Kaip neiššvaistyti protų: Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
Vilniaus Univ. Leidykla
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografija / Vilniaus Universitetas
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 181 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789955334774 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
133
Mitigating brain drain:
Students' migration tendencies in Lithuania
Summary
Young adults have the greatest inclination towards migration. However, very little data are
currently available as to the specific characteristics of this population of migrants, especially
in Eastern Europe. In this book, we address this knowledge gap by focusing our attention on
a very important segment of youth migration, namely university students in Lithuania.
Although at present the wave of emigration from Lithuania has stabilised, the migration
of Lithuania's youth has not diminished and incorporates an ever-increasing number
of educated individuals. Few studies have been conducted specifically on the migration
tendencies of Lithuanian students or recently graduated students. The emigration of university
students is of special concern since it can lead to the 'loss' of the country's most capable and
attractive future skilled workforce. This is typically referred to as 'brain drain'.
The current literature on migration is dominated by a focus on emigration from
developing to developed countries. These types of studies tend to emphasize long-term
migration in terms of human capital loss and the role of remittances. Most often, human
capital theory, which emphasises the influence of an individual's decision-making process
on migration, is used for analysing migration.
More recently, the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) has supplemented the
classic human capital view of migration by incorporating the influence of the household
on migration behaviour. Household variables, including assets and the human capital of
household members other than migrants, can influence migration decisions via their effect
on migration costs (including the opportunity cost to the household of allocating their
members to migration work) as well as the impact of remittances and the income security
that migrants provide on the expected utility of the household as a whole.
In addition, an interesting perspective on migration is that of brain circulation. This
perspective questions the assumptions of losers and winners in migration and suggests that
the flows may not be unidirectional. Indeed, studies on migration from Eastern European
countries, which include the new
EU
member countries, tend to focus on short-term and
_
R.
Aidis,
D.
Krupickaìté
·
КАЇР
NEIŠŠVA1STYTI
PROTU: LIETUVOS STUDENTU
NUOSTÅTOS EMGRUOTI
cyclical migration
(Sandu
2000;
Williams,
Balaz
2004).
In this context, migration can be
seen as a strategy in 'life-cycle' planning (Co
et al.
2000)
or conceptualised as 'sequential
cycles of migration' (Williams, Balaz
2004).
The idea of cyclical migration or brain
circulation encourages migration to be conceptualised as an ongoing process rather than
a single permanent move and views migration in broader terms as a life strategy. The
newest development in migration theory
-
'transnationalism'
-
highlights the fact that the
growth of temporary and circular migration is on the rise: people tend to migrate repeatedly
between two or more places where they have economic and social linkages (Castles, Miller
2009:30).
Researchers also argue that globalisation leads to a rapid growth of transnational
communities (Vertorec
1999:47).
However, the degree to which migrants actually do engage
in transnational behaviour has not been adequately established, and further research in this
area is necessary (Castles, Miller
2009: 32).
In order to gain insight into the tendencies towards migration of university students in
Lithuania,
2394
completed questionnaires were collected from university students in
2004-
2006.
Control data were also collected from
661
students studying at Lithuanian colleges
in
2006-2007.
The questionnaire contained a total of
46,
mainly closed-ended, questions
which addressed the following nine interest areas:
1)
demographic information;
2)
family/
parent characteristics;
3)
study characteristics;
4)
work experience in Lithuania;
5)
work
or study experience abroad;
6)
future plans to work abroad;
7)
motivations to work or live
abroad;
8)
destination countries, and
9)
possible strategies to reduce emigration.
In order to include the broadest possible variation of student respondents, students
studying in all eight of Lithuania's main universities as well as students studying at
Lithuania's premier private university ISM at its Vilnius and Kaunas campuses were
surveyed. Students studying in the most 'mobile' majors (i.e. most easily applied in a
foreign context) such as economics, computer science, engineering and medicine were
targeted. Similarly, the control group of college respondents originated from eleven of
Lithuania's primary colleges located throughout the country. Both samples correspond well
to the general proportion of students in Lithuania.
Our analysis focused on answering the following three questions:
1 )
What are the specific
characteristics of students that have worked abroad?
2)
What are the specific characteristics
of students that are planning to work abroad after graduation? and
3)
What specific student
characteristics are related to destination country choice? We focused on the following
three groups of student characteristics:
1)
study characteristics (university, major and study
year);
2)
personal characteristics (maturity, sex, self-confidence, birthplace), and
3)
family
characteristics (family income, heir/heiress, parental emotional support, parent(s) living
abroad, parents' high human capital). We followed two main methods of data analysis. First,
we used statistical analysis to identify the general trends found in our
dataset.
Secondly,
we estimated logit regression models to further analyse the significance of the relationship
Summary
between student characteristics and three dependent 'emigration' variables: worked abroad
during studies; plans to work abroad after graduation; and destination country choice
(EU,
UK, USA and Germany).
Since our analysis was exploratory in nature, it was not based on any formalised
hypotheses; however, we expected to trace certain tendencies. In terms of personal
characteristics, we expected self-confidence (proxied as previous work experience in
Lithuania) to positively influence working abroad. In addition, we expected more mature
students (as measured in terms of age) to be more likely to work abroad. In terms of family
characteristics, we expected that students whose family income was considered 'insufficient'
would be more likely to work abroad. Also, we expected students without siblings (heir/
heiress) to be less likely to work abroad since there would be a stronger parental pull for
them to stay near home. Higher levels of parental human capital (as measured by education)
were expected to be positively associated with a student working abroad. More highly
educated parents would tend to be more knowledgeable about foreign countries (through
information and experience) and would likely encourage their children to go abroad. We
also expected students with at least one parent living abroad to be more likely to work
abroad. As migration network theory stimulates, individuals whose close relations or parents
live abroad are more likely to migrate themselves. Finally, parental emotional support of
the student's decision to work abroad was expected to be positively associated with both
working abroad or plans to work abroad.
In the sample, only
17
percent of university students and
12
percent of college students
had worked abroad during their studies; these percentages doubled in terms of the number of
students that planned to work abroad after graduation
(34
percent and
29
percent respectively).
However, in both cases the majority of students
(51
percent) were undecided at the time of
the survey. In the vast majority of cases, these tendencies were not related to any specific
university and only minimally associated with the study year and the major. Interestingly, the
absolute majority of student respondents were planning on returning back to Lithuania.
Our study found support for the proposition that the main reason for emigration is not
the poor social or economic position of the students but, to a significant degree, the students'
perceived dissatisfaction with their current condition which frequently does not fulfil their
needs such as the need for status. In essence, this means that for students the pull factor
to work abroad is of greater influence than the push factor to leave Lithuania. Therefore,
though the predominant factors for migration were economic ones, they are also combined
with other reasons such as the realisation of job and lifestyle goals.
Though there exists a substantial overlap between students who have already worked
abroad during their studies and students who plan working abroad after graduation, there are
also a number of distinct differences. For a significant portion of the students, the decision
to work abroad during their studies is fundamentally different from the decision to work
R.
Aidis,
D. Krupickailé
»
КАЇР
NEIŠŠVAJSTYTI
PROTU:
LIETUVOS
STUDENTV
NUOSTATOS EMGRUOTI
138----------------———-
According to the student respondents, the measures that would restrain them from
seeking work abroad were not solely economic ones. In general, students were going abroad
to seek a job they liked and were qualified for and one that would help satisfy their career
ambitions. The responses from the students further stressed that they were eager to find
jobs in Lithuania during their study years. Since having worked abroad during their studies
and plans to work abroad after graduation were found to be significantly related, providing
students with jobs in Lithuania during their studies is a means to reduce their desire to look
for work abroad after graduation.
Actually, the emigration of Lithuanian students can provide multiple benefits for
Lithuania's economic and social development. Working abroad can improve the human
capital capabilities of its population, increase innovative capacities and provide additional
capital inflows through remittances. In times of an economic slowdown, emigration can
reduce the burden on social services by reducing overall unemployment levels.
The realistic strategies to avoid the problems that arise as a result of the emigration of
qualified young specialists necessitate a multifaceted approach. It is very important to create
the conditions in Lithuania that will retain specialists and at the same time attract emigrants
to return. The emigration of students could be reduced by creating conditions for students
to find jobs in Lithuania that match their qualifications and develop their professional skills.
Also, programs that would assist in new business start-up for students could reduce the
outflow of students with entrepreneurial ambitions.
A considerable proportion of the tendencies of Lithuanian students are similar to the
general global transnational tendencies. We believe that this type of migration will be
cyclical and that the ebb and flow of student emigration will be strongly affected by macro-
economic factors and also as our research indicates, by student as well as parents' attitudes
towards working abroad are of fundamental influence on student migration. However,
certain country-wide preconditions are necessary for cyclical migration to be fostered.
Most importantly, domestic policy needs to focus on facilitating the return of migrants.
Also, the reorganization of the domestic labour market, which currently does not match the
supply of skilled labour, could help retain young specialists while enticing those who have
left to return.
Contents
Introduction
.13
1.
Youth migration
.15
1.1.
General characteristics
.16
1.2.
The last decade of youth migration in Lithuania
.22
1.2.1.
Literature review
.22
1.2.2.
Key issues
.25
1.2.3.
Unanswered questions
.36
2.
Data and Methodology
.38
2.1.
Data gathering methodology
.38
2.2.
Regression analysis methodology
.44
2.2.1.
Emigration of Lithuanian students: analysis methodology.
.44
2.2.2.
Destination country choice analysis methodology
.55
3.
Students who plan to work abroad
.59
3.1.
General characteristics
.59
3.1.1.
Relationship between university and study characteristics
and a student's plans to work abroad.
.65
3.1.2.
Relationship between personal characteristics and a student's
plans to work abroad
.69
3.1.3.
Relationship between previous work experience and a student's
plans to work abroad
.73
3.1.4.
Relationship between family characteristics and a student's
plans to work abroad
.80
,
Ä.
Aldis,
D. Krupickaité
·
КАЇР
NEIŠŠVAISTYTI
PROTÌJ:
LIETUVOS STUDENTQNUOSTATOS EMGRUOTI
6 ----------------------------———■----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2. Regression
analysis
of the tendencies of Lithuanian students who plan to work
abroad
.86
3.2.1.
University students
.87
3.2.2.
College students
.96
3.3.
Student migration and destination country choice
.104
3.4.
Regression analysis of destination country choice of Lithuanian university
students
.
Ill
3.5.
Strategies to mitigate the emigration of young specialists
.117
4.
Lithuanian student emigration: Brain drain or cyclical phenomenon?
.126
Conclusions
.130
Summary in English
.133
References
.139
Appendices.
.145 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-07T13:10:52Z |
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| isbn | 9789955334774 |
| language | Lithuanian |
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| spelling | Aidis, Ruta Verfasser (DE-588)135789311 aut Kaip neiššvaistyti protų Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph Rūta Aidis ; Dovilė Krupickaitė Mitigating brain drain Vilnius Vilniaus Univ. Leidykla 2009 181 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografija / Vilniaus Universitetas Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Student (DE-588)4058167-6 gnd rswk-swf Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Student (DE-588)4058167-6 s Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 s DE-604 Krupickaitė, Dovilė Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018959352&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018959352&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Aidis, Ruta Krupickaitė, Dovilė Kaip neiššvaistyti protų Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph Student (DE-588)4058167-6 gnd Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4058167-6 (DE-588)4003920-1 (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | Kaip neiššvaistyti protų Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph |
| title_alt | Mitigating brain drain |
| title_auth | Kaip neiššvaistyti protų Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph |
| title_exact_search | Kaip neiššvaistyti protų Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph |
| title_full | Kaip neiššvaistyti protų Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph Rūta Aidis ; Dovilė Krupickaitė |
| title_fullStr | Kaip neiššvaistyti protų Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph Rūta Aidis ; Dovilė Krupickaitė |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kaip neiššvaistyti protų Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph Rūta Aidis ; Dovilė Krupickaitė |
| title_short | Kaip neiššvaistyti protų |
| title_sort | kaip neissvaistyti protu lietuvos studentu nuostatos emigruoti monografija mitigating brain drain migration tendencies of students in lithuania monograph |
| title_sub | Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti ; monografija = Mitigating brain drain : migration tendencies of students in Lithuania ; monograph |
| topic | Student (DE-588)4058167-6 gnd Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Student Auswanderung Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018959352&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018959352&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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