Single: żyjąc w pojedynkę
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Poznań
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza
2008
|
| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Series: | Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza <Poznań> / Seria Socjologia
55 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Singles |
| Physical Description: | 407, [1] s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788323218890 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza <Poznań> / Seria Socjologia |v 55 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Singles | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. s. 392-404 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wprowadzenie
.............................................................................................................................. 7
Część Pierwsza
PROBLEMATYKA BADAWCZA ZWIĄZANA Z ŻYCIEM W POJEDYNKĘ
Rozdział
1.
Życie w pojedynkę jako nierodzinny styl życia
................................................ 15
1.1.
Singiel
-
osoba pojedyncza
.................................................................................................... 19
1.2.
Podstawowe subkategorie wyróżniane wśród singli
........................................................ 25
1.3.
Cechy stylu życia osoby żyjącej w pojedynkę
.................................................................... 38
Rozdział
2.
Krótka historia życia w pojedynkę
......................................................................... 45
2.1.
Single w społeczeństwach przedprzemysłowych
.............................................................. 45
2.2.
Single w społeczeństwach industrialnych
........................................................................... 51
2.3.
Single w
XX
wieku
................................................................................................................. 57
2.4.
Pozostawanie singlem w cyklu życia człowieka
................................................................ 65
Rozdział
3.
Wybrane aspekty związane z życiem w pojedynkę
............................................. 69
3.1.
Staros ć
w życiu singli
............................................................................................................. 70
3.2.
Młodzi single
........................................................................................................................... 72
3.3.
Samotne kobiety
..................................................................................................................... 79
3.4.
Materialne podstawy
egzystenqi,
konsumpcja i czas wolny w życiu singli
.................. 84
3.5.
Problem osamotnienia i izolacji w życiu singli
................................................................... 87
Rozdział
4.
Uwarunkowania zjawiska życia w pojedynkę
..................................................... 93
4.1.
Społeczne uwarunkowania życia w pojedynkę
.................................................................. 93
4.1.1.
Warunki ekonomiczne, instytucjonalne i grupowe
................................................ 94
4.1.2.
Społeczeństwo poprzemysłowe
................................................................................. 102
4.1.3.
Indywidualizm
............................................................................................................ 106
4.1.4.
Prywatność i osamotnienie
......................................................................................... 118
4.2.
Rodzinne uwarunkowania życia w pojedynkę
.................................................................. 124
4.2.1.
Wymiar wspólnotowy i instytucjonalny rodziny
.................................................... 125
4.2.2.
Pomiędzy autonomią a pełnym uczestnictwem w życiu rodziny
......................... 137
4.2.3.
Cechy współczesnej rodziny a tendencja do wybierania stylu osoby żyjącej
w pojedynkę
................................................................................................................ 146
4.3.
Demograficzne uwarunkowania zjawiska życia w pojedynkę
........................................ 163
4.3.1.
Zmiana społeczna wywołana przez drugie przejście demograficzne
.................. 163
4.3.2.
Cechy społeczno-demograficzne osób niezamężnych i nieżonatych oraz pro¬
wadzących jednoosobowe gospodarstwo
............................................................... 167
4.3.3.
Jednoosobowe gospodarstwa domowe w wybranych państwach na świecie
.... 184
Część Druga
życie w pojedynkę
-
przypadek polskiego społeczeństwa
Rozdział
5.
Założenia badawcze i charakterystyka demograficzno-społeczna osób obję¬
tych badaniami
........................................................................................................... 191
5.1.
Przyjęte w badaniach założenia metodologiczne, charakterystyka doboru próby i śro¬
dowiska badań
........................................................................................................................ 191
5.2.
Podstawowe cechy demograficzne i społeczne osób objętych badaniami
...................... 195
5.3.
Profil społeczno-demograficzny singli żyjących w jednoosobowych gospodarstwach
domowych
.............................................................................................................................. 215
Rozdział
6.
Materialne podstawy egzystencji osób żyjących w pojedynkę
.......................... 219
6.1.
Sytuacja materialna i bytowa osób żyjących w pojedynkę
............................................... 219
6.2.
Prowadzenie gospodarstwa domowego
............................................................................. 226
6.3.
Sytuacja finansowa gospodarstwa domowego w opinii osób żyjących w pojedynkę
.. 236
6.4.
Znaczenie pracy zawodowej w życiu singli
........................................................................ 242
Rozdział
7.
Ceniona sfera życia
-
czas wolny
........................................................................... 252
7.1.
Czas wolny w dni robocze i nierobocze
.............................................................................. 256
7.2.
Sposób spędzania świąt i długiego czasu wolnego
........................................................... 269
Rozdział
8.
Najważniejsze dla singli relacje społeczne
............................................................ 277
8.1.
Rodzice
.................................................................................................................................... 283
8.1.1.
Akceptaqa
rodziców dla stylu życia realizowanego przez singli
.......................... 284
8.1.2.
Pomoc udzielana przez rodziców
.............................................................................. 291
8.1.3.
Kapitał rodzinny
.......................................................................................................... 297
8.2.
Przyjaciele
................................................................................................................................ 305
Rozdział
9.
Strategie zapewniające singlom poczucie bezpieczeństwa
................................. 319
9.1.
Częstotliwość utrzymywanych kontaktów społecznych
.................................................. 321
9.2.
Więzi emocjonalne
................................................................................................................. 331
9.3.
Kształtowanie się opinii i poglądów
.................................................................................... 336
9.4.
Udzielanie i uzyskiwanie pomocy
....................................................................................... 339
Rozdział
10.
Przyczyny i skutki życia w pojedynkę
................................................................ 349
10.1.
Przyczyny realizowania stylu żyda singla
....................................................................... 351
10.2.
Ocena jakości realizowanego stylu życia
.......................................................................... 356
10.3.
Single i małżeństwo
............................................................................................................. 373
10.4.
Intymne związki
................................................................................................................... 382
10.5.
Czy życie w pojedynkę to objaw egoizmu?
...................................................................... 384
Zakończenie
.................................................................................................................................. 387
Bibliografia
.................................................................................................................................... 392
Singles.
Going it alone (Summary)
........................................................................................... 405
Singles.
Going it alone
Summary
Since the middle of the 20th century the number of persons who choose to stay single
has been growing. This brings concerns that in the nearest future European societies will
become countries of lonely people . There are three kinds of phenomena which cause
this situation. First, they concern modernization of societies, which is connected with the
increasing process of individualization as well as with the development of civilization,
which created the possibility of running one s household independently as well as
earning maintenance by both sexes. Other causes of the growth of the number of people
living alone have also been transformations of a demographic character, especially those
resulting from the second demographic transition. And finally, the reason due to which
people more and more often lead a self-dependent and lonely lifestyle are changes in the
family life, including the place which this social group occupies in the life of individuals.
Small social structures ceased to be a peculiar kind of microcosm of social life for
a human. Participation in them did not exhaust all the social relations in which an
individual was involved. Moreover, liberation from the obligatory belonging to such
groups as family, local community or a circle of neighbors with the simultaneous growth
of importance of groups of friends, colleagues, as well as of formal and purposeful one
made it that families being a natural social potential for man did not determine the
character of careers in the life of man.
The life situation of people living alone was determined by two fundamental
factors: the economic one and the one concerning housing independence from the
constant and formal marital and family obligations. Someone who is single is a person
who independently, autonomously and alone (by themselves) realizes the goals which
he or she sets for himself/herself, and does not depend in his/her everyday life
on informal social structures. He/she is a person who faces the society not as a
representative of a social group to which he/she belongs, but as an individual equipped
by the group with competences and abilities which help in cooperation with other
people.
Liberation of individuals from the arbitrary authority of groups, which so far had
been recognized as a natural arena of man s activities, brought a number of positive
consequences within which can be included the appearance of control of one s own life.
The successes achieved and the mistakes made have become a function of the activities
405
which he/she undertakes by himself/herself. As a value of this that man did not have
permanent obligations towards various kinds of communities should also be considered
the possibility of maintaining social contacts without taking into account the interests of
the third persons. Also disposing of one s free time, financial resources as well as
material goods possessed have occurred without taking into consideration the needs of
other people.
This also brought negative consequences. Here can be included the appearance of
the lack of security due to the fact that it occurred through social exchange between an
individual and persons present in his/her social environment and did not result from
their participation in the communities. Safeguards against social risks were also offered
by social institutions, however, their activities are set to only certain categories of clients
and some social situations. They are also of a fragmentary and not holistic character, that
is why taking advantage of their offer is not too frequent. Social ties maintained by
singles do not have the features of durability due to the fact that they have no support of
institutional and social framework. Social relations are not given to them, and their
appearance and duration are based on a peculiar contract connected with the exchange
of some definite goods. That is why despite the feeling of autonomy and independence,
which those living alone possess, their careers become unstable. Not based on stable
social structures, they are submitted to periodical conditions.
A single person is such who remains beyond the structures of community groups
which results from the attractiveness of such a lifestyle. The thing that is conducive to
the choice of such a lifestyle is the possibility of free disposal of the three kinds of goods:
time, money and material goods as well as social relations and connections. The
possibility of using them in an unimpeded manner can be considered to be its main
reason that especially young people do not make decisions to enter into marriage and
form one s own family and procreate in spite of leaving their own home. A single person
is also such one who faces the necessity of leading such a lifestyle. It is connected with
two kinds of situations. First, it concerns these specific circumstances when a person is
let down by those near and dear to him/her and facing the necessity of being single.
Apart from this, also pressure appears to choose self-dependence in one s life caused by
the perception that it is not possible to reconcile the family and marital life with
realization of other goals which are important to some people. Most often, it is connected
with making one s own professional career for which having a spouse and children may
be an obstacle.
There are two parallel problems which appear and which the independent single
persons have to cope with, both resulting from the features of the social situation in
which they have found themselves. The first one concerns coping with running a
household on one s own, managing one s own free time as well as ensuring the basic
security for oneself from the main risks in life. The problem of isolation and aloneness is
inseparably connected with this issue. Strategies which can be applied by persons living
on their own, in order not to create around oneself of a social emptiness may consist
either in using the public sphere, reaching for the existing resources of their social
capital, or constructing and developing new social relations.
The next problem with which persons living independently must cope is having the
status of being unmarried. Staying single in the environment of people the majority of
406
whom have a spouse brings a question why man and women choose to be independent
in their life. The answer has to reach both for the changes in family life which perhaps is
not as attractive for modern people as being single as well as the character of social life
in which respected values are these which are connected with personal achievements of
particular persons.
People living on their own, who do not commit to permanent obligations resulting
from their position in the group and performing roles connected with them, are not
lonely. The strategy they assume, concerning creation of this social environment, is
connected with the use of two kinds of social ties. These are those which connect adults
living singly with the families of their origin as well as with friends and, although the
intensity and significance of these relations is much weaker, with coworkers. The
attitude towards making strong bilateral relations with these two categories of persons
makes it that persons who now realize this style of life may be called communal singles
in distinction from the singles who lived several decades ago about who it was said that
they were individualized. Good relations which people living alone maintain with their
parents, resulting from the fact that the latter accept the choice of career in their life
which their children have made. This concerns most of all persons who left their family
homes relatively recently. The influence of parents on the decision concerning the choice
of being independent in life, instead of functioning in communities also refers to
showing the children in the process of upbringing in the family of an alternative relation
to having one s own family, procreation, goals. The influence of parents on choice made
by singles is also connected with this that they perform for their children the role of a
peculiar insurance policy. Their support takes place mainly in critical situations in the
life of people who are independent in their life. Another task which they perform is
ensuring to singles of the support consisting in material assistance and care. A mother or
a father are also persons who make it possible to overcome some emotions when they
appear, e.g. such as feeling of void, desolation and loneliness.
However, the strongest affiliations are directed to the groups, circles and networks
of friendly relations. It is also towards these that expectations concerning support and
assistance are directed in spite of the fact that such a help is usually given by relatives.
Friends, just like parents, are persons with who one spends free time. Meetings with
friends are usually a pleasure and not of a utilitarian character, first of all because they
are a chosen way of spending free time, and not an imposed one as far as its form is
concerned.
Singles are not persons who resign from staying with people whom we can define
as their close friends. The character of these relations depends mostly on whether single
people have any marital plans concerning their boyfriends or girlfriends. In cases when
they have a status of a boyfriend or a girlfriend their relations resemble those which are
between and among close relatives. A boyfriend or a girlfriend can also be such a person
with whom one spends one s free time as it is in case of friends. The character of this
kind of relation is connected with entertainment but at the same time it can be intimate.
In this connection single persons do not expect assistance and support from such
a person as they expect them from other relations.
Single people do not reject plans of possible marriage, which concerns in particular
those people for whom it would be a first marriage in their life. Appreciating this
407
institution,
they wish to use the time in which they are independent to achieve other
goals which are important for them. First, singles want to be sure that their professional
career will develop with no obstacles, and which follows, that they will be able to
maintain a proper standard of living. Second, living alone is to offer them enough time
to find a partner of possessing features which would be optimal for them.
Appreciating in particular such values as autonomy, independence, freedom from
obligations towards other people, singles who live by themselves and run their own
households also have a feeling that their situation is far from perfect. The feeling of
satisfaction from the fact that they can decide how to live by themselves is at the same
time accompanied by yearning to have a possibility of being with another person on
daily basis. Such an ambivalence of attitudes is an indicator of that that in the nearer or
more distant future those who are single will make attempts at changing their present
lifestyle.
Looking into the manner in which single persons live in towns and cities, attention
is drawn most of all to that the extent of urbanization of the place where they live did
not significantly influence the character of the features of the status which they
possessed. Spending free time, organization of activities at home, basic problems which
single people solve when they live in cities of several hundred thousand inhabitants are
similar to those which people living in towns of a dozen or so thousand inhabitants
have. Thus it is not so that an extensive service infrastructure, bigger labor market as
well as greater openness and tolerance of untypical behaviors of people bring an effect
consisting in endeavoring to extend one s personal autonomy, expressed in the
realization of non-family lifestyles.
In spite of the fact that people living alone differ with respect to basic status
features, it is easier to determine the similarities of their life situation than the main
differences which might lead to the distinction of types of independence in life.
One could rather indicate conditions of their behaviors connected with spending
free time, the strength of a tie connecting them with the families from which they come
or an attitude towards realization on the plane of professional activities resulting from
such features as age, sex or education. This which mostly becomes a determinant of their
life situation is treating the lifestyle, which they realize as a possibility of self-expression,
connected with the satisfaction of goals which they have set in their life. Staying single
means neither that their situation is a sign of the failure in their life. This style of life is
more and more often a separate phase in the cycle of development of man being an
interlude between two communal periods.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Żurek, Aldona |
| author_facet | Żurek, Aldona |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Żurek, Aldona |
| author_variant | a ż aż |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035825255 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 392-404 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)297549929 (DE-599)BVBBV035825255 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV035825255 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:05:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323218890 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018683915 |
| oclc_num | 297549929 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 407, [1] s. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza <Poznań> / Seria Socjologia |
| spelling | Żurek, Aldona Verfasser aut Single żyjąc w pojedynkę Aldona Żurek Wyd. 1. Poznań Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza 2008 407, [1] s. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza <Poznań> / Seria Socjologia 55 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Singles Bibliogr. s. 392-404 Samotni jhpk Samotność / aspekt psychologiczny jhpk Samotność / aspekt społeczny / Polska / 1990- jhpk Samotność - aspekt psychologiczny jhpk Samotność - aspekt społeczny - Polska - 1990- jhpk Alleinstehender (DE-588)4001240-2 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Alleinstehender (DE-588)4001240-2 s DE-604 Seria Socjologia Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza <Poznań> 55 (DE-604)BV000017030 55 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018683915&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018683915&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Żurek, Aldona Single żyjąc w pojedynkę Bibliogr. s. 392-404 Samotni jhpk Samotność / aspekt psychologiczny jhpk Samotność / aspekt społeczny / Polska / 1990- jhpk Samotność - aspekt psychologiczny jhpk Samotność - aspekt społeczny - Polska - 1990- jhpk Alleinstehender (DE-588)4001240-2 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4001240-2 (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Single żyjąc w pojedynkę |
| title_auth | Single żyjąc w pojedynkę |
| title_exact_search | Single żyjąc w pojedynkę |
| title_full | Single żyjąc w pojedynkę Aldona Żurek |
| title_fullStr | Single żyjąc w pojedynkę Aldona Żurek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Single żyjąc w pojedynkę Aldona Żurek |
| title_short | Single |
| title_sort | single zyjac w pojedynke |
| title_sub | żyjąc w pojedynkę |
| topic | Samotni jhpk Samotność / aspekt psychologiczny jhpk Samotność / aspekt społeczny / Polska / 1990- jhpk Samotność - aspekt psychologiczny jhpk Samotność - aspekt społeczny - Polska - 1990- jhpk Alleinstehender (DE-588)4001240-2 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Samotni Samotność / aspekt psychologiczny Samotność / aspekt społeczny / Polska / 1990- Samotność - aspekt psychologiczny Samotność - aspekt społeczny - Polska - 1990- Alleinstehender Gesellschaft Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018683915&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018683915&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000017030 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zurekaldona singlezyjacwpojedynke |