Contesting development: critical struggles for social change
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Rotledge
2010
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 269 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0415873320 9780415873321 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Contesting development
Autor: MacMichael, Philip
Jahr: 2010
CONTENTS
Preface
1. Changing the Subject of Development
PHILIP MCMICHAEL
With dwindling social gains, the promise and certainty of development as
a universally applicable and beneficial model is increasingly being called into
question. The stories of people from around the world who struggle with the
exclusionary consequences of this model are the focus of this book. These stories
reveal social struggles otherwise hidden from view, in part because they invoke
values different from those of the development paradigm. Examining social and
cultural contention with development from below allows greater appreciation of
its shortcomings and of alternative possibilities for justice and self-realization of the
peoples involved.
PARTI
DEVELOPMENT FOR WHAT, AND FOR WHOM? 15
2. Contesting Liquor Production and Material Distress in Rural India 17
DIA DA COSTA
Depicts a grassroots struggle against a decision by West Bengal political elites
to license home production of liquor in the name of revenue and job creation.
It claims greater risk to community health from licensing and questions the
assumption that the poor have no other choice. This essay suggests that a market
orientation to development pursued by elites may undermine the social fabric in
a poor community, and that contrary to elite assumptions, the poor (women in
this case) are quite capable of mobilization in defense of community values and
championing human development.
3. Cities without Citizens: A Perspective on the Struggle of Abahlali
baseMjondolo, the Durban Shackdweller Movement 33
RAJ PATEL
Examines the question development and democracy for whom? Despite the
fact that the African National Congress drew its support from the poorest South
Africans in the struggle against apartheid, the ANC government has betrayed
this constituency by prioritizing middle-class propertied interests, failing to fulfill
promises to provide housing to shackdwellers. The consequence is a sprawl
viii Contents
of shackdweller communities, as cities without citizens, who have theorized
and reframed the meaning of (a community-based) citizenship, politicizing our
understanding of what democratic development might mean.
4. Where Does the Rural Educated Person Fit? Development and Social
Reproduction in Contemporary India 50
KARUNA MORARJI
Brings into question our commonsense association of education with
development. Rural villagers in northern India experience and evaluate modern
education in contradictory and ambiguous ways. While education is viewed
as a solution to the problem of agrarian decline, educated youth fail to gain
employment, yet have difficulty returning to rural livelihoods, thus devaluing the
moral economy of village community. This essay questions the foreclosure of
sustainable rural livelihoods by the neo-liberal development model, given the
failure of this model to provide jobs for educated citizens (and urban-industrial
incapacity to absorb those expelled from rural areas), despite narratives of social
mobility through educated market participation.
5 Re-Imagining the Nature of Development: Biodiversity Conservation and
Pastoral Visions in the Northern Areas, Pakistan 64
NOSHEENALI
In the context of the debate over nature protection and sustainability, the chapter
examines development for whom? International conservation agencies in northern
Pakistan have pushed for converting village pastures into national parks and trophy
hunting reserves, and tried to compel local communities to abandon the practice
of livestock grazing. This model of conservation and development has been
successfully resisted by Shimshali villagers, who argue that it reflects a Western
tendency to divorce nature from society, reinforces state control and abuse of
resources, and undermines local livelihoods as well as ecologies by prioritizing the
desires of elite tourists.
PART II
GLOBAL MARKETS, LOCAL JUSTICE 81
6. Marketing and Militarizing Elections? Social Protest, Extractive Security, and
the De/Legitimation of Civilian Transition in Nigeria and Mexico 83
ANNA ZALIK
Examines the experience of democratic transition in Nigeria and Mexico, whose
globally valued extractive resources (oil in particular) overshadow national politics.
This essay shows how global market considerations influence (and undermine)
electoral processes in these petro-states, through financial risk assessments that
affect currency values and create the potential for political crisis. At the same
time elections serve to legitimate export-oriented regimes. As a consequence,
the manipulation of electoral processes in the context of popular resistance to
repressive resource-extractive states highlights the ongoing struggles to realize
real, substantive democracy and social justice.
Contents ix
7. The Land Is Changing: Contested Agricultural Narratives in Northern Malawi 98
RACHEL BEZNER KERR
Examines the alternative to export agriculture in Malawi, where agribusiness
deepens monoculture, environmental degradation, and dependence on costly
inputs (seeds, fertilizers). A countermovement of Soils, Food and Healthy
Communities Project in over a hundred villages, dedicated to agro-ecology and
supporting inter-generational and gender relations on the land, demonstrates that
smallholder peasant agriculture, supported by government policies (excluded by
the neo-liberal development model), may be more productive and successful as a
development strategy for food security and sustaining local economies.
8. Teaching Against Neo-Liberalism in Chiapas, Mexico: Gendered Resistance
via Neo-Zapatista Network Politics 116
ALICIA SWORDS
Explores the way military occupation serves neo-liberal policies and opens up
the Mexican state of Chiapas to resource exploitation. In particular, militarization
heightens the vulnerability of indigenous women and undermines the masculinity
of indigenous men, deploying a discourse of indigenismo that justifies development
intervention. This essay shows how political education and community organizing
enable the development of cooperatives that reframe gender relations, bridge class
and ethnic divides, and promote community-based resistance to divisive neo-
liberal policies.
9. Corporate Mobilization on the Soybean Frontier of Mato Grosso, Brazil 132
EMELIEKAYE PEINE
Addresses a paradox: Why do Brazilian soy farmers misplace their struggle within
a power structure that enables agribusinesses to promote and profit from neo-
liberal development, while the risks of producing for global markets are borne
by the farmers themselves? This essay documents how, in the name of the free
market, soy farmers target the government when the market fails rather than the
grain traders to whom they are deeply in debt, and who shape government policy
anyway. While the global soy market structure is uncovered, the soy farmers
remain steadfast in their neo-liberal belief that the state, rather than agribusiness, is
the source of their distress.
PART HI
OVERCOMING EXCLUSION, RECLAIMING DEVELOPMENT 147
10. Recoveries of Space and Subjectivity in the Shadow of Violence: The
Clandestine Politics of Pavement Dwellers in Mumbai 151
GAYATRIA.MENON
Offers a vivid account of Mumbai slum dwellers who contest their exclusion
through developing a unique capacity for self-organization and resistance to
the everyday violence of slum clearance. Squatting illegally on public space, the
alliance of pavement dwellers creates a political space by directly addressing
the methods through which they are rendered insecure and denied the rights of
citizenship. Tactics of self-enumeration in a slum census, savings networks, and
federation among other slum dwellers create a politics of accommodation through
struggles to survive and obtain recognition in a revanchist global city, infiltrating
categories of rule to claim civic rights.
x Contents
11. Mobilizing Agrarian Citizenship: A New Rural Paradigm for Brazil 165
HANNAH WITTMAN
Shows how Brazil s Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST)
mobilizes the landless to claim land and to develop an alternative development
vision. As one of the largest social movements in the world, the MST challenges
two key assumptions in the development narrative: first, that smallholder
agriculture is a thing of the past; second, that a productive society depends on
a culture of self-improving, market-oriented individuals. The MST s struggle is
dedicated to forging a culture of mutual support and collective responsibility on
the land, in the service of national food security and preserving ecology?in short,
a new agrarian citizenship.
12. Demilitarizing Sovereignty: Self-Determination and Anti-Military Base
Activism in Okinawa, Japan 182
KELLY DIETZ
Documents the struggle of the Okinawan people against American military
occupation, and the complicity of the Japanese state in internal colonial basing,
which compromises Okinawan citizenship and the struggle itself. This essay
shows how, in developing a politics of self-determination mirroring that of other
contemporary autonomist struggles to protect rights to territory, resources, and
culture, the Okinawan anti-base movement redefines sovereignty and citizenship
in collective terms beyond liberal conceptions of individual rights within a
militarized space.
13. Decolonizing Knowledge: Education, Inclusion, and the Afro-Brazilian Anti-
Racist Struggle 199
ALEXANDRE EMBOABA DA COSTA
Examines how the contributions and cultural beliefs of Afro-Brazilians have
been suppressed in Brazilian civic education through an ideology of whitening
(embranqueamento). A recent cultural project to reclaim Afro-Brazilian heritage in
Brazilian society draws on past and present struggles to revalue embodied learning
and values produced in and through Afro-descendant communities. The Baoba
Project challenges racial inequality through developing alternative understandings
of history, cultural identity, and social progress. This essay shows how the Afro-
Brazilian struggle practices a critical multiculturalism ? challenging neo-liberal
multi-culturalism that only acknowledges diversity without addressing its structural
inequality.
14. Challenging Market and Religious Fundamentalisms: The Emergence of
Ethics, Cosmovisions, and Spiritualities in the World Social Forum 215
ANDREAS HERNANDEZ
Describes how the World Social Forum, emerging in 2001 as an activist
counterweight to the power of the World Economic Forum, established in 1971,
provides a venue for a spiritual critique of market culture. The essay argues
that an ecumenical vision of spirituality offers a more complex and ecological
understanding of humanity, compared with the reductionism of heo-liberalism and
fundamentalist religion. The World Social Forum brings a new religious subjectivity
to social change movements, countering the identification of development with
self-interest and advocating a new ethic of global citizenship.
Contents xi
CONCLUSION 231
15. Development and Its Discontents 233
PHILIP MCMICHAEL AND KARUNA MORARJI
Struggles of the disempowered offer perspective on development claims, and new
ways of thinking about social change?approaches that question the development
narrative and the market episteme, advocating for the right to represent and realize
different ways of living in this world, and transcending the development impasse.
References 243
Contributors 259
Index 261
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| spelling | Contesting development critical struggles for social change ed. by Philip McMichael 1. publ. New York [u.a.] Rotledge 2010 XIV, 269 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Sociological aspects Case studies Social change Case studies Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4522595-3 Fallstudiensammlung gnd-content Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 s Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 s DE-604 McMichael, Philip 1947- Sonstige (DE-588)170024334 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018769564&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Contesting development critical struggles for social change Wirtschaftsentwicklung Economic development Sociological aspects Case studies Social change Case studies Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd |
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| title | Contesting development critical struggles for social change |
| title_auth | Contesting development critical struggles for social change |
| title_exact_search | Contesting development critical struggles for social change |
| title_full | Contesting development critical struggles for social change ed. by Philip McMichael |
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| title_short | Contesting development |
| title_sort | contesting development critical struggles for social change |
| title_sub | critical struggles for social change |
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