High energy radiation from black holes: gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Princeton, N.J. [u.a.]
Princeton Univ. Press
2009
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| Series: | Princeton series in astrophysics
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 538 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780691137957 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a High energy radiation from black holes |b gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos |c Charles D. Dermer, Govind Menon |
| 264 | 1 | |a Princeton, N.J. [u.a.] |b Princeton Univ. Press |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 538 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Cosmic rays | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gamma ray astronomy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neutrinos | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Particles (Nuclear physics) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Menon, Govind |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)122645073 |4 aut | |
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| _version_ | 1804141114356137984 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: High energy radiation from black holes
Autor: Dermer, Charles D.
Jahr: 2009
Contents
Preface xix
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Black Holes in Nature 1
1.2 Energy Fluxes 8
1.3 Timing Studies and Black-Hole Mass Estimates 10
1.4 Flux Distribution 11
1.5 The Nighttime Sky 12
Chapter 2. Relativistic Kinematics 14
2.1 Lorentz Transformation Equations 14
2.2 Four-Vectors and Momentum 16
2.3 Relativistic Doppler Factor 18
2.4 Three Useful Invariants 19
2.5 Relativistic Reaction Rate 21
2.6 Secondary Production Spectra 23
Chapter 3. Introduction to Curved Spacetime 25
3.1 Special Relativity 25
3.2 Curved Space/Spacetime 29
3.3 The Schwarzschild Metric 33
Chapter 4. Physical Cosmology 36
4.1 Robertson-Walker Metric 36
4.2 Friedmann Models 39
4.2.1 Hubble Relation from the Cosmological Principle 39
4.2.2 Expansion of the Universe 40
4.2.3 Einstein-de Sitter Universe 43
4.2.4 Universe with Zero Cosmological Constant 43
4.2.5 Flat Universe 43
4.3 Luminosity and Angular-Diameter Distances 44
4.4 Event Rate of Bursting Sources 45
4.5 Flux and Intensity from Distributed Sources 47
X CONTENTS
Chapter 5. Radiation Physics of Relativistic Flows 50
5.1 Radiation Preliminaries 50
5.2 Invariant Quantities 53
5.3 Blackbody Radiation Field 53
5.4 Transformed Quantities 56
5.4.1 Transformation of Total Distribution and Energy 56
5.4.2 Transformation of Differential Distributions 56
5.5 Fluxes of Relativistic Cosmological Sources 59
5.5.1 Blob Geometry 60
5.5.2 Spherical Shell Geometry 63
5.5.3 Equivalence of Blob and Blast Wave Geometries 68
Chapter 6. Compton Scattering 70
6.1 Compton Effect 70
6.2 The Compton Cross Section 71
6.3 Transforming the Compton Cross Section 73
6.3.1 Differential Thomson Cross Section 75
6.3.2 Head-on Approximation 77
6.3.3 Differential Compton Cross Section 77
6.3.4 Moments of the Compton Cross Section 79
6.3.5 Compton Scattering in the 5-Function
Approximation 80
6.4 Energy-Loss Rates in Compton Scattering 81
6.4.1 Thomson Energy-Loss Rate 81
6.4.2 Klein-Nishina Energy-Loss Rate 82
6.5 Differential Compton Cross Sections and Spectra 83
6.5.1 Comparison of Scattered Spectra for Different ERF
Photon Energies 83
6.5.2 Spectral Comparisons for Isotropic Monochromatic
Photons and Power-Law Electrons 84
6.6 Thomson Scattering: Isotropic Photons and Electrons 92
6.6.1 Thomson-Scattered Radiation Spectrum in the
(5-Function Approximation 92
6.6.2 Spectral Comparisons for Isotropic Power-Law
Photons and Electrons 93
6.7 External Photon Fields Compton-Scattered by Jet Electrons 94
6.7.1 Thomson-Scattered Spectrum for an External Point
Source of Radiation from Behind
6.7.2 Thomson-Scattered Spectrum for External Isotropic
Radiation in the 5-Function Approximation 97
6.7.3 External Isotropic Photons Compton-Scattered by
Jet Electrons
6.7.4 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Compton-Scattered by Jet Electrons
96
99
103
CONTENTS XI
6.8 Accretion-Disk Field Compton-Scattered by Jet Electrons 105
6.8.1 Optically Thick Shakura-Sunyaev Disk Spectrum 106
6.8.2 Integrated Emission Spectrum from
Shakura-Sunyaev Disk 107
6.8.3 Transformed Accretion-Disk Radiation Field 108
6.8.4 Thomson-Scattered Shakura-Sunyaev Disk
Spectrum in the Near Field 112
6.8.5 Thomson-Scattered Shakura-Sunyaev Disk
Spectrum in the Far Field 113
6.8.6 Beaming Patterns 113
6.9 Broad-Line Region Scattered Radiation 114
Chapter 7. Synchrotron Radiation 117
7.1 Covariant Electrodynamics 118
7.2 Synchrotron Power and Peak Frequency 119
7.3 Elementary Synchrotron Radiation Formulae 121
7.3.1 Relations between Emitted, Received, and
90~ Pitch-Angle Powers 123
7.3.2 Particle Synchrotron Radiation 126
7.3.3 Synchrotron Spectrum from a Power-Law Electron
Distribution 127
7.4 $-Function Approximation for Synchrotron Radiation 129
7.5 Equipartition Magnetic Field 131
7.5.1 Equipartition Magnetic Field: Qualitative Estimate 132
7.5.2 Equipartition Magnetic Field: Quantitative
Treatment 133
7.6 Energetics and Minimum Jet Powers 135
7.7 Synchrotron Self-Compton Radiation 138
7.7.1 SSC in the Thomson Regime 138
7.7.2 SSC in the Thomson Regime for Broken
Power-Law Electron Distribution 140
7.7.3 Accurate SSC for General Electron Distribution 141
7.7.4 Synchrotron/SSC Model 142
7.7.5 SSC Electron Energy-Loss Rate 143
7.8 Synchrotron Self-Absorption 143
7.8.1 Einstein Coefficients 145
7.8.2 Brightness Temperature and Self-Absorbed Flux:
Qualitative Discussion 146
7.8.3 Derivation of the Synchrotron Self-Absorption
Coefficient 148
7.8.4 5-Function Approximation for Synchrotron
Self-Absorption 148
7.8.5 Synchrotron Self-Absorption Coefficient for
Power-Law Electrons 149
XJi CONTENTS
7.9 Maximum Brightness Temperature 150
7.10 Compton Limits on the Doppler Factor 153
7.11 Self-Absorbed Synchrotron Spectrum 154
7.12 Hyper-Relativistic Electrons 156
7.13 Jitter Radiation 158
Chapter 8. Binary Particle Collision Processes 160
8.1 Coulomb Energy Losses 161
8.1.1 Stopping Power of Cold Plasma 161
8.1.2 Thermal Relaxation 163
8.1.3 Stopping Power of Thermal Plasma 164
8.1.4 Knock-On Electrons 165
8.2 Bremsstrahlung 166
8.2.1 Electron Bremsstrahlung Energy-Loss Rate 167
8.2.2 Electron Bremsstrahlung Production Spectra 167
8.3 Secondary Nuclear Production 169
8.3.1 y Rays from tt° Decay 171
8.3.2 Cross Section forp + p - ? n + X Production 172
8.4 Electron-Positron Annihilation Radiation 180
8.4.1 Annihilation in a Thermal Medium 181
8.4.2 Thermal Annihilation Line and Continuum Spectra 182
8.5 Nuclear y-Ray Line Production 185
Chapter 9. Photohadronic Processes 187
9.1 Scattering and Energy-Loss Timescales 189
9.2 Photopion Process 190
9.2.1 Photopion Cross Section 191
9.2.2 Analytic Expression for Photopion Cross Section 192
9.2.3 Numerical Calculation of Photopion Cross Section 194
9.2.4 Photopion Energy-Loss Rate 194
9.2.5 GZK Energy 196
9.2.6 Stochastic and Continuous Energy Losses 197
9.3 Photopair Process 197
9.3.1 Photopair Cross Section 198
9.3.2 Photopair Energy-Loss Timescale 198
9.3.3 Accurate Expression for Photopair Energy-Loss
Rates of Ions in an Isotropic Radiation Field 201
9.3.4 Relative Importance of Photopion and Photopair
Losses 203
9.4 Expansion Losses 203
9.5 Cosmogenic Neutrino Flux 204
9.6 Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray Evolution 208
9.6.1 Normalization to Local Luminosity Density 209
9.6.2 Energy Evolution of Cosmic-Ray Protons 210
9.6.3 Rate Density Evolution and the Star Formation Rate 211
CONTENTS XIII
9.7 Waxman-Bahcall Bound 213
9.8 UHECR and GZK Neutrino Intensities 215
9.9 Photonuclear Reactions 219
9.9.1 Photodisintegration Reaction Rate 222
9.9.2 Effective Photodisintegration Energy-Loss Rate 224
9.9.3 Neutrinos from Photodisintegration 225
Chapter 10. yy Pair Production 227
10.1 yy Pair Production Cross Section 228
10.1.1 Absorption by a Blackbody and a Modified
Blackbody Photon Gas 231
10.1.2 Absorption by a Power-Law Photon Gas in a
Relativistic Jet 233
10.1.3 yy Attenuation in Anisotropic Radiation
Fields 235
10.2 ^-Function Approximation for aYY 236
10.3 Opacity of the Universe to yy Attenuation 237
10.3.1 yy Optical Depth of the Universe 238
10.3.2 Measurements of the EBL 240
10.3.3 y y Attenuation at Low Redshifts 241
10.3.4 yy Attenuation at All Redshifts 244
10.4 The y -Ray Horizon 244
10.5 Compactness Parameter 245
10.6 Minimum Doppler Factor from yy Constraint 247
10.7 Correlated y-Ray and Neutrino Fluxes 249
10.8 Electromagnetic Cascades 253
10.8.1 Cascades in Jets 254
10.8.2 Cascades in the Intergalactic Medium 256
10.9 yy -* v 257
Chapter 11. Blast-Wave Physics 258
11.1 Fireballs and Relativistic Blast Waves 258
11.1.1 Blast-Wave Deceleration 260
11.1.2 Blast-Wave Equation of Motion 261
11.1.3 Dissipated Internal Energy 270
11.2 Elementary Blast-Wave Theory 270
11.2.1 Characteristic Electron Energies 271
11.2.2 Characteristic Synchrotron Frequencies 274
11.2.3 Afterglow Theory 278
11.3 Relativistic Shock Hydrodynamics 282
11.3.1 Relativistic Shock Thermodynamics 282
11.3.2 Synchrotron Radiation from a Relativistic Reverse
Shock 288
11.4 Beaming Breaks and Jets 290
11.5 Synchrotron Self-Compton Radiation 292
Xjv CONTENTS
11.6 Theory of the Prompt Phase 294
11.6.1 X-Ray Flares and y-Ray Pulses from External Shocks 295
11.6.2 Colliding Shells and Internal Shocks 301
11.7 Thermal Photospheres 303
11.7.1 The Amati and Ghirlanda Relations 303
11.7.2 Thermodynamics of a Steady Relativistic Wind 304
11.7.3 Photospheric Radius 306
11.7.4 Pair Photosphere 308
11.8 Thermal Neutrons 310
11.9 GRB Cosmology 312
Chapter 1 2. Introduction to Fermi Acceleration 314
12.1 Stochastic and Shock Fermi Acceleration 316
12.2 Wave Turbulence Spectrum 317
12.3 The Hillas Condition 320
12.4 Energy Gain per Cycle from Fermi Acceleration 321
12.5 Diffusion in Physical Space 322
12.6 Maximum Particle Energy 324
Chapter 1 3. First-Order Fermi Acceleration 327
13.1 Nonrelativistic Shock Hydrodynamics 328
13.2 Convection-Diffusion Equation 330
13.3 Nonrelativistic Shock Acceleration 332
13.3.1 Spectral Index from Convection-Diffusion
Equation 332
13.3.2 Spectral Index from Probability Arguments 334
13.3.3 Finite Shell Width 335
13.3.4 Cosmic-Ray Pressure and Shock Width 337
13.3.5 Maximum Particle Energy in Nonrelativistic Shock
Acceleration 339
13.3.6 Maximum Particle Energy in Nonrelativistic Shocks 343
13.3.7 Amplification of Upstream Medium Magnetic Field 344
13.4 Relativistic Shock Acceleration 346
13.4.1 Fokker-Planck Equation for a Stationary, Parallel
Shock 347
13.4.2 Spectral Index in Relativistic Shock Acceleration 348
13.4.3 Maximum Particle Energies in Relativistic Shock
Acceleration 349
Chapter 14. Second-Order Fermi Acceleration 351
14.1 Power-Law Particle Spectra from Second-Order Fermi
Acceleration 353
14.2 The Resonance Condition 353
14.3 Plasma Waves 355
14.4 Diffusive Particle Acceleration 359
CONTENTS XV
14.5 Approximate Derivation of Diffusion Coefficients 362
14.5.1 Pitch-Angle Diffusion Coefficient 362
14.5.2 Momentum Diffusion Coefficient 363
14.6 Energy Gain and Diffusive Escape Rates 364
14.7 Momentum Diffusion Equation 367
14.7.1 Ramaty-Lee Spectrum for Hard-Sphere Scattering 368
14.7.2 Green s Function Solution 370
14.8 Maximum Particle Energy in Second-Order Fermi
Acceleration 372
14.8.1 Gyroresonant Stochastic Acceleration 373
14.8.2 Stochastic Energization in Nonrelativistic Shocks 374
14.8.3 Stochastic Energization in Relativistic Flows 376
Chapter 1 5. The Geometry of Spacetime 379
15.1 Introduction 379
15.2 Splitting Spacetime Into Space and Time 380
15.3 The Kerr Metric 384
15.3.1 The Geodesic Equation and Its Integrability in
Kerr Geometry 386
15.3.2 The Kerr Metric in Kerr-Schild Coordinates 391
15.3.3 The Ergosphere 394
15.3.4 The Event Horizon 396
15.4 The Penrose Process 397
15.5 Hawking Radiation 402
15.5.1 Scalar Fields in Curved Spacetime 402
15.5.2 The Quantum Field for a Scalar Particle in
a Flat Spacetime 404
15.5.3 Particle Creation in Curved Spacetime 405
15.5.4 Particle Creation in Rindler Spacetime 408
15.5.5 Particle Creation in Schwarzschild Geometry 415
Chapter 1 6. Black-Hole Electrodynamics 417
16.1 3+1 Electrodynamics 417
16.2 The Energy-Momentum Tensor 424
16.3 The Blandford-Znajek Process 427
16.3.1 Explicit Expressions for the Fields and Currents 431
16.3.2 The Force-Free Constraint Equation 432
16.3.3 The Znajek Regularity Condition 433
16.3.4 Energy and Angular-Momentum Extraction from
the Force-Free Magnetosphere 435
16.4 Geodesic Currents in the Magnetosphere 436
16.5 An Exact Solution 439
16.6 Fields and Energy Extraction for the Q- Solution 441
16.7 An Approximate Solution 442
16.8 Uniqueness of the fi_ Solution 447
xvj CONTENTS
16.9 Energy Extraction for the Q+ Solution 448
16.10 Blandford-Znajek Process in Astrophysical Sources 450
Chapter 1 7. High-Energy Radiations from Black Holes 452
17.1 y Rays 453
17.1.1 Modeling y Rays from Black Holes 454
17.1.2 Statistics of Black-Hole Sources 456
17.1.3 Blazar Physics 457
17.1.4 GRB Classes 458
17.1.5 Unresolved and Diffuse y-Ray Background 458
17.2 Cosmic Rays 459
17.2.1 Acceleration of Cosmic Rays at Supernova
Remnant Shocks 461
17.2.2 Acceleration of UHECRs at Relativistic Blast Waves 462
17.2.3 Charged-Particle Astronomy 463
17.2.4 UHECR Propagation 466
17.2.5 UHECR Source Power Requirements 466
17.3 Neutrinos 468
17.4 Concluding Remarks 471
Appendix A: Essential Tensor Calculus 473
A. 1 Introduction 473
A.2 The Tangent Vector 473
A.3 Dual Vectors 476
A.4 The Space T {M) 477
A.5 Tensors 478
A.6 The Metric Tensor 480
A.7 The Volume Element and the Levi-Civita Tensor 481
A.8 The Covariant Derivative 483
A.9 The Divergence Theorem 485
A. 10 The Einstein Equation 486
Appendix B: Mathematical Functions 488
B. 1 The Gamma Function and Error Function 488
B.2 Modified Bessel Functions of the Second Kind 488
B.3 Exponential Integral Function 489
B.4 Planck s Function 490
B.5 Bernoulli Numbers and Riemann £ Function 490
B.6 Whittaker Functions 491
B.7 Lambert W Function 491
Appendix C: Solutions of the Continuity Equation 492
Appendix D: Basics of Monte Carlo Calculations 497
CONTENTS XVii
Appendix E: Supplementary Information 499
Appendix F: Glossary and Acronym List 505
Bibliography 509
Index 531
|
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| id | DE-604.BV036066503 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:10:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780691137957 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018957866 |
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| physical | XX, 538 S. graph. Darst. |
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| publisher | Princeton Univ. Press |
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| series2 | Princeton series in astrophysics |
| spelling | Dermer, Charles Verfasser (DE-588)128922001 aut High energy radiation from black holes gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos Charles D. Dermer, Govind Menon Princeton, N.J. [u.a.] Princeton Univ. Press 2009 XX, 538 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Princeton series in astrophysics Black holes (Astronomy) Cosmic rays Gamma ray astronomy Neutrinos Particles (Nuclear physics) Menon, Govind Verfasser (DE-588)122645073 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018957866&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Dermer, Charles Menon, Govind High energy radiation from black holes gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos Black holes (Astronomy) Cosmic rays Gamma ray astronomy Neutrinos Particles (Nuclear physics) |
| title | High energy radiation from black holes gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos |
| title_auth | High energy radiation from black holes gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos |
| title_exact_search | High energy radiation from black holes gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos |
| title_full | High energy radiation from black holes gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos Charles D. Dermer, Govind Menon |
| title_fullStr | High energy radiation from black holes gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos Charles D. Dermer, Govind Menon |
| title_full_unstemmed | High energy radiation from black holes gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos Charles D. Dermer, Govind Menon |
| title_short | High energy radiation from black holes |
| title_sort | high energy radiation from black holes gamma rays cosmic rays and neutrinos |
| title_sub | gamma rays, cosmic rays, and neutrinos |
| topic | Black holes (Astronomy) Cosmic rays Gamma ray astronomy Neutrinos Particles (Nuclear physics) |
| topic_facet | Black holes (Astronomy) Cosmic rays Gamma ray astronomy Neutrinos Particles (Nuclear physics) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018957866&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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