Planning sustainable cities:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Earthscan
2009
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Series: | Global report on human settlements
2009 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Physical Description: | XXX, 306 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781844078998 9781844078981 |
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Titel: Planning sustainable cities
Autor:
Jahr: 2009
CONTENTS
Foreword v
Introduction vi
Acknowledgements viii
List of Figures, Boxes and Tables xvii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xx
Key Findings and Messages xxii
PARTI
CHALLENGES AND CONTEXT
1 Urban Challenges and the Need to Revisit Urban Planning 3
Urban Challenges of the 21 st century 4
Main forces affecting urban change 4
Urban change 8
Why Does Urban Planning Need to Change? 10
Modern urban planning 10
The 'gap' between outdated planning approaches and current urban issues 11
Problems with previous (modernist) approaches to urban planning 12
Why Is there a Revived Interest in Urban Planning? 12
The role of planning in addressing rapid urbanization, urban poverty and slums 13
The role of planning in addressing sustainable urban development and climate change 13
The role of planning in addressing urban crime and violence 14
The role of planning in addressing post-conflict and post-disaster situations 14
Potentials Offered by New Approaches to Urban Planning 15
Strategic spatial planning and its variants 15
Spatial planning as a tool for integrating public-sector functions 15
Approaches to land regularization and management 16
Participatory processes and partnerships in planning 16
Approaches promoted by international agencies: The Urban Management Programme and sector
programmes 16
New forms of master planning 17
New urban forms: The 'compact city' and 'new urbanism' 17
Defining Urban Planning and Identifying Normative Principles 18
Definitions of planning 18
Normative principles to guide revised approaches to urban planning 18
Organization of the Report 20
Part I - Challenges and context 20
Part H - Global trends: The urban planning process (procedural) 20
Part HI - Global trends: The content of urban plans (substantive) 20
Part IV - Global trends: Monitoring, evaluation and education 21
Part V-Future policy directions 21
Concluding Remarks 21
Notes 22
Planning Sustainable Cities
2 Understanding the Diversity of Urban Contexts 23
Urbanization and Demographic Trends 23
Developed and transitional countries 24
Developing countries 25
Planning implications of urbanization and demographic trends 26
City Size and Spatial Forms 27
Developed and transitional countries 27
Developing countries 29
Planning implications of city size and spatial form 30
Urban Economic Contexts 31
Developed and transitional countries 31
Developing countries 33
Planning implications of urban economic context 38
Location and Vulnerability to Natural and Human-Made Disasters 39
Developed and transitional countries 39
Developing countries 40
Planning implications of vulnerability to natural and human disasters 42
Concluding Remarks 43
Notes 44
PART II
GLOBAL TRENDS: THE URBAN PLANNING PROCESS
(PROCEDURAL)
3 The Emergence and Spread of Contemporary Urban Planning 47
Early Forms of Urban Planning 47
Middle East and North Africa 47
Western Europe 48
Latin America 48
East and South-East Asia 48
Sub-Saharan Africa 48
East and Central Europe 49
The Emergence of Modernist Planning 49
The Global Spread of Modernist Planning 50
Mechanisms for the transfer of planning ideas 51
The influence of modernist planning in various parts of the world 52
The Persistence of Modernist Urban Planning 56
Extent of persistence of older approaches to urban planning 56
Why modernist approaches to urban planning have persisted 57
Why modernist approaches to planning are problematic 58
Innovative Approaches to Urban Planning 59
Strategic spatial planning 60
Spatial planning tools for integrating public sector functions 62
New approaches to land regularization and management 63
Participatory processes and partnerships in planning 65
Approaches promoted by international agencies: The Urban Management Programme and sector
programmes 66
New forms of master planning 69
New urban forms: 'New urbanism' and the 'compact city' 69
Concluding Remarks 70
Notes 71
4 The Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Planning 72
Planning and Governance 72
Urban governance and government 72
The challenge of urban governance 73
Planning, urban governance and power relations 73
Promoting 'good governance' 74
Contents
Planning Institutions and the Institutionalization of Planning Practices 75
Institutions as wider norms and practices 75
Institutions as specific agencies and organizations 76
The institutional design and redesign of urban planning systems 77
Legal Systems and the Distribution of Rights and Responsibilities 78
Land and Property Ownership and Development Institutions 80
Planning Systems, Agencies and Regulation 81
Planning regulation 81
The location of planning agencies and formal responsibilities 82
Decentralization and local capacity 82
Policy integration and institutional coordination 83
Plan Formulation and Implementation 85
Planning tools and resources 85
Policy communities, stakeholders and planning arenas 88
Concluding Remarks 90
Notes 91
5 Planning, Participation and Politics 93
Characteristics and Forms of Participatory Urban Planning 93
Gender in Participatory Urban Planning 95
Global Trends in Urban Planning, Participation and Politics 95
Developed countries 95
Sub-Saharan Africa 96
Asia 97
Latin America and the Caribbean 99
Factors shaping the processes and outcomes of participatory urban planning 100
Innovative Approaches to Participatory Urban Planning 101
Participation in local planning 101
Participation in city-level and strategic decision-making 102
Enhancing Participation in Urban Planning 105
An enabling political context and system 105
A strong legal basis for planning and participation 106
Understanding the pitfalls of participatory approaches 107
Sufficient resources to support participatory processes 108
Participatory mechanisms relevant to the scale and purpose of planning 108
Successful participation: Conditions and characteristics 109
Concluding Remarks 109
Notes 110
PART III
GLOBAL TRENDS: THE CONTENT OF URBAN PLANS
(SUBSTANTIVE)
6 Bridging the Green and Brown Agendas 113
Sustainable Urban Development: The Green and Brown Agendas 113
The green and brown agendas 114
Innovations in Achieving Green and Brown Synergies: Global Trends 115
Development of renewable energy 116
Striving for carbon-neutral cities 117
Distributed power and water systems 118
Increasing photosynthetic spaces as part of green infrastructure 119
Improving eco-efficiency 121
Increasing sense of place 122
Sustainable transport 123
Developing cities without slums 127
Addressing the Green and Brown Agendas through Urban Planning and Governance 129
Urban planning for sustainable urban development 129
Governance for sustainable urban development 130
Planning Sustainable Cities
Concluding Remarks 13°
Notes 131
Planning and Informality 132
Informality 132
Characteristics of Urban Informality 133
Global Trends in Urban Informality and Expansion 134
Asia 134
Latin America and the Caribbean 136
Africa 138
Developed and transitional countries 140
Factors Affecting Informality '42
Innovative Planning Responses to Informality 142
Alternatives to eviction 143
Regularization and upgrading of informally developed areas 144
Influencing development actors by strategic use of planning tools 145
Working with informal economic actors to manage public space and provide services 147
Responding to Informality through Planning and Governance 149
Concluding Remarks ISO
Notes 151
Planning, Spatial Structure of Cities and Provision of Infrastructure 152
Urban Spatial Trends, Infrastructure and Exclusion 152
Spatial Planning, the Privatization of Infrastructure Development and Mega-Projects 153
Master planning and infrastructure 153
Private-sector led infrastructure development 154
Mega-projects 155
The Influence of Infrastructure on Urban Spatial Structure and Access 155
Transport systems and networks 155
Water, sewerage, electricity and telecommunications 157
Infrastructure and inclusive local planning 158
The Compact City Debate: Sustainability, Efficiency and Inclusiveness 158
The compact city debate 158
The relevance of compaction ideas to developing countries 15°
Cost efficiency and compaction 160
Contemporary Approaches to Linking Spatial Planning to Urban Infrastructure 160
Smart growth and transit-oriented development 160
Integrating land use and transportation 160
Strategic spatial planning and infrastructure planning 162
Integrated urban management and development plans 162
Strategic structure planning 163
Linking spatial planning to infrastructure planning 164
Linking mega-projects and major infrastructure] developments to spatial planning 164
Concluding Remarks 165
Notes 166
PART IV
GLOBAL TRENDS: MONITORING,
EVALUATION AND EDUCATION
The Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Plans 171
Types of Monitoring and Evaluation 171
Current Practice in Urban Programme and Plan Evaluation 173
Evaluation of project, policy or programme suitability in plan-making 173
The evaluation of plan and programme performance 174
Indicators and urban plan evaluation 176
Caveats and Considerations in the Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Plans 178
Concluding Remarks \ g l
Notes 184
XV
10 Planning Education 185
Historical Development of Planning Education 185
Design versus policy 185
Rationality versus deliberation 186
Master planning versus development management 188
'One world' versus context-specific planning education 188
Planning Schools Worldwide 189
Regional distribution of planning schools 189
Characteristics of planning schools 189
Curriculum emphasis 191
School connections with other schools and professional networks 193
Capacity for Educational Support of Planning Practice 194
Concluding Remarks 197
Notes 198
PART V
FUTURE POLICY DIRECTIONS
11 Towards a New Role for Urban Planning 201
The Main Issues for Urban Planning in Different Parts of the World 201
Global urban planning issues 201
Urban planning issues in developing countries 203
Urban planning issues in transitional countries 204
Urban planning issues in developed countries 204
The Main Findings and Conclusions of the Report 205
Diversity of urban contexts 205
The emergence and spread of contemporary urban planning 206
The Institutional and Regulatory Framework 206
Participatory planning 207
Integrating the green and brown agendas 208
Urban informality 209
Spatial structure of cities and provision of infrastructure 209
Monitoring and evaluation of urban plans 210
Urban planning education 211
Main Elements of a Revised Role for Urban Planning 211
Overarching aspects of a new role for urban planning 211
Specific aspects of a new role for urban planning 213
Contextual and Institutional Changes Needed to Make Urban Planning More Effective 215
Prioritizing an urban policy at the national scale 215
Planning legislation 215
Decentralization of urban planning functions 215
The urban planning function within municipalities 215
Monitoring and evaluation of urban plans 216
Urban research and data 216
City planning networks for sharing information and experience 216
Planning education 216
Concluding Remarks 216
Notes 217
PART VI
STATISTICAL ANNEX
Technical Notes 221
Explanation of Symbols 221
Country Groupings and Statistical Aggregates 221
World major groupings 221
Countries in the Human Development aggregates 221
Planning Sustainable Cities
Countries in the income aggregates 222
Sub-regional aggregates 222
Nomenclature and Order of Presentation 223
Definition of Terms 223
Notes 225
Sources of Data 226
Data Tables 227
Regional Aggregates 227
A. 1 Total Population Size, Rate of Change and Population Density 227
A.2 Urban and Rural Population Size and Rate of Change 228
A.3 Urbanization 229
A.4 Total Number of Households and Rate of Change 230
A.5 Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation 231
A.6 Number of Urban Agglomerations 232
Country-Level Data 235
B. 1 Total Population Size, Rate of Change and Population Density 235
B.2 Urban and Rural Population Size and Rate of Change 238
B.3 Urbanization and Urban Slum Dwellers 242
B.4 Total Number of Households and Rate of Change 246
B.5 Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation 250
B.6 Poverty and Inequality 254
B.7 Transport Infrastructure 258
City-Level Data 262
C. 1 Urban Agglomerations with 750,000 Inhabitants or More: Population Size and Rate of
Change in Selected Cities 262
C.2 Population of Capital Cities (2007) 270
C.3 Access to Services in Selected Cities 272
References 275
Index 295
LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES
AND TABLES
FIGURES
1.1 Urban population by region, 2005-2050 8
2.1 Average annual rate of change of urban population 24
2.2 Shrinking cities in transitional countries 25
2.3 Middle East and North Africa countries with more than 10 per cent immigrant population, 2005 26
2.4 Distribution of urban population by city size in North America 28
2.5 Distribution of urban population by city size in Latin America and the Caribbean 29
2.6 Distribution of urban population by city size in Asia 29
2.7 Distribution of urban population by city size in sub-Saharan Africa 30
2.8 Gini coefficient of income inequality in Western Europe, mid 2000s 32
2.9 Gini coefficients for selected cities in Latin America 35
2.10 Gini coefficients for selected cities in Asia 36
2.11 Gini coefficients for selected cities in Africa 37
4.1 Broad-approach institutional contexts 75
4.2 Ways of coordination for spatial development 83
6.1 The waste reuse agro-ecosystem of the East Calcutta Wetlands, India 119
6.2 Private passenger transport energy use per person in selected cities, 1995 123
8.1 Designing for accessibility 156
8.2 Transit-oriented development: Development around a transit stop 162
BOXES
1.1 The goals of sustainable urbanization 4
1.2 Effects of economic restructuring on older cities in developed countries: Chicago, US 5
1.3 Failure of public service provision in a rapidly growing metropolis: Lagos, Nigeria 9
1.4 Most influential urban forms from the early 20th century 11
1.5 A definition of urban planning 19
1.6 The principles of the Global Planners Network: New urban planning 20
2.1 Australia hit hard by mining slump 3 3
3.1 The Garden Cities Town Planning Association and the spread of Eurocentric planning models 51
3.2 Impact of colonial urban planning upon the structure and growth of African cities 55
3.3 The 2007 Strategic Plan for Toronto, Canada 61
3.4 Harnessing resources for delivery in Middlesbrough, UK 62
3.5 Innovative forms of secure tenure: Phnom Penh, Cambodia . 64
3.6 Community action planning: Participatory planning from the bottom up 66
3.7 The Urban Management Programme in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 67
3.8 Using planning to reintegrate displaced communities 68
3.9 Gender-aware urban planning 69
4.1 Developing participatory urban planning practices in Kitale, Kenya 76
4.2 Struggles between formal land rights and customary land rights in Moshi, Tanzania 76
4.3 Civil society planning initiatives in Kobe, Japan 83
4.4 Integrated development plans in South Africa 85
4.5 Planning system reform in Lombardy, Italy 86
Planning Sustainable Cities
4.6 It ain't what you do, it's the way that you do it': Creating new sustainable centralities in the Amsterdam
city-region, The Netherlands 87
5.1 People's campaign for decentralized planning, Kerala, India 98
5.2 Urban planning and participation in China 99
5.3 Modes of decision-making for planning, Curitiba, Brazil 101
5.4 Empowerment of the poor for participation in decision-making 1 °2
5.5 The characteristics and outcomes of participatory budgeting, Buenos Aires, Argentina 104
5.6 Towards a City Development Strategy, Johannesburg, South Africa 105
5.7 The City Statute, Brazil 107
6.1 The green agenda as set out by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 114
6.2 The brown agenda in cities: Some facts 115
6.3 Renewable city models for the future '^
6.4 Environmental planning and renewable energy in Freiburg, Germany 117
6.5 Urban sewage recycling in Calcutta, India H9
6.6 Energy costs of food production in the US '20
6.7 Urban food production in Havana, Cuba I21
6.8 Informal solid waste recycling in Cairo, Egypt 122
6.9 Urban planning as 'complementary currency' in Curitiba, Brazil 124
6.10 Creating a walking city in Vancouver, Canada 125
6.11 Reclaiming public spaces through reducing car dependence in Paris, France 126
6.12 The Association of Bicycle Riders in Sao Paulo, Brazil 127
6.13 Impacts of resettlement of slum dwellers in high-rise apartments, Jakarta, Indonesia 129
6.14 Renewing urban governance in Indian cities 131
7.1 An extended metropolitan region in Asia: Jakarta, Indonesia 136
7.2 Informal development in Mexico City 138
7.3 Informal customary land management, Enugu, Nigeria 140
7.4 Informal employment, Romania 141
7.5 Innovative responses to informality in Brazil 145
7.6 Supporting informal street traders, Durban, South Africa 148
8.1 Common forms of mega-projects 155
8.2 Sustainable accessibility in Amsterdam, The Netherlands 156
8.3 The safer city audit in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 158
8.4 Integrated land-use and transport system, Curitiba, Brazil 163
8.5 Linking spatial planning and infrastructure planning in Durban, South Africa 164
8.6 Linking mega-project development to spatial planning: Plaine Saint-Denis, France 165
9.1 Defining 'monitoring', 'evaluation' and 'indicators' in urban planning 172
9.2 Common monitoring and evaluation challenges 173
9.3 Development permit system: Protecting the natural environment through monitoring 175
9.4 Using citizen report cards as a strategic tool to improve service delivery, Bangalore, India 176
9.5 The Local Urban Observatory for Jinja Municipality, Uganda 177
9.6 Santiago 2010 Strategic Plan, Chile 177
9.7 Master Plan for Delhi 2021, India 178
9.8 Challenges in evaluating liveability in Vancouver, Canada 178
9.9 Monitoring and evaluation in China's urban planning system 179
9.10 Indicators: Potential and constraints 180
9.11 Monitoring and evaluation design strategy 181
9.12 Guidelines for designing results-based evaluation systems 182
10.1 The five steps of the 'rational planning model' 187
10.2 Planning education in Poland 190
10.3 Pioneering of sustainability education: University of British Columbia, Canada . 191
10.4 Planning education in Europe: Diversity and convergence 192
10.5 Planning education in Ghana: The Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 193
10.6 Global Planning Education Association Network (GPEAN) members 194
10.7 Challenges for planning education in Latin America and the Caribbean 195
10.8 Urban planners being sidelined from urban planning: The case of Southern Asia 195
10.9 An international accreditation system for urban planners 196
10.10 'Informal' education on gender and planning in Mumbai, India 196
List of figures, tables and boxes v * _.
TABLES
1.1 Definitions of various types of urban plans 11
2.1 Global trends in urbanization (1950-2050) 23
2.2 Urban poverty measures for 1993 and 2002 using the US$ 1 per day poverty line 34
2.3 Proportion of urban population living in slums, 2005 34
2.4 Gini coefficients trends for selected countries in Latin America and the Caribbean 35
2.5 Ten most populous cities and associated disaster risk, 2005 39
2.6 Selected urban disasters, 1906-2006 40
2.7 Urban population in the low-elevation coastal zone (LECZ), 2000 41
3.1 New approaches to urban planning 60
3.2 Status of strategic urban planning in Latin American cities 62
4.1 Planning tasks and tools 86
5.1 The form, meaning and purpose of citizen participation 94
5.2 Political systems and the scope for participation 106
6.1 Characteristics of the green and brown agendas in the urban environment 114
6.2 Planning and governance for sustainable urban development 130
7.1 The cost of regulation: Requirements to start a legal business 134
8.1 Density and public transport access: Comparing Atlanta (US) and Barcelona (Spain) 159
8.2 Approaches linking spatial planning to urban infrastructure 161
9.1 Key functions of urban planning indicators 176
9.2 Challenges in monitoring and evaluating urban plans 180
10.1 A selection of early university-level courses in urban planning 185
10.2 Urban planning schools inventory (university level), by country 189
10.3 Currently existing university courses on gender and urban planning 192 |
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| id | DE-604.BV035895260 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-27T11:01:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1251000-2 |
| isbn | 9781844078998 9781844078981 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2009022390 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018752693 |
| oclc_num | 320800078 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-83 DE-B1533 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-83 DE-B1533 |
| physical | XXX, 306 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Earthscan |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Global report on human settlements |
| series2 | Global report on human settlements |
| spelling | Planning sustainable cities United Nations Human Settlements Programme 1. publ. London [u.a.] Earthscan 2009 XXX, 306 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Global report on human settlements 2009 Includes bibliographical references Nachhaltigkeit Stadtplanung Umwelt City planning Environmental aspects Urban ecology (Sociology) Sustainable development Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd rswk-swf Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd rswk-swf Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 s Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 s b DE-604 UN-Habitat Sonstige (DE-588)1251000-2 oth Global report on human settlements 2009 (DE-604)BV026380991 2009 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018752693&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Planning sustainable cities Global report on human settlements Nachhaltigkeit Stadtplanung Umwelt City planning Environmental aspects Urban ecology (Sociology) Sustainable development Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056754-0 (DE-588)4326464-5 |
| title | Planning sustainable cities |
| title_auth | Planning sustainable cities |
| title_exact_search | Planning sustainable cities |
| title_full | Planning sustainable cities United Nations Human Settlements Programme |
| title_fullStr | Planning sustainable cities United Nations Human Settlements Programme |
| title_full_unstemmed | Planning sustainable cities United Nations Human Settlements Programme |
| title_short | Planning sustainable cities |
| title_sort | planning sustainable cities |
| topic | Nachhaltigkeit Stadtplanung Umwelt City planning Environmental aspects Urban ecology (Sociology) Sustainable development Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nachhaltigkeit Stadtplanung Umwelt City planning Environmental aspects Urban ecology (Sociology) Sustainable development |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018752693&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV026380991 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT unhabitat planningsustainablecities |