Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno:
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| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Warszawa
Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
2009
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: Mazury Lake District at the close of the Neolithic and outset of the Early Bronze Age in the light of type Ząbie-Szestno assemblages |
| Physical Description: | 327 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788361376163 |
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150
Pojezierze
s
Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno
Mazury
Lake District at the close of the Neolithic
and outset of the Early Bronze Age in the light
of type
Ząbie-Szestno
assemblages
What is presented here is an abbreviated version of my PhD thesis written
under the guidance of Professor
Ryszard
F. Mazurowski,
Institute of Archaeology
Warsaw University to whom I take this opportunity to offer my gratitude. My warm
acknowledgements for their assistance and kindness go also to the members of
my dissertation committee
-
Professor
Zdzisław Sochacki
and Professor
Janusz
Czebreszuk
-
and to all of my associates from the Institute of Archaeology Warsaw
University and other archaeological units.
To begin with I wish to recall that
Mazury
Lake District during the Early Bronze
Age used to be perceived as a almost desolate of population. The last late neolithic
group relatively well documented by archaeological evidence was Corded Ware culture
(CWC) and/or Rzucewo culture (RzC). Also symptomatic was the attention drawn to
the evident participation in the formation of local CWC groups of rather undefined para-
-Neolithic communities. Because of their late neolithic character most researchers favo¬
ured the view that these groups continued to exist into the Early Bronze Age, that is, until
the coming to this area during period IV of Bronze Age of the people of
Lusatian
culture
(LC). An almost complete lack of evidence, apart for a small number of bronze objects
datable to periods II and III of Bronze Age was explained away by the development in
Mazury
Lakeland of a sporadically penetrated desolation, or by the existence of a small
community which did not leave being any characteristic artefacts. This situation was to
have continued until the area was settled by allochthonic population of LC.
Archaeological fieldwork made over the last decade in
Mazury
Lake District
brought entirely new and at the same time expected findings which presented a new
perspective on culture developments taking place during the period of transition
such as was the close of the Neolithic and the early period of the Bronze Age. All
the more so as in the area of interest this process was more complex in view of the
domination of a population with an assimilative economy and only a limited partici¬
pation of generative groups. In the wake of the recent findings it has been possible to
make changes which involved the rejection of the view on desolation and verify the
'undetectable nature' of portable finds and features datable to early Bronze Age, and
present a new proposal. Taking into account the fundamental nature of the observed
change which consisted in the coming together in
Mazury
Lake District, starting
from the late Neolithic through to the Early Bronze Age, of groups with a dissimi¬
lar culture outlook, with at the same time the fusing of two dissimilar systems of
economy, i.e., the generative and assimilative system, I adopted for this period of
transition the
tenn
transitional stage of the para-Neolithic and Bronze Age (IPB).
It is an adaptation and modification of a sort of the term transitional stage of the
neolithic and Bronze
(INB)
proposed by Professor J. Czebreszuk which refers to the
same time segment but describes the phenomenon of the transformation of agrarian
communities of the European Lowland into communities of a mature Bronze Age.
Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbic-Szcstno
1 5 1
Since for the issues related to IPB of
Mazury
Lake District the sites of key
importance and of complementary value are respectively, site X at
Ząbie,
commune
Olsztynek and site II at Szestno, commune
Mrągowo,
both in
warmińsko-mazur-
skie, both have become type sites. The remainder serve only a supplementary role
and confirm the processes then at work. For the sake of order let me note that all
sites classified to assemblages of
Ząbie-Szestno (ZtZ-S)
type were situated in lake
islands. At first they escaped notice because they were buried by younger deposits.
Only the regular excavation, at first by
sondage,
followed by area excavation, bro¬
ught, next to the most numerous material from Early Iron Age and younger, also a
relatively abundant IPB evidence. Furthermore, a great surprise was the degree of
syncretism, unprecedented elsewhere, and in most cases lacking direct analogies.
These were not found either among the other finds from
Mazury
(other than the
ones discussed here), or from neighbouring areas. The finds, mainly pottery frag¬
ments, resembled most those known from the Linin group (LG) in
Mazowsze
and
Podlasie.
They also showed similarity to phenomena observed in the region between
the Vistula and
Odra
rivers, defined by B.
Józwiak
as techno-stylistic Linin horizons
(LH). In this area they were linked with the presence of groups of para-Neolithic
people (i.e. of the East European woodland zone) and the process of their syncreti-
sation with local groups of agriculturalists (also during Early Bronze Age).
Given that pottery is of key importance for identification, definition and clas¬
sification, is so abundant and reflects well stylistic and technological change it was
used as basic evidence in my inquiry. A secondary role, due to their lower sensitivity
to change, but also an important one, was played by flint and stone artefacts and
bone remains. However, all of the above confirmed the conclusions made during
pottery analysis. Co-occurrence of attributes of technology, morphology and style
distinctive for different archaeological cultures, observed in different combination and
with varying intensity in individual vessels, and the presence of a small number of
homogeneous specimens which ought to be treated as 'imports' made it expedient to
process the ceramic evidence using the components analysis. The ceramic assemblage
at hand was sorted within the framework of attribute components, using the criteria of
technology, morphology and style. Components identified in this way were compared
against
taxonomie
units known from other areas. The obtained results made evident
the direction of exchange of Mazurian communities of the IPB period with other late
Neolithic and early Bronze Age groups, mainly in
Kujawy, Chcłmno-Dobrzyń
region.
Mazowsze,
and to a lesser extent,
Małopolska,
West Belarus and
SE
Baltic coastland.
This was helpful not only for identifying attributes distinctive for ZtZ-S pottery, pin¬
pointing their relationships to specific
taxonomie
units in the neighbouring areas
bul
also for distinguishing the chronological framework and trace change at work during
IPB in
Mazury
Lake District. It has been possible also, basing on specialist analyses
of bone remains discovered together with pottery fragments within storage pits, to
establish that syncretisation had come about of certain elements of the dissimilar eco¬
nomic strategies, and consequently, also of social and ideological ones. This transition
consisted in a slow adaptation and local modifications made to generative behaviour
associated with ruminant husbandry, accompanied by a continuation and steady
mar¬
ginalisation
of hunter-gatherer behaviours.
152
Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno
The observed
techno-stylistic
components included elements characteristic
for agrarian groups and ones typical for para-Neolithic communities. In the first
group are bound cultures allochthonic in
Mazury,
i.e. Globular Amphora culture
(GAC), CWC, RzC, Mierzanowice culture
(MC), Iwno
culture
(1С),
Trzciniec cul¬
ture (TC) and Eastern Trzciniec culture (ETC). The local autochthonic lineage is
that of Neman culture (NC). The phenomenon of unification, taking place in com¬
munities of the borderland of two diametrically different economic and ideological
systems as the agrarian hunter gatherer, was recognised earlier in
Mazowsze
and
Podlasie
and between the Vistula and the
Odra
rivers. In the first case we had to do
with a concentrated occupation by the people of para-Neolithic LG of NC, in the
second, where it was substantially diluted, the term Linin techno-stylistic horizon
(LH) was adopted, divided into
4
units, depending on the degree of impact from
agrarian groups. Also observed in the areas named was an active participation of
Linin communities in the process of formation of the Trzciniec cycle.
Next to vessels with legible culture attributes (component elements) which
make it possible to trace changes taking place with the passage of time, the best
represented was a group with observable syncretisation of attributes of the named and
defined culture groups which evolved down multiple avenues and in multiple stages.
This largest group, different from other groups showing similar syncretism, forms
a basis for distinguishing assemblages of
Ząbie-Szestno
type (Fig.
1-8).
Moreover,
the culture phenomenon being presented differs also from the Linin horizon by its
chronological framework. The impact of the Funnel Beaker culture (FBC) is not
observable (in case of LG this is horizon 1=LH1). In the case of Mazurian assembla¬
ges the beginning is demarcated by the presence in the Lake District of GAC people,
which in LG corresponds to horizon 2=LH2. Much better represented than in Linin
assemblages is the participation of Early Bronze Age i.e., of
1С
and TC. This stage of
influence comes to an end at a different time, most probably only in period IV of the
Bronze Age, with the arrival of people of LC. In view of the foregoing, basing on the
analysis of techno-stylistic changes in pottery were distinguished for assemblages of
Ząbie-Szestno
type four techno-stylistic horizons. They are:
initial horizon I associated with attributes of late GAC and CWC with participa¬
tion of NC. Its counterparts in the terminology of B.
Józwiak
are to a small degree
-HL2, and chiefly
-HL3.
early classic horizon II, Post-CWC and CN, with participation of a proto-MC and
proto-
and early
1С
component. Its counterpart in the terminology of B.
Józwiak
is
to very small degree
-
HL3, and chiefly
-
onset of HL4.
classic horizon
III, IC-TC
with participation of a late NC component. Its counter¬
part in the terminology of B.
Józwiak
is classic HL4.
post-classic horizon IV, post-TC. Identified for late vessels which correspond to
the late phase of ETC in North Belarus identified by
M.
Kryvalcevič.
As noted earlier the ceramics were supplemented by objects of flint and stone,
bone remains, amber artefacts and radiocarbon dates, originating chiefly from the best
preserved site at
Ząbie.
It was there that storage pits, burials and the remains of the
culture deposit yielded in association with characteristic pottery objects of flint, stone,
amber, bone, inhumation burials and bone post-consumption remains. This made it
Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szest/io
153
possible in case of these finds to distinguish characteristic forms which could be reco¬
gnised as distinctive for the entire culture phenomenon. Contents of a storage pit from
Wyszembork and the culture deposit from
Pluski
and Szestno corroborated the findings
made at
Ząbie.
On their basis it was possible to conclude that in case of flint working:
a. the flint resource used in almost
100%
was local erratic,
b. the dominant technique was splinter technique (Table.
54:7; 58:2-4, 10-12; 69;
99; 100:1-8; 101:1-3),
with a much smaller participation of the flake (Table.
54:8;
58:1, 5, 9)
and only a trace of the blade technique (Table.
58:6-8; 59:1-3),
с
the splinter technique was used to produce tools-splintered pices of small dimen¬
sions, geometricised shape and a wedge- or lenticular section, in which the poles
were the working edges (Table.
69:4, 7, 10, 12, 14; 99; 100:1-5, 7-8; 101:1-2),
d. in giving shape to the cores use was made of natural surfaces to form the
striking platforms, alternately, the platform was shaped by making a single
detachment (Table.
59:2-3),
e. cortical splinter, flakes and bladelets were used, both in making tools and for
disposable tools (Table.
58:6, 10; 68:4, 8),
f. flint waste pieces were used as disposable tools, indicated by use-wear,
g. a
part of the tools were produced from natural flint chunks (Table.
54:9),
h. a
part of the specialist tools of small size (inserts and small projectile points)
were formed by means of careful surface and edge retouch (Table.
68:1-8),
i. in use were techniques and tools which are universally recognised as charac¬
teristic for hunter-gatherer communities,
j. large bifacial tools were imported (Table.
68:9
and maybe
109:1-6).
In the category of stone tools typical forms include lenticular-sectioned axe-
-heads with an all over polish (Table.
70:4-7; 100:9),
reminiscent in shape flint
forms from the Eariy Bronze Age. Stone knives (Table.
70.2)
and an arrow straigh-
tener (Table.
70:1)
which recall the small number of specimens originating from
isolated Early Bronze finds from S. and central Poland, have numerous analogies in
the Danube basin. AS such, they may be treated as imports or imitations. Similarly
as anthropomorphic amber idols from Kruklanki (Table.
110:7)
and
Nidzica
(Table.
110:2),
which combine the local resource, i.e., amber, with stylistic features of the
so-called violin idols (Table.
110:1, 4-5)
widespread south of the Carpathian range.
The only amber objects (Table.
60-64; 65:1-6)
of undisputable Early Bronze date
come from an inhumation grave (feature
120)
at
Ząbie
(Table.
57).
Unfortunately,
owing to the unique character of this assemblage they have no conclusive analogies
elsewhere. The C14 date (Tab.
17:3)
secured from the inhumation is rather controver¬
sial as it points to period IV of Bronze Age,
со
which is in conflict both with the way
this individual was buried as with the stylistic features and technique of execution
of amber ornaments deposited in this burial. The convention used
m
depositing the
body in the grave and most of all the method of execution and stylistic features of
the ornaments fit the general character of Early Bronze Age, combining attributes of
Bell-Beaker/Iwno Culture and of communities of
SE
Baltic coast.
The view on the material culture of the assemblages of
Ząbie-Szestno
type
community is complemented by the economic, social and ideological system. In the
general assessment of economic transition taking place in IPB in
Mazury
an essential
154
Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie -Szestno
role
is that of the results of animal bone analyses. Input from palacoarchaeological
research shed new light on the question of economic strategy used at that time by
the inhabitants of
Mazury
Lake District. Dominant among the animal remains are
bones of cattle and sheep/goat, with a relatively small participation of undomesticated
mammals. The second largest group is that offish and molluscs. This pattern indicates
that animal husbandry was an element of the local economy and that intensive use
was made of lakes and streams. Taken together with the absence of evidence on crop
cultivation (the earliest dates from the period when the area was settled by the people
of LC in period IV of the Bronze Age) compellingly testifies to the non-agrarian cha¬
racter of the adopted generative economy. The system developed locally continued
to base on hunting and gathering, with special use made of the aquatic resources and
supplementing the food base by a semi-feral system of ruminant husbandry.
It seems obvious that in so varied communities there would have been groups
that based only on an assimilative system. Groups which lingered so long over time
are documented not only in the East European woodland zone more to the east but
also in the drainage basin of the
Odra R.,
where radiocarbon dates were obtained
indicating late neolithic and onset of Bronze Age. The syncretism of the economic
system adopted by assemblages of
Ząbie-Szestno
type groups as likely as not influ¬
enced the outlook of social order and ideology of the time. This is expressed most
fully by the diverse forms used to 'bury' the dead. Next to inhumations represented
by single (Table.
54:1; 66; 67:2),
secondary (Table.
55)
and fractional (Table.
67:1)
burials we find scattered burial, which is intimated only by stray finds of objects of
prestige, a practice 'intangible' in archaeological material.
Basing on all the data but mainly in view of premises drawn from stylistic featu¬
res the following periodisation of type
Ząbie-Szestno
assemblages has been proposed:
Phase
1 -
initial
=
>(H1) from
с. 2600/2500ВС
until
с. 2400/2300ВС,
associated
with influence from GAC and early
С
WC,
Phase
2 -
older
=
>(H2a and H2b) from
с
2500/2400BC until
с
IWO/ISOOBC,
associated with the impact of CWC until the post-CWC groups,
Phase
3 -
classic
=
>(H3a and H3b) from
с
2200/2
100BC until
с. 1600ВС,
asso¬
ciated with the impact of Early Bronze Age groups,
Phase
4 -
late
=
>(H4a and H4b) from
с.
1900/1
бОООВС
until
с.
1200/1
100ВС(?),
at first associated with classic stylistic features of TC and ETC, later, after achieving
'baroque' attributes it came to resemble type Lebedov noted in North Belaais.
In conclusion let me assert that the questions and views presented here, star¬
ting from the names, through interpretation, classifications, intensity and rhythm of
change until the proposed periodisation, are only a proposal of mine and an attempt
at a general interpretation of the culture phenomena observed at the close of the
Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age. Presenting such a view I am aware
that
m
may cases some assertions will raise some doubt and controversy. At the
same time, I hope that the study presented will contribute to fill the gap in
Mazury,
almost of a millennium, between the para-Neolithic groups of" the Younger Stone
Age and
Lusatian C
of the mature Bronze Age.
Translated by Anna Kinecka
Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno
Spis treści:
Część I
1.1.
Zakres terytorialny oraz środowisko przyrodnicze Pojezierza
Mazurskiego
. 8
1.2.
Zakres chronologiczny
. 11
1.3.
Wprowadzenie do problematyki społeczności paraneolitycznych
schyłku neolitu i początków epoki brązu na Pojezierzu Mazurskim
oraz podstawy źródłowe
. 13
1.4.
Zastosowane skróty
. 19
Część
II
II.
1.
Charakterystyka stanowisk archeologicznych stanowiących główną
bazę źródłową
. 21
Część III
III-
1.
Ruchome źródła archeologiczne z IPB stanowiące podstawę
interpretacyjną
. 30
111.
1.1.
Ceramika naczyniowa
. 30
111.
1.2.
Wyroby bursztynowe
. 81
111.1.3.
Przedmioty krzemienne i kamienne
. 94
III.
1.4.
ZtZ-S a przedmioty brązowe z wczesnej epoki brązu
na Pojezierzu Mazurskim
.
Ю9
III.
1.5.
Artefakty kościane i rogowe
.
'H
III.
2.
Formowanie i ewolucja zjawiska kulturowego manifestującego
sięZtZ-S
. 119
Ш.З.
Zarys charakterystyki kulturowej ludności Pojezierza Mazurskiego
reprezentowanej przez ZtZ-S
. 134
III.
3.1.
Możliwości interpretacyjne
. '34
Ш.З.2.
Osadnictwo
. 134
Ш.З.З.
Gospodarka
. 135
Ш.З.4.
Zachowania funeralne
. 143
III.
3.5.
Powiązania zewnętrzne ugrupowań z ZtZ-S
. 145
Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno
5
Zakończenie
. 148
Mazury
Lake District at the close of the Neolithic and outset of the
Early Bronze Age in the light of type
Ząbie-Szestno
assemblages
. 150
Район Мазурских озёр в конце неолита и в начале эпохи бронзы
в светле комплексов типа Зомбье-Шестно
. 155
Bibliografia
. 161
Czes'ć
IV
Tabele, tablice i
mapy
. 186 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Manasterski, Dariusz |
| author_facet | Manasterski, Dariusz |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Manasterski, Dariusz |
| author_variant | d m dm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035852607 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)476805057 (DE-599)BVBBV035852607 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Masurische Seenplatte (DE-588)4037915-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Masurische Seenplatte |
| id | DE-604.BV035852607 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:07:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788361376163 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018710622 |
| oclc_num | 476805057 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-12 |
| physical | 327 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Manasterski, Dariusz Verfasser aut Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno Dariusz Manasterski Warszawa Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 2009 327 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: Mazury Lake District at the close of the Neolithic and outset of the Early Bronze Age in the light of type Ząbie-Szestno assemblages Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd rswk-swf Masurische Seenplatte (DE-588)4037915-2 gnd rswk-swf Masurische Seenplatte (DE-588)4037915-2 g Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 s Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018710622&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018710622&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Manasterski, Dariusz Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4075272-0 (DE-588)4037915-2 |
| title | Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno |
| title_auth | Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno |
| title_exact_search | Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno |
| title_full | Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno Dariusz Manasterski |
| title_fullStr | Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno Dariusz Manasterski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno Dariusz Manasterski |
| title_short | Pojezierze Mazurskie u schyłku neolitu i na początku epoki brązu w świetle zespołów typu Ząbie-Szestno |
| title_sort | pojezierze mazurskie u schylku neolitu i na poczatku epoki brazu w swietle zespolow typu zabie szestno |
| topic | Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bronzezeit Archäologie Neolithikum Masurische Seenplatte |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018710622&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018710622&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT manasterskidariusz pojezierzemazurskieuschyłkuneolituinapoczatkuepokibrazuwswietlezespołowtypuzabieszestno |