Neurology of the newborn infant:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia [u.a.]
Saunders
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Clinics in perinatology
36,4 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII S., S. 724 - 922 Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781437714012 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Neurology of the newborn infant |c guest ed. Adré J. du Plessis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140936804958208 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Neurology of the newborn infant
Autor: Du Plessis, Adré J.
Jahr: 2009
Neurology of the Newborn Infant
Contents
Preface
Adre J. du Plessis
Systemic and Cerebral Hemodynamics During the Transitional Period
After Premature Birth 723
Shahab Noori, Theodora A. Stavroudis, and Istvan Seri
Little is known about the effect on clinically relevant outcomes of the
complex hemodynamic changes occurring during adaptation to extrauter-
ine life in preterm neonates, particularly in very low birth weight neonates. As
cardiovascular adaptation in this extremely vulnerable patient population is
complicated by immaturity of all organ systems, especially that of the car-
diorespiratory, central nervous, and endocrine systems, maladaptation
has been suspected, but not necessarily proven, to contribute to mortality
and long-term morbidities. This article describes recent advances in the
understanding of hemodynamic changes in very low birth weight neonates
during postnatal transition, and reviews the complex and developmentally
regulated interaction between systemic and cerebral hemodynamics and
the effect of this interaction on clinically relevant outcomes.
Intracranial Hemorrhage in the Preterm Infant: Understanding It, Preventing It 737
Haim Bassan
New discoveries in neonatal imaging, cerebral monitoring, and hemody-
namics, and greater understanding of inflammatory and genetic mecha-
nisms involved in intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in the preterm infant are
creating opportunities for innovative early detection and prevention ap-
proaches. This article covers the spectrum of ICH in the preterm infant, in-
cluding germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage, its complications,
and associated phenomena, such as the emerging role of cerebellar hem-
orrhage. The overall aim of this article is to review the current knowledge of
the mechanisms, diagnosis, outcome, and management of preterm ICH;
to revisit the origins from which they develop; and to discuss future
expectations.
The Role of Toll-like Receptors in Perinatal Brain Injury 763
Carina Mallard, Xiaoyang Wang, and Henrik Hagberg
The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of microbe-sensing receptors on
peripheral immune cells. TLRs have also been discovered to be present in
the brain, particularly in circumventricular organs, microglia, and astro-
cytes. Some TLRs are strongly expressed in the embryonic brain and
TLR3 and TLR8 have been implicated in neurogenesis and neurite
Contents
outgrowth in the developing brain, whereas TLR2 and TLR4 have been
shown to regulate adult neurogenesis. TLR2 and TLR4 also play a role in
acute ischemic brain injury in the adult, although no neuroprotection was
observed following perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. These findings sug-
gest that different TLRs have specific roles in the immature and adult brain
following brain damage.
Long-term Outcome of Preterm Infants and the Role of Neuroimaging 773
Eliza Myers and Laura R. Ment
Preterm birth has been defined as one of the major public health problems
of this decade, preterm neonates being at high risk for neurodevelopmen-
tal disabilities. As preterm survival rates increase, the next great imperative
for perinatal medicine is to understand and prevent the serious adverse
neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm birth. The challenge for neona-
tologists and neurologists alike is identifying early markers of outcome in
the prematurely born. This article reviews current trends in prevalence,
mortality, and morbidity, and the present status of outcome data for cog-
nitive and neurosensory neurodevelopmental dysfunctions in preterm in-
fants. New neuroimaging modalities and analysis tools are contributing
to the understanding of neurologic sequelae of preterm birth by providing
microstructural evidence of injur/ sustained by the preterm brain.
Autism Spectrum Disorders in Survivors of Extreme Prematurity 791
Catherine Limperopoulos
Recent studies in survivors of extreme prematurity point to an increased
prevalence of a previously underrecognized atypical social-behavioral
profile strongly suggestive of an autism spectrum disorder. Prospective
studies that incorporate early autism screening and autism diagnostic test-
ing are needed to better delineate the sensitivity and specificity of early
signs of autism in ex-premature children. Advances in neonatal MRI tech-
niques capable of quantitative structural and functional measurements will
also provide important insights into the effects of prematurity itself, and
prematurity-related brain injury on the genesis of autism spectrum disor-
ders in this population. Available evidence linking prematurity and autism
spectrum disorders is reviewed in this article.
Advances in Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Study the Brain of the Preterm
and Term Neonate 807
Martin Wolf and Gorm Greisen
This article reviews tissue oximetry and imaging to study the preterm and
newborn infant brain by near-infrared spectroscopy. These two technolo-
gies are now advanced; nearly 100 reports on their use in newborn infants
have been published, and commercial instruments are available. The pre-
cision of oximetry, however, is a limitation for its clinical use of assessing
cerebral oxygenation. Imaging of brain function needs very well defined
protocols for sensory stimulation as well as signal analysis to provide
meaningful results.
Contents
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in the Term Infant 835
Ali Fatemi, Mary Ann Wilson, and Michael V. Johnston
Hypoxia-ischemia in the perinatal period is an important cause of cerebral
palsy and associated disabilities in children. There has been significant re-
search progress in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy over the last 2 de-
cades, and many new molecular mechanisms have been identified.
Despite all these advances, therapeutic interventions are still limited. In
this article the authors discuss several molecular pathways involved in
hypoxia-ischemia, and potential therapeutic targets.
Neuroprotection in the Newborn Infant 859
Fernando F. Gonzalez and Donna M. Ferriero
Neonatal brain injury is an important cause of death and disability, with
pathways of oxidant stress, inflammation, and excitotoxicity that lead to
damage that progresses over a long period of time. Therapies have clas-
sically targeted individual pathways during early phases of injury, but more
recent therapies such as growth factors may also enhance cell prolifera-
tion, differentiation, and migration over time. More recent evidence sug-
gests combined therapy may optimize repair, decreasing cell injury while
increasing newly born cells.
Neonatal Seizures: An Update on Mechanisms and Management 881
Frances E. Jensen
The lifespan risk of seizures is highest in the neonatal period. Current ther-
apies have limited efficacy. Although the treatment of neonatal seizures
has not changed significantly in the last several decades, there has been
substantial progress in understanding developmental mechanisms that in-
fluence seizure generation and responsiveness to anticonvulsants. This ar-
ticle provides an overview of current approaches to the diagnosis and
treatment of neonatal seizures, and some of the recent insights about
the pathophysiology of neonatal seizures that may provide the foundation
for better treatment are identified.
The Long-Term Effects of Neonatal Seizures 901
Gregory L Holmes
The highest incidence of seizures occurs during the first hours to days after
birth. The immature brain is prone to seizures because of reduced inhibi-
tion. GABA, which is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature
brain, is depolarizing and excitatory in the immature brain. Seizures are an
ominous sign, indicating either an acquired brain insult or a genetic abnor-
mality. While the primary outcome determinant of neonatal seizures is eti-
ology, whether seizures can result in long-term adverse consequences
independently is not clear. While the clinical data is uncertain, there is
now a considerable body of evidence indicating that in animals, neonatal
seizures can adversely alter the developing brain. Animal data indicates
Contents
that the sequelae of seizures are strongly age dependent; seizures will af-
fect the developing and plastic neuronal circuitry much differently than the
fixed circuitry of the mature brain. Seizures at an early developmental
stage can dramatically affect the construction of networks, resulting in se-
vere and permanent handicaps in some patients. In the young brain, the
long-lasting detrimental consequences of seizures are caused by an alter-
ation of developmental programs rather than by neuronal cell loss, as
occurs in adults. In animal models, neonatal seizures result in decreases
in neurogenesis, sprouting of mossy fibers, and long-standing changes
in signaling properties. Seizures in rat pups are also associated with abnor-
malities in firing patterns of single cells in the hippocampus. Furthermore,
these anatomic and physiologic changes correlate well with behavioral
dysfunction.
Index 915
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| physical | XIII S., S. 724 - 922 Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| series | Clinics in perinatology |
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| spelling | Neurology of the newborn infant guest ed. Adré J. du Plessis Philadelphia [u.a.] Saunders 2009 XIII S., S. 724 - 922 Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Clinics in perinatology 36,4 Neugeborenes (DE-588)4041781-5 gnd rswk-swf Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 gnd rswk-swf Neugeborenes (DE-588)4041781-5 s Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 s DE-604 Du Plessis, Adré J. Sonstige oth Clinics in perinatology 36,4 (DE-604)BV000003382 36,4 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018803774&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Neurology of the newborn infant Clinics in perinatology Neugeborenes (DE-588)4041781-5 gnd Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041781-5 (DE-588)4041888-1 |
| title | Neurology of the newborn infant |
| title_auth | Neurology of the newborn infant |
| title_exact_search | Neurology of the newborn infant |
| title_full | Neurology of the newborn infant guest ed. Adré J. du Plessis |
| title_fullStr | Neurology of the newborn infant guest ed. Adré J. du Plessis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neurology of the newborn infant guest ed. Adré J. du Plessis |
| title_short | Neurology of the newborn infant |
| title_sort | neurology of the newborn infant |
| topic | Neugeborenes (DE-588)4041781-5 gnd Neurologie (DE-588)4041888-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neugeborenes Neurologie |
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