Power distribution system reliability: practical methods and applications
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Piscataway, NJ
IEEE Press [u.a.]
2009
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| Series: | IEEE Press series on power engineering
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 531 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470292280 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Power distribution system reliability |b practical methods and applications |c Ali A. Chowdhury ; Don O. Koval |
| 264 | 1 | |a Piscataway, NJ |b IEEE Press [u.a.] |c 2009 | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a IEEE Press series on power engineering | |
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| _version_ | 1804142811013971968 |
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| adam_text | POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY PRACTICAL METHODS AND APPLICATIONS
ALI A. CHOWDHURY DON O. KOVAL POWER ENGINEERING IEEE PRESS SERIES ON
IEEE PRESS WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION CONTENTS
PREFACE XIX 1 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 RELIABILITY
ASSESSMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS 2 1.2.1 GENERATION SYSTEM RELIABILITY
ASSESSMENT 2 1.2.2 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT 3 1.2.3
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT 4 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE
CHAPTERS 5 1.4 CONCLUSIONS 10 REFERENCES 11 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS 13 2.1 CONCEPT OF FREQUENCY 13 2.1.1
INTRODUCTION 13 2.1.2 CONCEPT OF CLASS 15 2.1.3 FREQUENCY GRAPHS 15
2.1.4 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION MODEL 15 2.2 IMPORTANT
PARAMETERS OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 15 2.2.1 MEAN 16 2.2.2 MEDIAN 16
2.2.3 MODE 16 2.2.4 STANDARD DEVIATION 16 2.2.5 VARIANCE 17 2.3 THEORY
OF PROBABILITY 17 2.3.1 CONCEPT 17 2.3.2 PROBABILITY LAWS AND THEOREMS
18 2.4 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION MODEL 19 2.4.1 RANDOM VARIABLE 19 2.4.2
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION 20 VLIL CONTENTS 2.4.3 PARAMETERS OF
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 21 2.4.4 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 22 2.4.5
THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 25 2.4.6 THE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION 26 2.4.7
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 27 2.5 SAMPLING THEORY 29 2.5.1 CONCEPTS OF
POPULATION AND SAMPLE 29 2.5.2 RANDOM SAMPLING MODEL 29 2.5.3 SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS 29 2.5.4 CONCEPT OF CONFIDENCE LIMIT 32 2.5.5 ESTIMATION
OF POPULATION STATISTIC 32 2.5.6 COMPUTATION OF SAMPLE SIZE 34 2.6
STATISTICAL DECISION MAKING 36 2.6.1 PROCEDURE OF DECISION MAKING 37
2.6.2 TYPES OF ERROR 37 2.6.3 CONTROL OF ERRORS 42 2.7 CONCLUSIONS 42
REFERENCES 42 RELIABILITY PRINCIPLES 45 3.1 FAILURE RATE MODEL 45 3.1.1
CONCEPT AND MODEL 45 3.1.2 CONCEPT OF BATHTUB CURVE 46 3.2 CONCEPT OF
RELIABILITY OF POPULATION 47 3.2.1 THEORY OF FIRST PRINCIPLES 47 3.2.2
RELIABILITY MODEL 50 3.2.3 THE POISSON PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 52 3.2.4
RELIABILITY OF EQUAL TIME STEPS 53 3.3 MEAN TIME TO FAILURES 54 3.4
RELIABILITY OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS 55 3.4.1 SERIES SYSTEMS 55 3.4.2 PARALLEL
SYSTEMS 56 3.4.3 PARTIALLY REDUNDANT SYSTEMS 58 3.4.4 BAYES THEOREM 60
3.5 STANDBY SYSTEM MODELING 62 3.5.1 BACKGROUND 62 3.5.2 SPARES FOR ONE
UNIT 62 3.5.3 SPARES FOR MULTIPLE INTERCHANGEABLE UNITS 63 CONTENTS IX
3.6 CONCEPTS OF AVAILABILITY AND DEPENDABILITY 65 3.6.1 MEAN TIME TO
REPAIR 65 3.6.2 AVAILABILITY MODEL 66 3.6.3 MARKOV MODEL 66 3.6.4
CONCEPT OF DEPENDABILITY 67 3.6.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 68 3.7
RELIABILITY MEASUREMENT 68 3.7.1 CONCEPT 68 3.7.2 ACCURACY OF OBSERVED
DATA 69 3.7.3 CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF FAILURE RATE 69 3.7.4 CHI-SQUARE
DISTRIBUTION 70 3.8 CONCLUSIONS 77 REFERENCES 77 4 APPLICATIONS OF
SIMPLE RELIABILITY MODELS 79 4.1 EQUIPMENT FAILURE MECHANISM 79 4.1.1
INTRODUCTION 79 4.1.2 UTILIZATION OF FORCED OUTAGE STATISTICS 80 4.1.3
FAILURE RATE COMPUTATION 80 4.2 AVAILABILITY OF EQUIPMENT 81 4.2.1
AVAILABILITY CONSIDERATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS 81 4.2.2 AVAILABILITY MODEL
82 4.2.3 LONG-RUN AVAILABILITY 83 4.3 OIL CIRCUIT RECLOSER (OCR)
MAINTENANCE ISSUES 85 4.3.1 INTRODUCTION 85 4.3.2 STUDY METHODS 85 4.4
DISTRIBUTION POLE MAINTENANCE PRACTICES 86 4.5 PROCEDURES FOR GROUND
TESTING 87 4.5.1 CONCEPT 87 4.5.2 STATISTICAL METHODS FOR GROUND TESTING
87 4.6 INSULATORS MAINTENANCE 87 4.6.1 BACKGROUND 87 4.6.2 INSPECTION
PROGRAM FOR INSULATORS 87 4.6.3 VOLTAGE SURGES ON LINES 88 4.6.4
CRITICAL FLASHOVER 89 4.6.5 NUMBER OF INSULATORS IN A STRING 91 4.7
CUSTOMER SERVICE OUTAGES 93 4.7.1 BACKGROUND 93 CONTENTS 4.7.2 POPULAR
DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY INDICES 93 4.7.3 RELIABILITY CRITERIA 94 4.7.4
COST OF INTERRUPTION CONCEPT 95 4.8 CONCLUSIONS 95 REFERENCES 96
ENGINEERING ECONOMICS 97 5.1 INTRODUCTION 97 5.2 CONCEPT OF INTEREST AND
EQUIVALENT 98 5.3 COMMON TERMS 98 5.4 FORMULAS FOR COMPUTING INTEREST 98
5.5 ANNUAL COST 101 5.5.1 CONCEPT OF ANNUAL COST 101 5.5.2 ALTERNATIVES
WITH DIFFERENT LIFE TIMES 102 5.6 PRESENT VALUE (PV) CONCEPT 103 5.7
THEORY OF RATE OF RETURN 105 5.8 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS APPROACH 106 5.9
FINANCIAL RISK ASSESSMENT 107 5.9.1 BASIC CONCEPT 107 5.9.2 PRINCIPLES
107 5.9.3 CONCEPT OF RISK AVERSION 108 5.10 CONCLUSIONS 108 REFERENCES
109 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS 111 6.1
INTRODUCTION 111 6.2 STATE ENUMERATION METHODOLOGIES 112 6.2.1 BASIC
ASSUMPTIONS: CRITERIA FOR SYSTEM SUCCESS*POWER IS DELIVERED TO ALL LOADS
112 6.3 NETWORK REDUCTION METHODS 115 6.3.1 PATH ENUMERATION METHODS:
MINIMUM TIE SET 116 6.3.2 PATH ENUMERATION METHODS: MINIMUM CUT SET 121
6.4 BAYES THEOREM IN RELIABILITY 129 6.5 CONSTRUCTION OF FAULT TREE
DIAGRAM 139 6.5.1 BASIC RULES FOR COMBINING THE PROBABILITY OF
INDEPENDENT INPUT FAILURE EVENTS TO EVALUATE THE PROBABILITY OF A
SINGLE-OUTPUT FAILURE EVENT 140 CONTENTS 6.6 THE APPLICATION OF
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY THEORY TO SYSTEM OPERATING CONFIGURATIONS 146
6.7 CONCLUSIONS 151 REFERENCES 151 DESIGNING RELIABILITY INTO
INDUSTRIALAND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS 153 7.1 INTRODUCTION 153 7.2
EXAMPLE 1: SIMPLE RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 154 7.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF A
SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM 155 7.2.2 RESULTS: SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM EXAMPLE 1
155 7.2.3 CONCLUSIONS: SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM EXAMPLE 1 155 7.3 EXAMPLE 2:
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF A PRIMARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM TO THE 13.8 KV
UTILITY SUPPLY 156 7.3.1 DESCRIPTION: PRIMARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM TO THE
13.8 KV UTILITY SUPPLY 157 7.3.2 RESULTS: A PRIMARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM TO
THE 13.8 KV UTILITY SUPPLY 158 7.3.3 CONCLUSIONS: PRIMARY SELECTIVE
SYSTEM TO 13.8 KV UTILITY SUPPLY 159 7.4 EXAMPLE 3: A PRIMARY SELECTIVE
SYSTEM TO THE LOAD SIDE OF A 13.8 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER 161 7.4.1
DESCRIPTION OF A PRIMARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM TO THE LOAD SIDE OF A 13.8 KV
CIRCUIT BREAKER 161 7.4.2 RESULTS: PRIMARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM TO LOAD SIDE
OF 13.8 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER 162 7.4.3 CONCLUSIONS: A PRIMARY SELECTIVE
SYSTEM TO THE LOAD SIDE OF A 13.8 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER 163 7.5 EXAMPLE 4:
PRIMARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM TO THE PRIMARY OF THE TRANSFORMER 163 7.5.1
DESCRIPTION OF A PRIMARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM TO THE PRIMARY OF THE
TRANSFORMER 163 7.5.2 RESULTS: A PRIMARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM TO THE PRIMARY
OF THE TRANSFORMER 164 7.5.3 CONCLUSIONS: PRIMARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM TO
PRIMARY OF TRANSFORMER 164 7.6 EXAMPLE 5: A SECONDARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM
164 7.6.1 DESCRIPTION OF A SECONDARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM 164 7.6.2 RESULTS:
A SECONDARY SELECTIVE SYSTEM 165 7.6.3 CONCLUSIONS: A SECONDARY
SELECTIVE SYSTEM 165 XII CONTENTS 7.7 EXAMPLE 6: A SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM
WITH SPARES 166 7.7.1 DESCRIPTION OF A SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM WITH SPARES
166 7.7.2 RESULTS: A SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM WITH SPARES 167 7.7.3
CONCLUSIONS: SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM WITH SPARES 167 7.8 EXAMPLE 7: A
SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM WITH COGENERATION 168 7.8.1 DESCRIPTION OF A SIMPLE
RADIAL SYSTEM WITH COGENERATION 168 7.8.2 RESULTS: SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM
WITH COGENERATION 168 7.8.3 CONCLUSIONS: A SIMPLE RADIAL SYSTEM WITH
COGENERATION 169 7.9 RELIABILITY EVALUATION OF MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEM
CONFIGURATIONS 170 7.10 CONCLUSIONS 188 REFERENCES 188 8 ZONE BRANCH
RELIABILITY METHODOLOGY 191 8.1 INTRODUCTION 191 8.2 ZONE BRANCH
CONCEPTS 192 8.3 INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM STUDY 196 8.4 APPLICATION OF ZONE
BRANCH METHODOLOGY: CASE STUDIES 201 8.4.1 CASE 1: DESIGN A *SIMPLE
RADIAL SUBSTATION CONFIGURATION 202 8.4.2 CASE 2: DESIGN B *DUAL SUPPLY
RADIAL*SINGLE BUS 208 8.4.3 CASE 3: DESIGN C *DUAL SUPPLY RADIAL WITH
TIEBREAKER 215 8.4.4 CASE 4: DESIGN D *DUAL SUPPLY LOOP WITH TIEBREAKER
219 8.4.5 CASE 5: DESIGN E *DUAL SUPPLY PRIMARY SELECTIVE 225 8.4.6
CASE 6: DESIGN F *DOUBLE BUS/DOUBLE BREAKER RADIAL 232 8.4.7 CASE 7:
DESIGN G *DOUBLE BUS/DOUBLE BREAKER LOOP 235 8.4.8 CASE 8: DESIGN
H *DOUBLE BUS/BREAKER PRIMARY SELECTIVE 242 8.5 CONCLUSIONS 251
REFERENCES 252 9 EQUIPMENT OUTAGE STATISTICS 255 9.1 INTRODUCTION 255
9.2 INTERRUPTION DATA COLLECTION SCHEME 256 9.3 TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION
EQUIPMENT OUTAGE STATISTICS 259 9.4 CONCLUSIONS 265 REFERENCES 265 10
HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT 267 10.1 INTRODUCTION 267 10.2 AUTOMATIC OUTAGE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 268 10.2.1 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND PERFORMANCE
INDICES 269 CONTENTS XIII 10.2.2 CUSTOMER-ORIENTED INDICES 269 10.2.3
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERRUPTION AS TO CAUSES 270 10.3 HISTORICAL
ASSESSMENT 271 10.3.1 A UTILITY CORPORATE LEVEL ANALYSIS 272 10.3.2
UTILITY REGION-LEVEL ANALYSIS 279 10.4 CREW CENTER-LEVEL ANALYSIS 282
10.5 DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPOSITE INDEX FOR RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS AT THE CIRCUIT LEVEL 282 10.6 CONCLUSIONS 283 REFERENCES 283 11
DETERMINISTIC CRITERIA 285 11.1 INTRODUCTION 285 11.2 CURRENT
DISTRIBUTION PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA 286 11.2.1 OUTAGE DATA
COLLECTION AND REPORTING 287 11.2.2 RELIABILITY INDICES 287 11.2.3
TARGETS FOR CUSTOMER SERVICE RELIABILITY 288 11.2.4 EXAMPLES OF
DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY STANDARDS IN A DEREGULATED MARKET 288 11.3
RELIABILITY COST VERSUS RELIABILITY BENEFIT TRADE-OFFS IN DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM PLANNING 290 11.4 ALTERNATIVE FEED REQUIREMENTS FOR OVERHEAD
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 293 11.5 EXAMPLES OF DETERMINISTIC PLANNING
GUIDELINES FOR ALTERNATIVE FEED REQUIREMENTS 294 11.5.1 RELIABILITY OF
SUPPLY TO 25 KV BUSES 294 11.5.2 RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY TO TOWNS/CITIES
295 11.5.3 RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY TO LARGE USERS AND INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMERS
295 11.6 VALUE-BASED ALTERNATIVE FEEDER REQUIREMENTS PLANNING 295 11.6.1
CUSTOMER INTERRUPTION COST DATA 297 11.6.2 AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE FOR
JUSTIFICATION OF AN ALTERNATE FEED TO A MAJOR CITY 298 11.7 CONCLUSIONS
299 REFERENCES 299 12 IMPORTANT FACTORS RELATED TO DISTRIBUTION
STANDARDS 301 12.1 INTRODUCTION 301 12.2 RELEVANT ISSUES AND FACTORS IN
ESTABLISHING DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY STANDARDS 304 XIV CONTENTS 12.2.1
DATA POOL 305 12.2.2 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 307 12.2.3 SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS 308 12.2.4 OUTAGE DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS 308 12.3
PERFORMANCE INDICES AT DIFFERENT SYSTEM LEVELS OF A UTILITY 309 12.4
PERFORMANCE INDICES FOR DIFFERENT UTILITY TYPES 314 12.5 CONCLUSIONS 314
REFERENCES 315 13 STANDARDS FOR REREGULATED DISTRIBUTION UTILITY 317
13.1 INTRODUCTION 317 13.2 COST OF SERVICE REGULATION VERSUS
PERFORMANCE-BASED REGULATION 318 13.3 A REWARD/PENALTY STRACTURE IN THE
PERFORMANCE-BASED RATES 319 13.4 HISTORICAL SAIFI AND SAIDI DATA AND
THEIR DISTRIBUTIONS 322 13.5 COMPUTATION OF SYSTEM RISKS BASED ON
HISTORICAL RELIABILITY INDICES 323 13.6 CAUSE CONTRIBUTIONS TO SAIFI AND
SAIDI INDICES 329 13.7 CONCLUSIONS 334 REFERENCES 335 14 CUSTOMER
INTERRUPTION COST MODELS FOR LOAD POINT RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT 337 14.1
INTRODUCTION 337 14.2 CUSTOMER INTERRUPTION COST 338 14.3 SERIES AND
PARALLEL SYSTEM MODEL EQUATIONS 339 14.4 DEDICATED DISTRIBUTION RADIAL
FEEDER CONFIGURATION 340 14.5 DISTRIBUTION RADIAL FEEDER CONFIGURATION
SERVING MULTIPLE CUSTOMERS 341 14.6 DISTRIBUTION RADIAL FEEDER
CONFIGURATION SERVING MULTIPLE CUSTOMERS WITH MANUAL SECTIONALIZING 342
14.7 DISTRIBUTION RADIAL FEEDER CONFIGURATION SERVING MULTIPLE CUSTOMERS
WITH AUTOMATIC SECTIONALIZING 345 14.8 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOOPED RADIAL
FEEDERS 347 14.8.1 OPERATING PROCEDURES 347 14.8.2 FEEDER
CHARACTERISTICS: LOOPED RADIAL FEEDERS*MANUAL SECTIONALIZING 347 14.9
CONCLUSIONS 355 REFERENCES 355 CONTENTS XV 15 VALUE-BASED PREDICTIVE
RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT 357 15.1 INTRODUCTION 357 15.2 VALUE-BASED
RELIABILITY PLANNING 358 15.3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
CHARACTERISTICS 360 15.4 CASE STUDIES 362 15.5 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
SYSTEM PROBLEM AND ITS RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS 368 15.5.1 OPERATING
PROCEDURES 369 15.6 CONCLUSIONS 373 REFERENCES 374 16 ISOLATION AND
RESTORATION PROCEDURES 375 16.1 INTRODUCTION 375 16.2 DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS 378 16.2.1 DISTRIBUTION LOAD TRANSFER
CHARACTERISTICS 379 16.2.2 OPERATING PROCEDURES: LINE SECTION OUTAGES
380 16.2.3 FEEDER CIRCUIT RELIABILITY DATA 380 16.2.4 COST OF LOAD POINT
INTERRUPTIONS 381 16.3 CASE STUDIES 381 16.3.1 CASE STUDY 1 381 16.3.2
CASE STUDY 2 384 16.3.3 CASE STUDY 3 388 16.4 MAJOR SUBSTATION OUTAGES
389 16.5 SUMMARY OF LOAD POINT INTERRUPTION COSTS 391 16.6 CONCLUSIONS
392 REFERENCES 393 17 MESHED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY 395 17.1
INTRODUCTION 395 17.2 VALUE-BASED RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT IN A
DEREGULATED ENVIRONMENT 396 17.3 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE
URBAN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 397 17.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 400 17.5 FEEDER
AND TRANSFORMER LOADING LEVELS 401 17.6 BUS AND FEEDER TIE ANALYSIS 402
17.6.1 TIE COSTS AND DESCRIPTIONS 402 17.7 MAINTENANCE 403 17.7.1 SINGLE
TRANSFORMER 403 17.7.2 CONDUCTOR SIZING 403 XVI CONTENTS 17.8 FEEDERS
WITH NONFUSED (LATERAL) THREE-PHASE BRANCHES 404 17.9 FEEDER TIE
PLACEMENT 404 17.10 FINDING OPTIMUM SECTION LENGTH 406 17.10.1
DEFINITION OF TERMS 407 17.11 FEEDER AND TRANSFORMER LOADING 408 17.12
FEEDER TIE COST CALCULATION 409 17.13 EFFECTS OF TIE MAINTENANCE 410
17.14 ADDITIONAL TIES FOR FEEDERS WITH THREE-PHASE BRANCHES 411 17.14.1
DEFINITION OF TERMS 412 17.15 CONCLUSIONS 413 REFERENCES 413 18 RADIAL
FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ANALYSIS 415 18.1 INTRODUCTION 415 18.2
PREDICTIVE FEEDER RELIABILITY ANALYSIS 416 18.3 RELIABILITY DATA AND
ASSUMPTIONS 418 18.4 RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR AN ILLUSTRATIVE
DISTRIBUTION FEEDER 419 18.4.1 BASE CASE CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 419 18.4.2
CIRCUIT TIE 47-2 419 18.4.3 CIRCUIT TIE 46-1 420 18.4.4 CIRCUIT TIE 43-2
421 18.4.5 CIRCUIT TIE 102-3 421 18.4.6 BASE CASE RELIABILITY 421 18.5
ALTERNATIVE IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS ANALYSIS 422 18.5.1 INCREMENTAL
IMPROVEMENT ALTERNATIVE 1: ADD DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION SWITCH 422 18.5.2
INCREMENTAL IMPROVEMENT ALTERNATIVE 2: ADD SECTIONALIZING SWITCH 423
18.5.3 INCREMENTAL ALTERNATIVE 3: RELOCATE RECLOSER 255 424 18.5.4
INCREMENTAL IMPROVEMENT ALTERNATIVE 4: PLACE 2 NEW SWITCHES 425 18.6
SUMMARY OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE FEEDER RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
ALTERNATIVES 425 18.7 CONCLUSIONS 426 REFERENCES 426 19 DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION 427 19.1 INTRODUCTION 427 19.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION 428
CONTENTS XVII 19.3 ILLUSTRATIVE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
CHARACTERISTICS 430 19.4 RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT MODEL 432 19.4.1
RELIABILITY INDICES 433 19.4.2 RELIABILITY DATA 433 19.5 DISCUSSION OF
RESULTS 433 19.5.1 EQUIVALENT DISTRIBUTED GENERATION REINFORCEMENT
ALTERNATIVE 434 19.6 CONCLUSIONS 438 REFERENCES 438 20 MODELS FOR SPARE
EQUIPMENT 441 20.1 INTRODUCTION 441 20.2 DEVELOPMENT OF PROBABILISTIC
MODELS FOR DETERMINING OPTIMAL NUMBER OF TRANSFORMER SPARES 442 20.2.1
RELIABILITY CRITERION MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL NUMBER OF
TRANSFORMER SPARES 442 20.2.2 MEAN TIME BETWEEN FAILURES (MTBFJ
CRITERION MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL NUMBER OF TRANSFORMER SPARES
443 20.2.3 DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL TRANSFORMER SPARES BASED ON THE
MODEL OF STATISTICAL ECONOMICS 444 20.3 OPTIMAL TRANSFORMER SPARES FOR
ILLUSTRATIVE 72 KV DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER SYSTEMS 445 20.3.1
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL TRANSFORMER SPARES BASED ON THE MINIMUM
RELIABILITY CRITERION 446 20.3.2 DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL TRANSFORMER
SPARES BASED ON THE MINIMUM MTBF U CRITERION 447 20.3.3 DETERMINATION OF
OPTIMAL TRANSFORMER SPARES BASED ON THE CRITERION OF STATISTICAL
ECONOMICS 448 20.4 CONCLUSIONS 450 REFERENCES 451 21 VOLTAGE SAGS AND
SURGES AT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL SITES 453 21.1 INTRODUCTION 453 21.2
ANSI/IEEE STANDARD 446*IEEE ORANGE BOOK 454 21.2.1 TYPICAL RANGE FOR
INPUT POWER QUALITY AND LOAD PARAMETERS OF MAJOR COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS
454 21.2.2 TYPICAL DESIGN GOALS OF POWER CONSCIOUS COMPUTER
MANUFACTURERS (OFTEN CALLED THE CBEMA CURVE) 454 21.3 IEEE STANDARD
493-2007*IEEE GOLD BOOK 455 21.3.1 BACKGROUND 455 XVIII CONTENTS 21.3.2
CASE STUDY: RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 459 21.4 FREQUENCY OF VOLTAGE
SAGS 461 21.4.1 INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMER GROUP 462 21.4.2 COMMERCIAL CUSTOMER
GROUP 463 21.5 EXAMPLE VOLTAGE SAG PROBLEM: VOLTAGE SAG ANALYSIS OF
UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 464 21.5.1 UTILITY
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 464 21.5.2 INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 470 21.6
FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS AND SURGES AT INDUSTRIAL SITES:
CANADIAN NATIONAL POWER QUALITY SURVEY 472 21.6.1 BACKGROUND 472 21.6.2
VOLTAGE SAGS AND SURGES (TIME OF DAY) 473 21.6.3 VOLTAGE SAGS AND SURGES
(DAY OF WEEK) 475 21.6.4 FREQUENCY OF DISTURBANCES MONITORED ON PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY SIDES OF INDUSTRIAL SITES 478 21.7 SCATTER PLOTS OF
VOLTAGE SAG LEVELS AS A FUNCTION OF DURATION 479 21.8 SCATTER PLOTS OF
VOLTAGE SURGE LEVELS AS A FUNCTION OF DURATION 479 21.9 PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY VOLTAGE SAGES STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS 480 21.10 PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY VOLTAGE SURGES STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS 481 21.11
CONCLUSIONS 486 REFERENCES 486 SELECTED PROBLEMS AND ANSWERS 489 PROBLEM
SET FOR CHAPTERS 2 AND 3 489 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTERS 2 AND 3
493 PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 4 494 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 4
496 PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 5 497 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 5
497 PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 6 498 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 6
504 PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 7 505 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 7
509 PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 8 510 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 8
512 PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 21 512 ANSWERS TO PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 21
516 INDEX 519
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Chowdhury, Ali A. Koval, Don O. |
| author_facet | Chowdhury, Ali A. Koval, Don O. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Chowdhury, Ali A. |
| author_variant | a a c aa aac d o k do dok |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)698947905 (DE-599)BSZ306778378 |
| dewey-full | 621.3191 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.3191 |
| dewey-search | 621.3191 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.3191 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036344998 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:37:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470292280 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020217782 |
| oclc_num | 698947905 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-83 DE-523 |
| owner_facet | DE-83 DE-523 |
| physical | XXI, 531 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | IEEE Press [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | IEEE Press series on power engineering |
| spelling | Chowdhury, Ali A. Verfasser aut Power distribution system reliability practical methods and applications Ali A. Chowdhury ; Don O. Koval Piscataway, NJ IEEE Press [u.a.] 2009 XXI, 531 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier IEEE Press series on power engineering Electric power systems / Reliability Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd rswk-swf Zuverlässigkeit (DE-588)4059245-5 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 s Zuverlässigkeit (DE-588)4059245-5 s DE-604 Koval, Don O. Verfasser aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020217782&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Chowdhury, Ali A. Koval, Don O. Power distribution system reliability practical methods and applications Electric power systems / Reliability Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd Zuverlässigkeit (DE-588)4059245-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121178-9 (DE-588)4059245-5 |
| title | Power distribution system reliability practical methods and applications |
| title_auth | Power distribution system reliability practical methods and applications |
| title_exact_search | Power distribution system reliability practical methods and applications |
| title_full | Power distribution system reliability practical methods and applications Ali A. Chowdhury ; Don O. Koval |
| title_fullStr | Power distribution system reliability practical methods and applications Ali A. Chowdhury ; Don O. Koval |
| title_full_unstemmed | Power distribution system reliability practical methods and applications Ali A. Chowdhury ; Don O. Koval |
| title_short | Power distribution system reliability |
| title_sort | power distribution system reliability practical methods and applications |
| title_sub | practical methods and applications |
| topic | Electric power systems / Reliability Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd Zuverlässigkeit (DE-588)4059245-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Electric power systems / Reliability Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz Zuverlässigkeit |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020217782&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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