Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs):
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2007
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 26cm |
| ISBN: | 0849370981 9780849370984 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 9780849370984 |9 978-0-8493-7098-4 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Spellman, Frank R. |d 1944- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1110974892 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) |c Frank R. Spellman ; Nancy E. Whiting |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 475 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 26cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Animal Manures |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Waste Disposal |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Environmental Pollution |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agricultural pollution |z United States | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Livestock factories |x Environmental aspects |z United States | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Manure handling | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Livestock |x Housing |x Waste disposal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agricultural laws and legislation |z United States | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Tierproduktion |0 (DE-588)4117223-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltbelastung |0 (DE-588)4061619-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Massentierhaltung |0 (DE-588)4133429-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a USA | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4006432-3 |a Bibliografie |2 gnd-content | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Whiting, Nancy E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018694515&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018694515 | ||
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| _version_ | 1804140801440088064 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface...........................................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................1
1.1 Setting the Stage.....................................................................................................................)
1.2 Water Supply. Use. and Wastewater Treatment......................................................................2
1.3 Animal Feeding Operations and Animal Waste Treatment...................................................4
1.3.1 Manure Treatment......................................................................................................5
1.3.1.2 An Example: Animal Waste Treatment: Lagoons.......................................5
1.4 -Get Big or Gel Out ...............................................................................................................6
1.5 CAFOs: Current Trend............................................................................................................7
1.6 Definitions of Key Terms........................................................................................................8
1.7 Summary...............................................................................................................................23
Chapter Review Questions...............................................................................................................23
Thought-Provoking Questions.........................................................................................................24
Reterenees........................................................................................................................................24
Chapter 2 CAFO Regulations and CNMPs................................................................................27
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................27
2.2 Federal Regulations: Clean Water Act..................................................................................27
2.2.1 NPDES Program.......................................................................................................28
2.2.2 Effluent Limitation Guidelines for CAFOs..............................................................29
2.2.3 Importance of the Regulations.................................................................................29
2.2.4 Other Laws That Regulate CAFOs...........................................................................30
2.2.5 Applicability of the Regulation................................................................................30
2.2.5.1 Animal Feeding Operations Covered by the Regulations.........................30
2.2.6 CAFO Thresholds for Specific Animal Sectors.......................................................33
2.2.7 Other Kinds of Operations Considered to Be CAFOs.............................................40
2.2.X CAFOs That Do Not Need Permits..........................................................................40
2.2.9 Exclusion from Regulations......................................................................................40
2.2.10 Parts of a CAFO That Are Regulated......................................................................41
2.2.11 Federal NPDES Permit.............................................................................................41
2.2.1 II NPDES General Permit.............................................................................42
2.2.11.2 NPDES Individual Permit.........................................................................42
2.2.11.3 Information to Include in the NOI or Permit Application.........................42
2.2.11.4 Permit Application Deadline.....................................................................43
2.3 State Regulations...................................................................................................................46
2.3.1 Right-to-Farm Laws..............................................................-...................................47
2.3.1.1 Types of Right-to-Farm Laws....................................................................48
2.3.1.2 Right-to-Farm Laws: Attributes.................................................................49
2.3.2.3 Right-to-Farm Laws: Criticisms...............................................................50
2.3.2.4 Right-lo-Farm Laws: Case Law................................................................50
2.4 Local Regulations and the Public s Role..............................................................................62
2.4.1 Public Involvement....................................................................................................62
vi Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
2.5 CNMPs..................................................................................................................................63
2.5.1 Livestock Operations Expected to Need a CNMP...................................................63
2.5.2 CNMP Technical Guidance......................................................................................68
2.6 Sum man...............................................................................................................................70
Chapter Review Questions...............................................................................................................70
Thought-Provoking Questions.........................................................................................................71
References........................................................................................................................................71
Chapter 3 Manure Characteristics..............................................................................................73
3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................73
3.2 Livestock Waste Characterization Variables........................................................................73
3.2.1 Definitions of Manure/Waste Characterization Terms.............................................74
3.2.2 Units of Measure and Conversion Factors................................................................77
3.2.2.1 Sampling Techniques................................................................................SI
3.2.2.2 After Sampling..........................................................................................84
3.2.2.3 Lab Analysis..............................................................................................84
3.3 Manure Charateristics...........................................................................................................S4
3.3.1 As-Excreted Manure.................................................................................................84
3.3.2 Foreign Material in Manure ....................................................................................x?
3.3.2.1 Bedding....................................................................................................85
3.3.2.2 Wasted Feed and Water.............................................................................86
3.3.2.3 Soil.............................................................................................................86
3.3.3 Dairy.......................................................................................................................87
3.3.4 Beef...........................................................................................................................89
3.3.5 Swine........................................................................................................................84
3.3.6 Poultry ..................................................................................................................... 91
3.3.7 Veal...........................................................................................................................93
3.3.8 Sheep.........................................................................................................................94
3.3.9 Horse.........................................................................................................................94
3.3.10 Rabbit.......................................................................................................................95
3.3.11 Flush Waler...............................................................................................................96
3.4 Summary.................................................................................................................................97
Chapter Review Questions..............................................................................................................97
Thought-Provoking Questions.........................................................................................................97
References........................................................................................................................................97
Chapter 4 Manure Storage..........................................................................................................99
4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................99
4.2 Types of Manure Storage and Handling Systems............................................................... 101
4.2.1 Runoff Holding Ponds............................................................................................. 10)
4.2.2 Lagoons...................................................................................................................102
4.2.3 Earthen Slurry Basins or Pits.................................................................................102
4.2.4 Slurry Pits or Tanks................................................................................................102
4.2.5 Below Building Pits............................................................................................... i()3
4.2.6 Slurry Pits. Reception Pits, or Roofed Tanks.........................................................103
4.2.7 Solid Manure.......................................................................................................... 103
4.2.8 Roofed or Covered Solid Manure.................-........................................................103
Contents vii
4.3 Manure Handling and Storage Costs..................................................................................104
4.3.1 Mortality Management...........................................................................................108
4.3.1.1 Poultry.....................................................................................................108
4.3.1.2 Swine.......................................................................................................109
4.3.2 Feedlot Upgrades....................................................................................................109
4.3.3 Clean Water Diversions..........................................................................................109
4.3.3.1 Roof Runoff Management.......................................................................110
4.3.3.2 Earthen Berms with Underground Pipe Outlets...................................... 110
4.3.3.3 Grassed Waterways................................................................................. Ill
4.3.3.4 Earthen Berms with Surface Outlet........................................................112
4.3.4 Liquid Treatment.................................................................................................... 112
4.3.5 Collection and Transfer.......................................................................................... 113
4.3.5.1 Solids Collection.....................................................................................113
4.3.5.2 Liquid Collection with Flush Systems..................................................... 114
4.3.5.3 Contaminated Runoff Collection............................................................! 15
4.3.5.4 Pumping Transfer System........................................................................ 117
4.3.6 Storage of Solid Wastes.......................................................................................... 118
4.3.7 Storage of Slurry Wastes. Liquid Wastes, and Contaminated Runoff................... 118
4.3.7.1 Liquid Storage.........................................................................................119
4.3.7.2 Slurry Storage..........................................................................................120
4.3.7.3 Runoff Storage Ponds..............................................................................121
4.3.8 Settling Basins........................................................................................................122
4.3.9 Conservation Practices for Pastured Livestock......................................................123
4.3.9.1 Fencing....................................................................................................124
4.3.9.2 Water Wells.............................................................................................124
4.3.9.3 Sanitary Protection..................................................................................125
4.3.9.4 Water Facility..........................................................................................126
4.3.9.5 Heavy Use Area Protection.....................................................................127
4.3.9.6 Windbreak or ShelterMt Establishments...............................................127
4.3.9.7 Solids Storage..........................................................................................128
4.3.9.8 Filter Strip................................................................................................129
4.3.10 Summary of Operational Needs Costs tor Manure Handling and Storage............129
4.4 Summary.............................................................................................................................129
Chapter Review Questions............................................................................................................. 131
Thought-Provoking Questions.......................................................................................................133
References......................................................................................................................................133
Chapters AFO/CAFO Siting: Physical Factors.......................................................................135
5.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................135
5.2 Role of Soils in Manure Management................................................................................ 135
5.2.1 Soil Basics...............................................................................................................136
5.2.1.1 Soil Phases...............................................................................................136
5.2.2 Soil-Animal Waste Interaction..............................................................................137
5.2.2.1 Filtration.................................................................................................138
5.2.2.2 Biological Degradation........................................................................138
5.2.2.3 Chemical Reactions.......,.......................................................................!39
5.2.3 Soil-Animal Waste Mineralization Relationship.................................................140
5.2.3.1 Microhial Activity...............................................-.................................140
viii Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
5.2.3.2 Nitrogen Mineralization..........................................................................140
5.2.3.3 Phosphate Mineralization........................................................................ 141
5.2.3.4 Potassium. Calcium, and Magnesium Mineralization............................ 141
5.2.3.5 Heavy Metal and Trace Element Mineralization.................................... 141
5.2.4 Soil Characteristics.................................................................................................142
5.2.4.1 Available Water Capacity........................................................................ 143
5.2.4.2 Bulk Density............................................................................................143
5.2.4.3 Cation-Exchange Capacity......................................................................144
5.2.4.4 Depth to Bedrock or Cemented Pan........................................................144
5.2.4.5 Depth to High Water Table...................................................................... 145
5.2.4.6 Flooding...................................................................................................145
5.2.4.7 Fraction Greater than 3 in. in Diameter—Rock Fragments, Stones,
and Boulders............................................................................................145
5.2.4.8 Intake Rate...............................................................................................146
5.2.4.9 Permeability Rate....................................................................................147
5.2.4.10 SoilpH..................................................................................................... 147
5.2.4.11 Ponding....................................................................................................147
5.2.4.12 Salinity....................................................................................................148
5.2.4.13 Slope........................................................................................................148
5.2.4.14 Sodium Adsorption..................................................................................148
5.3 Role of Plants in Animal Waste Management....................................................................153
5.3.1 Animal Waste as a Resource for Plant Growth......................................................154
5.3.2 The Plant-Soil System............................................................................................154
5.3.2.1 Nutrient Transformation..........................................................................154
5.3.2.2 Soil Supports Plant Growth.....................................................................155
5.3.3 Plant Nutrient Cycling............................................................................................156
5.3.3.1 Essential Plant Macronutrients................................................................156
5.3.3.2 Nonessential Elements.............................................................................156
5.3.4 Balancing Plant Nutrient Needs with Animal Waste Application......................... 161
5.3.4.1 Deficiencies of Plant Nutrients................................................................162
5.3.4.2 Excesses of Plant Nutrients, Total Dissolved Solids, and
Trace Elements........................................................................................162
5.3.5 Application of Animal Waste.................................................................................166
5.3.5.1 Field and Forage Crops............................................................................166
5.3.5.2 Horticultural Crops..................................................................................168
5.3.5.3 Vegetated Filter Strips for Animal Waste Treatment..............................168
5.3.5.4 Forestland for Animal Waste Treatment................................................. 170
5.3.6 Nutrient Removal by Harvesting of Crops.............................................................170
5.3.6.1 Nutrient Uptake Calculation.................................................................... 171
5.3.6.2 Nutrient Uptake Example........................................................................ 174
5.4 Geologic and Groundwater Considerations........................................................................175
5.4.1 Geologic Material and Groundwater......................................................................175
5.4.
5.4.
5.4.
5.4.
5.4.
.1 Geologic Material: Material Properties and Mass Properties................. 175
.2 Groundwater............................................................................................177
.3 Aquifers...................................................................................................179
.4 Porositv....................................................................................................181
1.5 Specific Yield..........................................................................................182
5.4.1.6 Groundwater Quality...............................................................................182
5.4.2 Engineering Geology Considerations.....................................................................183
5.4.2.1 Corrosivity...............................................................................................184
5.4.2.2 Location of Water Table..........................................................................184
Contents ix
5.4.2.3 Depth of Rock..........................................................................................184
5.4.2.4 Stability for Embankment and Excavated Cut Slopes.............................185
5.4.2.5 Excavatability..........................................................................................185
5.4.2.6 Seismic Stability......................................................................................186
5.4.2.7 Dispersion................................................................................................186
5.4.2.8 Permeability.............................................................................................187
5.4.2.9 Puncturability..........................................................................................187
5.4.2.10 Settlement Potential.................................................................................187
5.4.2.11 Shrink/Swell............................................................................................188
5.4.2.12 Topography..............................................................................................188
5.4.2.13 Availability and Suitability of Borrow Material.....................................188
5.4.2.14 Presence of Abandoned Wells and Other Relics of Past Use..................188
5.4.3 Factors Affecting Groundwater Quality Considered in Planning..........................188
5.4.3.1 Attenuation Potential of Soil...................................................................189
5.4.3.2 Clay Content............................................................................................189
5.4.3.3 Depth of Soil............................................................................................189
5.4.3.4 Distance between Contaminant Source and Groundwater Supply.........189
5.4.3.5 Groundwater Flow Direction...................................................................189
5.4.3.6 Permeability of Aquifer Material............................................................190
5.4.3.7 Hydraulic Conductivity...........................................................................190
5.4.3.8 Hydraulic Head........................................................................................190
5.4.3.9 Hydraulic Gradient..................................................................................191
5.4.3.10 Hydrogeologic Setting.............................................................................191
5.4.3.11 Land Topography.....................................................................................191
5.4.3.12 Proximity to Designated Use Aquifers. Recharge Areas, and
Wellhead Protection Areas......................................................................191
5.4.3.13 Vadose Zone Material.............................................................................191
5.4.3.14 Type of Aquifer.......................................................................................191
5.4.4 Planning and Design: Site Investigations ..............................................................192
5.4.4.1 Preliminary Investigation........................................................................192
5.4.4.2 Detailed Investigation..............................................................................193
5.4.4.3 Investigation Tools...................................................................................193
5.4.4.4 Logging Geologic Materials....................................................................193
5.4.4.5 Samples....................................................................................................194
5.4.4.6 Guide to Investigation..............................................................................194
5.5 Siting Animal Waste Management Systems.......................................................................195
5.5.1 Process and Principles............................................................................................195
5.5.1.1 Landscape Elements................................................................................195
5.5.1.2 Structures.................................................................................................195
5.5.1.3 Landform.................................................................................................196
5.5.1.4 Water........................................................................................................196
5.5.1.5 Vegetation................................................................................................196
5.5.1.6 Siting the System.....................................................................................196
5.5.1.7 Base Map.................................................................................................196
5.5.1.8 Site Analysis............................................................................................198
5.5.1.9 Concept Plan............................................................................................198
5.5.1.10 Site Plan...................................................................................................199
5.5.2 Design Options.......................................................................................................200
5.5.2.1 Water Quality..........................................................................................201
5.5.2.2 Odor Reduction.......................................................................................202
5.5.2.3 Temperature and Moisture Control.........................................................202
x Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
5.5.2.4 Aesthetic Quality.....................................................................................205
5.5.2.5 Landscape Character...............................................................................205
5.5.2.6 Visibility..................................................................................................206
5.5.2.7 Compatibility...........................................................................................206
5.5.2.8 Climatic Conditions.................................................................................207
5.5.2.9 Circulation...............................................................................................210
5.5.3 Checklist Approach to Siting Animal Waste Management System
Components............................................................................................................210
5.5.3.1 Checklist of Siting Factors......................................................................210
5.6 Summary.............................................................................................................................213
Chapter Review Questions.............................................................................................................214
Thought-Provoking Questions.......................................................................................................216
References......................................................................................................................................216
Chapter 6 Animal Waste Pollutants..........................................................................................219
6.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................219
6.2 Animal Waste Pollutants of Concern..................................................................................219
6.2.1 Nutrients.................................................................................................................220
6.2.1.1 Nitrogen...................................................................................................220
6.2.1.2 Phosphorus..............................................................................................221
6.2.2 Ammonia................................................................................................................222
6.2.3 Pathogens................................................................................................................223
6.2.4 Organic Matter........................................................................................................224
6.2.5 Salts and Trace Elements........................................................................................225
6.2.6 Antibiotics...............................................................................................................226
6.2.7 Pesticides and Hormones........................................................................................226
6.2.8 Other Pollutants of Concern...................................................................................227
6.3 Manure Pollutants: Surface Water Contamination.............................................................227
6.3.1 Surface Discharges.................................................................................................228
6.3.1.1 Runoff......................................................................................................228
6.3.1.2 Erosion.....................................................................................................228
6.3.1.3 Spills and Dry-Weather Discharges.........................................................228
6.3.1.4 Direct Contact between Confined Animals and Surface Water..............229
6.3.2 Other Discharges to Surface Water........................................................................229
6.3.2.1 Leaching to Groundwater........................................................................229
6.3.2.2 Discharge to Air and Subsequent Deposition..........................................230
6.3.3 Pollutant-Specific Transport...................................................................................230
6.3.3.1 Nitrogen Compounds...............................................................................230
6.3.3.2 Phosphorus Compounds..........................................................................232
6.3.3.3 Ammonia.................................................................................................232
6.3.3.4 Pathogens.................................................................................................233
6.3.3.5 Organic Matter........................................................................................234
6.3.3.6 Salts and Trace Elements.........................................................................235
6.3.3.7 Antibiotics...............................................................................................235
6.3.3.8 Hormones................................................................................................235
6.3.3.9 Other Pollutants.......................................................................................236
6.4 Potential Hazards from CAFO Pollutants...........................................................................236
6.4.1 Primary Nutrients...................................................................................................237
6.4.1.1 Ecology....................................................................................................237
6.4.1.2 Human Health.........................................................................................239
Contents xi
6.4.2 Ammonia................................................................................................................240
6.4.2.1 Ecology....................................................................................................240
6.4.2.2 Human Health.........................................................................................241
6.43 Pathogens................................................................................................................241
6.4.3.1 Ecology....................................................................................................241
6.4.3.2 Human Health.........................................................................................241
6.4.4 Organic Matter........................................................................................................245
6.4.4.1 Ecology....................................................................................................245
6.4.4.2 Human Health.........................................................................................245
6.4.5 Salts and Trace Elements........................................................................................246
6.4.5.1 Ecology....................................................................................................246
6.4.5.2 Human Health.........................................................................................246
6.4.6 Solids......................................................................................................................247
6.4.7 Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance....................................................................247
Case Study 6.1........................................................................................................248
6.4.8 Hormones and Endocrine Disruption.....................................................................251
6.4.9 Other Pollutants of Concern...................................................................................251
6.4.9.1 Gas Emissions.........................................................................................251
6.4.9.2 Particulates..............................................................................................252
6.4.9.3 Pesticides.................................................................................................252
6.5 Summary.............................................................................................................................252
Chapter Review Questions.............................................................................................................252
Thought-Provoking Questions.......................................................................................................254
References......................................................................................................................................254
Chapter 7 Animal Waste and Air Quality Problems................................................................261
7.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................261
7.2 Air Emissions from Feedlot Operations.............................................................................262
7.2.1 General Characteristics of Animal Feeding Operations........................................262
7.2.1.1 Confinement............................................................................................262
7.2.1.2 Manure Management System..................................................................263
7.2.1.3 Land Application.....................................................................................263
7.2.2 Substances Emitted.................................................................................................264
7.2.2.1 Ammonia.................................................................................................265
7.2.2.2 Nitrous Oxide..........................................................................................265
7.2.2.3 Methane...................................................................................................266
7.2.2.4 Carbon Dioxide.......................................................................................267
7.2.2.5 Volatile Organic Compounds..................................................................267
7.2.2.6 Hydrogen Sulfide and Other Reduced Sulfur Compounds.....................267
7.2.2.7 Paniculate Matter....................................................................................268
7.2.2.8 Odors.......................................................................................................269
7.2.3 Summary of Factors Affecting Emissions.............................................................270
7.3 Emissions from Land Application......................................................................................271
7.3.1 Short-Term Emissions.............................................................................................272
7.3.1.1 Paniculate Matter....................................................................................272
7.3.1.2 Nitrogen Compounds, Hydrogen Sulfide. and VOCs..............................272
7.3.1.3 Methane...................................................................................................272
7.3.2 Long-Term Emissions.............................................................................................272
7.3.2.1 Nitrogen Compounds...............................................................................272
7.3.2.2 Hydrogen Sulfide.....................................................................................273
7.3.2.3 Methane and VOCs.................................................................................273
xii Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
7.4 Emissions from Virtual Farms............................................................................................273
7.4.1 Development of Emission Factors from Literature Sources...................................274
7.4.1.1 Emission Data Review.............................................................................274
7.4.1.2 Emission Factor Development.................................................................275
7.4.2 Other Methods Used to Calculate Emissions.........................................................276
7.4.2.1 Ammonia.................................................................................................276
7.4.2.2 Nitrous Oxide (N,O)................................................................................281
7.4.2.3 Hydrogen Sulfide .....................................................................................282
7.4.2.4 Methane...................................................................................................283
7.4.2.5 Volatile Organic Compounds..................................................................288
7.4.3 Estimation of Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Volatile Solids in Manure.............................289
7.4.3.1 Daily Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Volatile Solids Excretion Rates..................289
7.4.3.2 Calculation of Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Volatile Solids Excreted
Annually..................................................................................................289
7.4.4 Emission Factors and Estimates from Virtual Farms............................................292
7.4.4.1 Beef Virtual Farms..................................................................................294
7.4.4.2 Veal Virtual Farms..................................................................................294
7.4.4.3 Dairy Virtual Farms................................................................................294
7.4.4.4 Swine Virtual Farms...............................................................................298
7.4.4.5 Poultry Virtual Farms.............................................................................299
7.4.5 Comparison of Emission Estimates to Manure Characteristics.............................300
7.5 Emission Control Methods..................................................................................................303
7.5.1 Paniculate Matter Emission Controls.....................................................................304
7.5.1.1 Water Application....................................................................................305
7.5.1.2 Oil Application........................................................................................306
7.5.1.3 Modification of Feed Handling and Delivery System.............................308
75.1.4 Filtration..................................................................................................308
75.1.5 Ionization.................................................................................................309
7.5.1.6 Wet Scrubbing.........................................................................................310
7.5.1.7 Covering of Manure Stockpiles...............................................................310
7.5.2 Gaseous Emissions Controls..................................................................................310
7.5.2.1 Confinement Facility Design and Operating Methods............................311
7.5.2.2 Acidification of Manure in Confinement Housing..................................311
7.5.2.3 Biofiltration of Confinement Housing Exhaust.......................................312
7.5.2.4 Gas Absorption of Confinement Housing Exhaust.................................313
7.5.2.5 Bioscrubbing of Confinement Housing Exhaust.....................................313
7.5.2.6 Ozonation of Confinement Housing Air..................................................314
7.5.2.7 Chemical Oxidation of Liquid Manure Storage......................................314
7.5.2.8 Manure Additives....................................................................................315
7.5.2.9 Covering of Liquid Manure Storage Tanks and Ponds...........................315
7.5.2.10 Covering of Anaerobic Lagoons with Biogas Collection and
Combustion..............................................................................................317
75.2.11 Anaerobic Digestion................................................................................317
7.5.2.12 Biocovers for Liquid Manure Storage and Anaerobic Lagoons..............318
7.5.2.13 Composting of Manure Solids.................................................................319
75.2.14 Diet Manipulation....................................................................................319
7.5.2.15 Carcass Disposal.....................................................................................320
7.5.3 Land Application....................................................................................................321
7.5.3.1 Participate Matter Emissions from Land Application.............................321
7.5.3.2 Gaseous Emissions from Land Application............................................321
Chapter Review Questions.............................................................................................................322
Contents xiii
Thought-Provoking Questions.......................................................................................................324
References......................................................................................................................................324
Chapters Beef Cattle Feeding Operations...............................................................................331
8.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................331
8.2 Size and Location of Industry.............................................................................................331
8.3 Beef Production Cycles.......................................................................................................333
8.3.1 Cow-Calf Operations.............................................................................................333
8.3.2 Background Operations..........................................................................................335
8.3.3 Finishing or Feedlot Operations.............................................................................335
8.4 Beef Confinement Practices................................................................................................336
8.5 Feeding Practices................................................................................................................336
8.6 Manure Management Practices...........................................................................................337
8.6.1 Manure Collection..................................................................................................337
8.6.2 Manure Storage. Stabilization. Disposal, and Separation......................................338
8.6.2.1 Storage.....................................................................................................338
8.6.2.2 Stabilization.............................................................................................338
8.6.2.3 Land Application.....................................................................................339
8.6.2.4 Separation................................................................................................339
8.7 Beef Virtual Farms.............................................................................................................339
8.7.1 Confinement............................................................................................................340
8.7.2 Solids Separation....................................................................................................340
8.7.3 Storage and Stabilization........................................................................................340
8.7.4 Land Application....................................................................................................341
Chapter Review Questions.............................................................................................................341
Thought-Provoking Questions.......................................................................................................341
References......................................................................................................................................341
Chapter 9 Dairy Operations......................................................................................................343
9.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................343
9.2 Size and Location of Industry.............................................................................................343
9.3 Production Cycles...............................................................................................................347
9.3.1 Mature Cows (Lactating and Dry Cows)................................................................347
9.3.2 Calves and Heifers..................................................................................................347
9.3.3 Veal Calves.............................................................................................................348
9.4 Confinement Practices........................................................................................................348
9.4.1 Mature Cows—Breeding Cycle..............................................................................348
9.4.2 Mature Cows—Milking Center..............................................................................349
9.4.3 Mature Cows—Lactating and Dry Herd................................................................349
9.4.4 Calves......................................................................................................................350
9.4.5 Heifers.....................................................................................................................350
9.4.6 Veal Calves.............................................................................................................350
9.5 Feeding Practices................................................................................................................350
9.6 Manure Management Practices...........................................................................................351
9.6.1 Dairy Manure Collection and Transport................................................................351
9.6.1.1 Drybts.....................................................................................................351
9.6.1.2 Freestall Barns and Milking Centers......................................................352
9.6.2 Manure Storage. Stabilization, and Separation......................................................353
9.6.2.1 Storage.....................................................................................................353
xiv Environmental Management oi Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
9.6.2.2 Stabilization.............................................................................................353
9.6.2.3 Solids Separation.....................................................................................354
9.7 Dairy And Veal Virtual Farms...........................................................................................354
9.7.1 Dair Virtual Model Farms....................................................................................354
9.7.1.1 Confinement............................................................................................354
9.7.1.2 Solids Separation.....................................................................................357
9.7.1.3 Storage and Stabilization.........................................................................357
9.7.1.4 Land Application.....................................................................................357
9.7.2 Veal Virtual Farms.................................................................................................357
9.7.2.1 Confinement............................................................................................358
9.7.2.2 Storage and Stabilization.........................................................................35S
9.7.2.3 Land Application.....................................................................................358
Chapter Review Questions.............................................................................................................359
Thought-Pro oking Questions.......................................................................................................359
References......................................................................................................................................359
Chapter 10 Swine Feeding Operations
10.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................361
10.2 Size and Location of Swine Industry...............................................................................362
10.3 Swine Production Cycles....................................................................................................365
10.4 Swine Continement Practices............................................................................................^67
10.5 Swine Manure Management Practices............................................................................36N
10.5.1 Collection Practices.............................................................................................368
10.5.2 Swine Manure Storage and Stabilization..........................................................369
10.5.2.1 Anaerobic Lagoons................................................................................369
10.5.2.2 Storage Facilities................................................................................370
10.5.2.3 Anaerobic Lagoon Design.................................................................... 371
10.5.2.4 Regional Differences in Manure Management Systems........................ 371
10.5.3 Swine Manure Land Application.............................................................................372
10.5.4 Swine Mortality.................................................................................................372
10.6 Swine Virtual Farms...........................................................................................................372
10.6.1 Confinement.............................................................................................................374
10.6.2 Storage and Stabilization........................................................................................374
10.6.3 Land Application.................-.............................................................................374
Chapter Review Questions............................................................................................................374
Thought-Provoking Questions.......................................................................................................375
References.....................................................................................................................................375
Chapter II Poultry Feeding Operations.....................................................................................Ml
11.I Introduction.....................................................................................................................^77
11.2 Broilers.............................................................................................................................^77
! 1.2.1 Size and Location of the Broifer Industry........................................................... 37K
i 1.2.2 Broiler Production Cycles....................................................................................3X0
11.2,3 Broiler Confinement............................................................................................381
11.2.4 Broiler Manure Management..............................-..............................................381
11.2.4.1 Brorler Manure Collection....................................................................382
11.2.4.2 Broiler Manure Storage.........................................................................3X2
11.2.5 Mortalitv Management..............................................................................................W
Contents xv
11.3 Laying Hens........................................................................................................................383
11.3.1 Size and Location of the Table Egg Industry.........................................................383
11.3.2 Layer Production Cycles.........................................................................................385
11.3.3 Layer Confinement Practices..................................................................................387
11.3.4 Layer Manure Management....................................................................................387
11.3.5 Mortality Management...........................................................................................388
11.4 Turkeys................................................................................................................................389
11.4.1 Size and Location of Turkey Industry....................................................................389
11.4.2 Turkey Production Cycle........................................................................................389
11.4.3 Turkey Confinement Practices................................................................................392
11.4.4 Turkey Manure Managemenl..................................................................................392
11.4.5 Mortality Management...........................................................................................393
11.5 Poultry Virtual Model Farms..............................................................................................393
11.5.1 Confinement............................................................................................................393
11.5.2 Storage and Stabilization........................................................................................393
11.5.3 Land Application....................................................................................................394
Chapter Review Questions.............................................................................................................395
Thought-Provoking Questions.......................................................................................................395
References......................................................................................................................................395
Chapter 12 CAFO Component Design.......................................................................................397
12.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................397
12.2 Production...........................................................................................................................397
12.2.1 Roof Runoff Management......................................................................................397
12.2.2 Runoff Control........................................................................................................399
12.3 Collection............................................................................................................................400
12.3.1 Alleys......................................................................................................................400
12.3.1.1 Scrape Alleys and Open Areas................................................................400
12.3.1.2 Flush Alley..............................................................................................401
12.3.2 Gutters....................................................................................................................404
12.3.2.1 Gravity Drain Gutters............................................................................ ,404
12.3.2.2 Step-Dam Guiters....................................................................................404
12.3.2.3 Scrape Gutters.........................................................................................404
12.3.2.4 Flush Cutlers...........................................................................................406
12.3.3 Slatted Floors..........................................................................................................406
12.4 Storage..................................................................................................................................407
12.4.1 Waste Storage Facilities for Solids.........................................................................407
12.4.1.1 Design Considerations.............................................................................407
12.4.2 Liquid and Slurry Waste Storage............................................................................409
12.4.2.1 Design Considerations.............................................................................413
12 4.2.2 Design of Sidewalls and Floors...............................................................414
12.5 Treatment............................................................................................................................414
12.51 Anaerobic Lagoons.................................................................................................414
12.5.1.1 Design.......................................................................................................414
12.5.1.2 Managemenl..........................................................................................419
12.5.2 Aerobic Lagoons.....................................................................................................420
12.5.3 Mechanically Aerated Lagoons............................................................................420
1 2.5.3.1 Lagoon Loading.....................................................................................422
12.5.3.2 Aerator Design...........................................................................................422
12.5.4 Oxidation Ditch.........................................................................................................424
xvi Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
12.5.5 Drying/Dewatering.................................................................................................425
12.5.6 Composting.............................................................................................................425
12.5.6.1 Composting Methods..............................................................................425
12.5.6.2 Method Selection.....................................................................................428
12.5.6.3 Siting and Area Considerations...............................................................429
12.5.6.4 Compost Utilization................................................................................430
12.5.6.5 Compost Mix Design...............................................................................430
12.5.6.6 Composting Operational Considerations................................................436
12.5.6.7 Compost Process Steps............................................................................438
12.5.6.8 Dead Animal Composting.......................................................................438
12.5.7 Mechanical Separation...........................................................................................444
12.5.8 Settling Basins........................................................................................................447
12.5.9 Dilution...................................................................................................................447
12.5.10 Vegetative Filters....................................................................................................447
12.6 Transfer...............................................................................................................................448
12.6.1 Reception Pits.........................................................................................................448
12.6.2 Gravity Flow Pipes.................................................................................................449
12.6.3 Push-off Ramps......................................................................................................449
12.6.4 Picket Dams............................................................................................................451
12.6.5 Pumps.....................................................................................................................452
12.7 Utilization...........................................................................................................................452
12.7.J Nutrient Management.............................................................................................452
12.7.2 Land Application Equipment..................................................................................453
12.7.3 Land Application of Municipal Sludge (Biosolids)................................................453
12.7.4 Biogas Production...................................................................................................453
12.7.4.1 Design Procedure....................................................................................455
12.7.4.2 Other Considerations...............................................................................458
12.8 Ancillary Components........................................................................................................459
12.8.1 Fences.....................................................................................................................459
12.8.2 Dead Animal Disposition.......................................................................................459
12.9 Safety...................................................................................................................................460
12.9.1 Confined Spaces.....................................................................................................461
12.9.2 Aboveground Tanks................................................................................................461
12.9.3 Lagoons. Ponds, and Liquid Storage Structures.....................................................461
12.9.4 Equipment...............................................................................................................462
12.10 Summary.............................................................................................................................462
Chapter Review Questions.............................................................................................................462
Thought-Provoking Questions.......................................................................................................464
References/Recommended Reading..............................................................................................464
Index..............................................................................................................................................469
|
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| author | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- Whiting, Nancy E. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1110974892 |
| author_facet | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- Whiting, Nancy E. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- |
| author_variant | f r s fr frs n e w ne new |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035836096 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TD195 |
| callnumber-raw | TD195.A34 |
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| dewey-search | 363.72/88 |
| dewey-sort | 3363.72 288 |
| dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations |
| discipline | Agrarwissenschaft Soziologie Umwelt |
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| spelling | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)1110974892 aut Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) Frank R. Spellman ; Nancy E. Whiting Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2007 XVII, 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 26cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Animal Manures cabt Waste Disposal cabt Environmental Pollution cabt Umwelt Agricultural pollution United States Livestock factories Environmental aspects United States Manure handling Livestock Housing Waste disposal Agricultural laws and legislation United States Tierproduktion (DE-588)4117223-1 gnd rswk-swf Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd rswk-swf Massentierhaltung (DE-588)4133429-2 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content Tierproduktion (DE-588)4117223-1 s Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 s DE-604 Massentierhaltung (DE-588)4133429-2 s Whiting, Nancy E. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018694515&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- Whiting, Nancy E. Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) Animal Manures cabt Waste Disposal cabt Environmental Pollution cabt Umwelt Agricultural pollution United States Livestock factories Environmental aspects United States Manure handling Livestock Housing Waste disposal Agricultural laws and legislation United States Tierproduktion (DE-588)4117223-1 gnd Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd Massentierhaltung (DE-588)4133429-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117223-1 (DE-588)4061619-8 (DE-588)4133429-2 (DE-588)4006432-3 |
| title | Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) |
| title_auth | Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) |
| title_exact_search | Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) |
| title_full | Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) Frank R. Spellman ; Nancy E. Whiting |
| title_fullStr | Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) Frank R. Spellman ; Nancy E. Whiting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) Frank R. Spellman ; Nancy E. Whiting |
| title_short | Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) |
| title_sort | environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations cafos |
| topic | Animal Manures cabt Waste Disposal cabt Environmental Pollution cabt Umwelt Agricultural pollution United States Livestock factories Environmental aspects United States Manure handling Livestock Housing Waste disposal Agricultural laws and legislation United States Tierproduktion (DE-588)4117223-1 gnd Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd Massentierhaltung (DE-588)4133429-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Animal Manures Waste Disposal Environmental Pollution Umwelt Agricultural pollution United States Livestock factories Environmental aspects United States Manure handling Livestock Housing Waste disposal Agricultural laws and legislation United States Tierproduktion Umweltbelastung Massentierhaltung USA Bibliografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018694515&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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