERDELL 1.
II. III. IV. V. INTRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL HYPOTHESIS OF PARKINSON S
DISEASE A. TOXIN EXPOSURE AND ANIMAL MODELS B. TOXIN EXPOSURE AND HUMAN
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PD C. TOXINS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS D. INCLUSION
FORMATION BOX 34.1 LEWY BODIES ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS AND INFLAMMATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS AND GENETIC VULNERABILITY BOX 34.2 PARKINSON S
DISEASE MUTATIONS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 593 593 593 596 596
597 598 599 600 601 602 602 35. ALTERATIONS IN CORTICOSTRIATAL SYNAPTIC
FUNCTION IN HUNTINGTON S AND PARKINSON S DISEASES 607 577 D / / 578 578
580 580 581 CARLOS CEPEDA, NIGEL S. BAMFORD, VERONIQUE M. ANDRE AND
MICHAEL S. LEVINE 1. INTRODUCTION II. STRIATAL ORGANIZATION A.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STRIATAL D1 AND D2 DOPAMINE
RECEPTOR-CONTAINING MSNS B. DOPAMINE FUNCTIONS IN STRIATUM C.
PRESYNAPTIC MODULATION OF STRIATAL GLUTAMATERGIC INPUTS BY DOPAMINE D.
OTHER RECEPTORS REGULATING GLUTAMATE RELEASE IN THE CORTICOSTRIATAL
PATHWAY III. THE CORTICOSTRIATAL PATHWAY IN HUNTINGTON S DISEASE A.
GENETIC MOUSE MODELS OF HD 607 608 608 609 609 609 610 610 B. BIPHASIC
ALTERATIONS IN GLUTAMATERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION 612 C. DOPAMINE RECEPTOR
MODULATION OF CORTICOSTRIATAL TRANSMISSION IN HD 613 D. CONSEQUENCES OF
CORTICOSTRIATAL PATHWAY DYSFUNCTION IN HD 613 E. SOME UNRESOLVED
QUESTIONS 614 CONTENTS IV. THE CORTICOSTRIATAL PATHWAY IN PARKINSON S
DISEASE 614 A. MOUSE MODELS OF PARKINSONISM 614 B. ALTERATIONS IN
GLUTAMATERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION AND DOPAMINE MODULATION 616 C.
COMPARISON BETWEEN DOPAMINE- DEPLETION AND GENETIC MODELS OF PD D. SOME
UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS V. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 36.
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF L-DOPA-LNDUCED DYSKINESIA 625 M. ANGELA CENCI I.
INTRODUCTION 625 II. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CHANGES FOLLOWING DOPAMINE
DENERVATION 626 A. PRESYNAPTIC ALTERATIONS 626 B. POSTSYNAPTIC
SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS 627 C. STRUCTURAL AND SYNAPTIC
ALTERATIONS IN STRIATAL MICROCIRCUITS 628 III. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR
CHANGES CAUSED BY L-DOPA TREATMENT 629 A. SIGNALING-PATHWAY ACTIVATION
IN STRIATAL NEURONS 629 B. ALTERED GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR FUNCTION AND
CORTICOSTRIATAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY 630 C. CHANGES IN STRIATAL GENE AND
PROTEIN EXPRESSION: HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN STUDIES 631 D. CHANGES IN STRIATAL
GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION: DISCOVERY-BASED STUDIES 633 IV.
SYSTEM-LEVEL ADAPTATIONS AND STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY IN THE BASAL GANGLIA
634 A. INCREASED ACTIVITY IN STRIATOFUGAL GABAERGIC PATHWAYS 634 B.
STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY 634 V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 635 REFERENCES 635 37.
COMPENSATORY MECHANISMS IN EXPERIMENTAL AND HUMAN PARKINSONISM:
POTENTIAL FOR NEW THERAPIES 641 ERWAN BEZARD, GREGORY PORRAS, JAVIER
BLESA AND JOSE A. OBESO I. INTRODUCTION 641 II. OVERVIEW OF
COMPENSATION, CLASSIC CONCEPTS 642 617 617 618 618 618 IV. V. VI. VII.
III. STRIATAL MECHANISMS 642 A. PRE- AND POSTSYNAPTIC CHANGES IN
DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY 642 B. RE-LNNERVATION 644 C. SEROTONIN
COMPENSATION 645 D. VOLUME TRANSMISSION AND PASSIVE STABILIZATION 645
BASAL GANGLIA-MEDIATED COMPENSATION 645 THALAMO-CORTIGAL-MEDIATED
COMPENSATION 647 DOPAMINE COMPENSATION REAPPRAISED 648 CONCLUSIONS -
COMPENSATION VS. SENSING DOPAMINE DEPLETION 649 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 649
REFERENCES 649 38. PATHOLOGICAL SYNCHRONY OF BASAL GANGLIA-CORTICAL
NETWORKS IN THE SYSTEMIC MPTP PRIMATE MODEL OF PARKINSON S DISEASE 653
HAGAI BERGMAN, ADAM ZAIDEL, BORIS ROSIN, MAYA SLOVIK, MICHAL
RIVLIN-ETZION, SHAY MOSHEL AND ZVI ISRAEL I. INTRODUCTION: PARKINSON S
DISEASE - PREVALENCE, SYMPTOMS AND THERAPY 653 II. ANATOMICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BASAL GANGLIA 654 III. THE MPTP
PRIMATE MODEL OF PARKINSON S DISEASE 654 IV. EXCESSIVE SYNCHRONY AND
OSCILLATIONS IN V. VI. 39. DEEP-BRAIN STIMULATION FOR NEUROLOGIC AND
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS * 659 THOMAS WICHMANN AND MAHLON R. DELONG I.
INTRODUCTION 659 II. BASAL GANGLIA-THALAMOCORTICAL CIRCUITS 660 A.
CIRCUIT ANATOMY 660 B. BASAL GANGLIA ANATOMY AND CIRCUITRY 660 C. BASAL
GANGLIA OUTPUT 661 D. NORMAL FUNCTIONS OF THE MOTOR CIRCUIT 661
PARKINSON S DISEASE A. RESULTS FROM ANIMAL MODELS B. OBSERVATIONS IN
HUMAN PATIENTS HOW MIGHT EXCESSIVE SYNCHRONY IMPAIR BASAL GANGLIA
PROCESSING? CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES
655 655 656 656 657 657 657 CONTENTS III. IV. V. CIRCUIT DISORDERS
INVOLVING THE BASAL GANGLIA A. PARKINSONISM B. DYSTONIA DEEP-BRAIN
STIMULATION A. HISTORICAL ASPECTS B. TECHNICAL ASPECTS C. MECHANISM OF
ACTION D. ABLATION VS. DBS DBS TREATMENT OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS A.
PARKINSON S DISEASE B. DYSTONIA 663 663 664 665 665 666 666 667 667 667
669 VI. DBS TREATMENT OF OTHER HYPERKINETIC DISORDERS A. HEMIBALLISM B.
HUNTINGTON S CHOREA VII. DBS TREATMENT OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS A.
TOURETTE S SYNDROME B. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER C.
TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION D. LESCH-NYHAN DISEASE VIII. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES INDEX 670 670 670 670 671 672 672 673 674 674 683
|
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| spelling | Steiner, Heinz Verfasser aut Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function Heinz Steiner and Kuei Y. Tseng Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2010 XXV, 693, 8 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Tseng, Kuei Y. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020311285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Steiner, Heinz Tseng, Kuei Y. Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function |
| title | Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function |
| title_auth | Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function |
| title_full | Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function Heinz Steiner and Kuei Y. Tseng |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function Heinz Steiner and Kuei Y. Tseng |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function Heinz Steiner and Kuei Y. Tseng |
| title_short | Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function |
| title_sort | handbook of basal ganglia structure and function |
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