Environmental calculations: a multimedia approach
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2009
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 703 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780470139851 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kunz, Robert G. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)136725880 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental calculations |b a multimedia approach |c Robert G. Kunz |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 703 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Sanitary engineering / Equipment and supplies / Problems, exercises, etc | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Pollution control equipment / Problems, exercises, etc | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Environmental sciences / Mathematics | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Engineering mathematics / Formulae | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mathematik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Engineering mathematics |v Formulae | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental sciences |x Mathematics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution control equipment |v Problems, exercises, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sanitary engineering |x Equipment and supplies |v Problems, exercises, etc | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Technische Mathematik |0 (DE-588)4827059-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxiii
1.
Introduction
1
1.1
Who, What, Why, and How of This Book
1
1.2
Potential Users
2
.3
Arrangement
2
.4
Truths and Myths About Environmental Control
3
.5
Adequate Preparation Is the Key
4
.6
A List of Do s
4
.7
And At Least One Don t
5
.8
Author s Supplemental Disclaimer
5
References
5
2.
Basic Concepts
2.1
Basic Chemistry
6
2.1.1
The Atom
6
2.1.2
The Periodic Table
7
2.1.3
Valence and Balanced Chemical Equations
9
2.1.4
Summary of Basic Chemistry
13
2.2
The Ideal Gas
13
2.2.1
Dalton sLaw
15
2.2.2
Amagat s Law
16
2.2.3
Example Problems for the Ideal Gas Law
16
2.3
Concentrations and Mass Flow Rates
19
2.3.1
Concentrations in Mass Per Unit Volume
19
2.3.2
Emission Factors in Mass Per Unit of Fuel Firing Rate
21
2.3.3
Higher and Lower Heating Values
22
2.3.4
Mass Flow Rates
24
2.4
Vapor Pressure
25
2.4.1
What It Is
25
2.4.2
How to Calculate
26
2.5
Henry s Law
31
2.5.1
Gases
31
vii
viii Contents
2.5.2
Volatile
Liquids
33
2.5.3
Ionizing Materials: Ionic Equilibrium
34
2.5.4
Henry s Law Constants for Ionizing Species
36
2.6
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
41
2.6.1
Raoult s Law
41
2.6.2
Systems Where Raoult s Law Does Not Apply
46
2.6.3
Azeotropic Systems
49
2.6.4
Activity Coefficients Versus Mole Fraction Plots
52
2.6.5
Henry s Law Constants from Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
Activity Coefficients
52
2.6.6
Rigorous Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for the Air-Water
System
58
2.7
Energy Balances and Heat Transfer
60
2.7.1
Addition or Subtraction of Energy with No Change of Phase
60
2.7.2
Latent Heat
61
2.7.3
Heat Transfer
62
2.8
A Smattering of Statistics
72
2.8.1
Characterizations of the Center of a Distribution
73
2.8.2
Characterization of the Spread of a Distribution
74
2.8.3
The Rolling Average
76
2.8.4
Probability Density Functions: The Normal Distribution
77
2.8.5
Test for a Normal Distribution
78
2.8.6
The Log-Normal Distribution
80
2.8.7
Other Statistical Applications
81
References
81
3.
Air Combustion
83
3.1
Introduction
83
3.2
Combustion
83
3.2.1
Combustion Inputs and Outputs
84
3.3
Fuel
84
3.3.1
Fuel Heating Values
85
3.4
Air
87
3.5
Water
91
3.5.1
Estimation of Combustion Air Moisture
91
3.6
Combustion Calculations from Basic Principles
98
3.6.1
Pure O2: Stoichiometric Case
98
3.6.2
Pure O2: Excess O2 Case
99
3.6.3
Case Using Pure O2 to Obtain a Specified O2 Concentration
in the Flue Gas
100
3.6.4
Stoichiometric Case Using Dry Air
101
3.6.5
Percent Excess Air Case Using Dry Air
101
3.6.6
The Case of a Specific Excess O2 Concentration in the Flue Gas
Using Dry Atmospheric Air
103
3.6.7
Stoichiometric Case Using Moist Air
104
3.6.8
Excess Air Case Using Moist Air
104
3.6.9
The Case of a Specific Excess O2 in the Rue Gas
105
Contents ix
3.7
Rue
Gas 107
3.8
Combustion
Calculations Based on EPA Method
19
F
Factors
110
3.9
Combustion Problems: Major Species in the Flue Gas
115
3.9.1
Relationship Between Percent Excess Air and Percent O2 in the
Flue Gas
131
3.10
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
131
3.11
Estimation of Pollutant Emissions
137
3.12
The Stack Test
166
3.12.1
Test Methods and Calculations
168
3.12.2
Air Infiltration
180
3.13
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems
182
3.14
Miscellaneous Sources of Air Emissions
186
3.14.1
Fugitive Emissions
186
3.14.2
Cooling Towers
190
3.14.3
Other Sources of Fugitive Emissions
191
3.14.4
Organic Liquid Storage Tanks
192
3.14.5
Emergency Diesel Generator and Fuel Oil Tank
192
3.14.6
Organic Chemical Vent Stream
195
3.14.7
Monoethanolamine
(MEA)
Emissions
195
References
202
4.
Air Control Devices
207
4.1
Overview
207
4.2
Flares
207
4.2.1
Flare Operation
208
4.2.2
Flare Emissions
208
4.3
Selective Catalytic Reduction
211
4.3.1
SCR Equations
211
4.3.2
SCR Operation
212
4.4
Selective Noncatalytic Reduction
214
4.4.1
SNCR Design and Operation
215
4.4.2
SNCR Performance
215
4.4.3
SNCR plus SCR
217
4.5
Flue Gas
Recirculation
218
4.5.1
FGR Performance
219
4.5.2
FGR Data Analysis
219
4.6
Water/Steam Injection into Combustion Gas Turbine
223
4.6.1
Emissions and Abatement
223
4.6.2
Permitting
224
4.7
Low-Temperature Oxidation (Ozone Reaction/Scrubbing)
226
4.7.1
Background
226
4.7.2
Process Description
227
4.7.3
Chemical Reactions
228
4.7.4
Ozone to NO* Ratio
229
4.7.5
Possible Problem Areas
229
4.7.6
Demonstration on Natural-Gas Fired Boiler
229
4.8
Paniculate Removal
232
X
Contents
4.9
Rue Gas Scrubbing
237
4.10
Atmospheric Dispersion
238
4.10.1
Atmospheric Conditions
—
Stability
239
4.10.2
Atmospheric Conditions
—
Wind Speed and Air
Temperature
239
4.10.3
Characteristics of the Emission
239
4.10.4
Good Engineering Practice (GEP) Stack Height
240
4.10.5
Dispersion Modeling Calculations
241
4.10.6
Stack Draft
246
References
247
5.
Water/Wastewater Composition
252
5.1
Introduction
252
5.2
Concentrations Expressed as mg/L as CaCO3
252
5.2.1
Balancing a Typical Water Analysis
253
5.2.2
Calculation of Conductivity
257
5.3
Dissolved Oxygen
257
5.4
Nonspecific Indicators of Water Pollution
259
5.4.1
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
259
5.4.2
Chemical Oxygen Demand
260
5.4.3
Permanganate Oxygen Demand Test
260
5.4.4
Total Organic Carbon
261
5.5
BOD, COD, and
TOC in
Industrial Wastewater
262
5.6
Domestic Wastewater (Also known as Sewage)
268
5.6.1
Septic Tanks
268
5.7
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in a Receiving Stream
269
5.8
Alkalinity
271
5.8.1
Indicators Used in Alkalinity Titrations
272
5.8.2
Alkalinity of Natural Waters
272
5.9
The Nitrogen Cycle
273
5.9.1
Kinetic Analysis of Organic Nitrogen Decomposition
274
5.9.2
Ammonia-Nitrogen
275
5.9.3
Ammonia Ionization
276
5.10
Chlorination/Dechlorination
277
5.10.1
Chlorine in Solution
278
5.10.2
Oxidizing Power of Chlorine-Containing Chemicals
280
5.10.3
Breakpoint Chlorination
281
5.10.4
Dechlorination
283
5.10.5
The Sulfurous Acid System
285
5.11
Petroleum Oil
288
5.12
Cooling Water Operations
291
5.13
Boiler Operations
291
5.13.1
Dissolved Solids Removal from Boiler Feedwater
292
5.13.2
Deaeration
292
5.13.3
Boiler Blowdown
293
5.13.4
Addition of Treatment Chemicals
293
5.13.5
Boiler Wastewater Composition
294
References
300
Contents xi
6. Water/Wastewater
Hydraulics
303
6.1
Measurement of Effluent Flow
303
6.1.1
The Weir
303
6.1.2
Flumes
308
6.2
Flow in Rivers and Streams
313
6.2.1
PitotTube
314
6.2.2
Current Meter
314
6.2.3
Tracer Techniques
315
6.2.4
Calculation of Open-Channel Flow
318
6.3
Meeting Water Quality Limits
322
6.3.1
Low-Flow Conditions
322
6.3.2
Discharge Under No-Flow or Low-Flow Conditions
324
6.4
Groundwater Flow
324
6.5
Storm Water Calculations
326
6.5.1
The Rational Method
326
6.5.2
Coefficient
327
6.5.3
Intensity
328
6.5.4
Criteria for Storm Water Design
328
6.5.5
Time of Concentration
329
6.6
Back to the Manning Equation
331
6.6.1
Rectangular Channels
331
6.6.2
Circular Channels/Pipe
332
References
337
7.
Water/Wastewater Draining of Tanks
339
7.1
Introduction
339
7.2
Time to Drain Tanks
340
7.2.1
Vertical Tank of Constant Cross Section
340
7.2.2
(Vertical) Cone-Shaped Tank
343
7.2.3
Spherical Tank
345
7.2.4
Spheroidal or Ellipsoidal Tank
348
7.2.5
Vertical Cylindrical Tank with Cone Bottom
349
7.2.6
Vertical Cylindrical Tank with Hemispherical Bottom
350
7.2.7
Vertical Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal Bottom
351
7.2.8
Vertical Cylindrical Tank with Dished Bottom
352
7.2.9
Vertical Tank of Elliptical Cross Section with Ellipsoidal
Bottom
354
7.2.10
Horizontal Cylindrical Tank with Flat Ends
354
7.2.11
Horizontal Cylindrical Tank with Hemispherical Ends
357
7.2.12
Horizontal Cylindrical Tank with Elliptical Ends
359
7.2.13
Horizontal Cylindrical Tank with Dished Ends
361
7.2.14
Horizontal Tank with Elliptical Cross Section
and Flat Ends
364
7.2.15
Horizontal Tank of Elliptical Cross Section
with Elliptical Ends
366
7.3
Trajectory of the Jet from a Leaking Tank
367
References
374
xii Contents
8. Solid Waste___________________________________________________________
8.1
Introduction
375
8.2
Selected Waste Designations/Definitions
376
8.2.1
Coal Wastes
376
8.2.2
Construction/Demolition Waste/Debris
376
8.2.3
Garbage
377
8.2.4
Hazardous Waste
377
8.2.5
Hazardous Household Waste
378
8.2.6
Industrial (Solid) Waste
379
8.2.7
Infectious/Medical Waste
379
8.2.8
Liquid Waste
380
8.2.9
Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW)
380
8.2.10
Nuclear/Radioactive Waste
381
8.2.11
Refuse/Rubbish/Trash
381
8.2.12
Residual Waste
382
8.2.13
Solid Waste
383
8.2.14
Special Waste
383
8.2.15
Toxic Waste
384
8.2.16
Universal Waste
385
8.2.17
Waste Oil
385
8.3
Waste Analysis
386
8.4
Calculations for Solid/Hazardous Waste Permitting
386
8.4.1
Conversion of Units
386
8.4.2
More Unit Conversions
387
8.4.3
Conversion of Volume to Weight
389
8.4.4
Sampling of Solid Waste
390
8.5
Waste Incineration
393
8.5.1
Principal Organic Hazardous Constituents
393
8.5.2
Significant Figures for
DRE
398
8.5.3
DRE
Determination for POHC via a Surrogate Compound
399
8.5.4
MSW
Incineration with AP-42 Estimated Emissions
400
8.5.5
Wrap-Up of
MSW
Problem
412
References
412
9.
Noise
415
9.1
General
415
9.2
Sound Versus Noise
415
9.2.1
Sound Characteristics
416
9.3
Sound Properties
417
9.3.1
Loudness
417
9.3.2
Pitch
417
9.3.3
Timbre
418
9.4
Frequency Spectrum
418
9.5
The Octave
419
9.5.1
Octave Definition—the Musical Scale
419
9.5.2
Octave Band Analysis—Sound Meter
421
9.6
Combining Decibels
422
9.6.1
Decibel Addition
422
Contents xiii
9.6.2
Averaging Decibels
423
9.6.3
Subtraction of Decibels
424
9.6.4
Shortcut Graphical Procedure
425
9.7
Composite Sound Level
428
9.7.1
Flat Weighting
428
9.7.2
Weighting Networks
428
9.7.3
A-Weighting—The dBA Scale
428
9.8
Speech Interference
430
9.9
A-Weighting Statistics
431
9.9.1
Statistical Definitions
431
9.9.2
Determination of Leq
432
9.9.3
Time Periods for Leq
433
9.9.4
Adjustments to L^—Ldn and CNEL
435
9.10
Noise Regulations
438
9.10.1
General
438
9.10.2
Two Approaches
—
Common Law Nuisance/
Qualitative Versus Quantitative
439
9.10.3
Adjustments to Permissible Noise Levels
439
9.10.4
Impulse Noises
440
9.10.5
Pure Tones
440
9.10.6
Night Versus Day
441
9.11
Industrial Noise
441
9.12
Sound Propagation from Point Source to Receptor
441
9.12.1
Sound Power Versus Sound Pressure
441
9.12.2
Sound Radiation Models
442
9.12.3
Attenuation of Sound over Distance
443
9.13
Excess Attenuation of Noise over Distance
448
9.13.1
Attenuation by Atmospheric Air
448
9.14
Highway Noise (A Line Source)
454
9.15
Noise Control
456
9.16
The Community Noise Survey
459
9.16.1
Datasheets
462
9.16.2
Effect of Wind
462
9.16.3
Precipitation
463
9.16.4
Temperature
463
9.16.5
Sound Meter Setting
463
9.16.6
Other Phenomena Encountered during Noise
Surveys
464
References
466
10.
Radioactive Decay
468
10.1
Definitions and Units
468
10.1.1
Definitions
468
10.1.2
Units of Radioactive Decay and Exposure
468
10.1.3
Other Measures of Dosage
469
10.2
Some Sources of Radioactivity
469
10.3
Types of Radioactive Decay
470
10.3.1
Alpha Particle Decay
470
xiv Contents
10.3.2 Beta
Partiele
Decay
471
10.3.3
Gamma
Radiation
471
10.3.4
Other Types
472
10.4
Pathways of Radioactive Decay
472
10.4.1
Radioactive Decay
—
Single Reaction
472
10.4.2
Single-Reaction Rate of Decay
477
10.4.3
Parallel Decay
481
10.4.4
Independent, Unrelated Simultaneous Decay
Reactions
483
10.5
Decay Series
486
10.5.1
Maxima and Inflection Points
489
10.6
Longer Decay Chains
491
10.6.1
Example
—
A Five-Member Chain
491
10.7
Rate of Decay in a Radioactive Series
492
10.7.1
Secular Equilibrium
494
10.7.2
Transient Equilibrium
494
10.7.3
No Equilibrium
494
10.8
A Transition from Science to the Realm
of Regulatory Control
495
10.9
Some Notable Accidents Involving Nuclear Materials
495
10.10
Governmental Regulations and Licensing Procedures
497
10.10.1
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
497
10.10.2
Regulations Governing Nuclear Material
497
10.10.3
Waste Management Consists of Licensing
497
10.10.4
Licensing
498
10.10.5
Requirements
498
10.10.6
General Licenses and Generally Licensed Devices
499
10.10.7
Further Comments on General Licenses
499
10.10.8
Periodic Testing for Contamination
—
Wipe Tests
501
10.11
Radioactive Waste Disposal
501
10.11.1
NRC Limits
503
10.11.2
Radioactive Waste Disposal
—
Conclusion
504
References
504
Appendix A. Suggested Undergraduate Environmental Curriculum
507
Reference
510
Appendix B. Relationship among Expressions for Atmospheric
Contaminants as Concentrations
(ppm),
Mass Flow Rates
(Ib/h), and Emission Factors (lb/MMBtu)
511
B.I Summary
511
B.2 Concentration Limits
512
B.3 Mass Flow Rate Limits
514
B.4 Emission Factor
514
B.5 Conclusion
515
References
515
Contents xv
Appendix
С.
Burner NO* from
Ethylene
Cracking Furnaces
517
C.I General
517
C.2 Summary
517
C.3 Introduction
518
C.4 Disclaimer
518
C.5 Regulatory Considerations
519
C.6 Technical Considerations
520
C.7 NO* Correlation for SMR Furnace Burners
520
C.8 Extension of the Correlation to
Ethylene
Cracking Furnaces
522
C.8.1 Processes Are Different—A Review
522
C.8.2 But Combustion Is Similar
524
C.8.3 Firebox Temperatures Are Different
524
C.8.4 Adiabatic
Rame
Temperatures Are Both Different
and Similar
525
C.9 NO* Correlating Equations for
Ethylene
Furnaces
526
CIO Influence of the Variables
527
C.10.1 Oxygen Dependence
527
C.10.2 Combustion Air Temperature
531
C.10.3 Fuel Temperature
533
С
10.4
Ambient Air Humidity
533
C.10.5 Hydrogen Content of Methane/Hydrogen
Mixtures
534
C.
10.6
Acetylene Content of Methane and Hydrogen Fuels
536
C.ll Experimental Verification of NOx Predictions
537
C.12 Opportunities for Improvement
538
C.13 Conclusions
540
References
540
Appendix D. What Is BOD and How Is It Measured?
543
D.I Summary
543
D.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Its Measurement
543
D.2.1 Overview
543
D.2.2 DO Measurement
545
D.2.3 Reproducibility
547
D.2.4 Wrap-Up
547
D.3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Its Measurement
548
D.3.1 Theoretical Considerations
548
D.3.2 Mechanics of the BOD Test
551
D.3.3 BOD Experiment
552
D.3.4 Reproducibility
553
D.3.5 Wrap-Up
553
D.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Its Measurement
554
D.4.1 The COD Test
554
D.4.2 Reproducibility
556
D.4.3 Wrap-Up
557
References
557
xvi Contents
Appendix
E.
Cooling Water Calculations
559
E.I Summary
559
E.2 Tower Parameters
559
E.3 Water Parameters
561
E.3.1 Impurities in Cooling Water
561
E.3.
2 pH,
Alkalinity, and Hardness
562
E.3.3 Milligrams Per Liter as Calcium Carbonate
565
E.3.4 Electroneutrality
566
E.4 Control of Cycles of Concentration
567
E.5
pH
Effects
568
E.5.1 The
pH
Increases with Cycles
of Concentration
568
E.5.2 Prediction of Circulating Water
pH 568
E.5.3 Dissolved CO2 Is Not Exactly Constant
571
E.5.4 Quantity of Acid Required
572
E.6 Total Dissolved Solids and Conductivity
573
E.6.1
TDS
573
E.6.2 Prediction of Conductivity
573
E.7 Allowable Cycles of Concentration
574
E.7.1 Langelier Saturation Index
575
E.7.2 Ryznar Stability Index
576
E.7.3 Corrosion Ratio
577
E.7.4 Allowable
pH
Range
577
E.7.5 Calcium Salts
577
E.7
.6
Calcium and Zinc Phosphate Saturation Indexes
578
E.7.7 Silica
579
E.7.8 Other Dissolved Materials
579
E.7.9
TDS
and Conductivity
580
E.7.
10
Suspended Solids
580
E.8 Example Problem
581
E.9 Computerized Calculations
586
ЕЛО
Case Studies
586
References
588
Appendix F. Increase in Runoff from Industrial/
Commercial/Urban Development: The Telltale Bridge
591
F.I Summary
591
F.2 Introduction
591
F.3 The Case in Point
592
F.4 The Bridge
593
F.5 Storm Water Flow in the Swale
594
F.6 Bottlenecks
595
F.6.1 At the Bridge
595
F.6.2 At the Culverts under Road No.
1 597
F.7 Continued Flooding
597
References
598
Contents xvii
Appendix
G.
Water Quality Improvement for a Small River
599
G.
1
Summary and Conclusions
599
G.2 Introduction
600
G.3 Flow of Whippany River
600
G.4 Water Quality of River
601
G.4.1 Dissolved Oxygen
605
G.4.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
611
G.5 Waste Treatment at the Whippany
Paper Board Company
615
G.5.1 Nature of the Waste
615
G.5.2 Treatment Before
1964-1965 615
G.5.3 Effect of Early Treatment on Water Quality
616
G.5.4 Upgrading of Treatment Facilities
617
G.5.5 Effect of Improvements on Water Quality
619
G.5.
6
Summary
621
G.6 Modeling the Whippany River
621
G.6.1 Selection of Constants
622
G.6.2 Theoretical Calculation of Stream
Velocity Impractical
622
G.6.3 Velocity
—
Time of Travel Measurements
624
G.6.4 Assembling the Model
626
G.6.5 Results and Discussion
627
G.7 Postscript
628
References
630
Supplemental References for Postscript to Appendix
G
631
Appendix H. Experimental Determination of Coefficient
for Draining of Tank
632
H.I Summary
632
H.2 Description of Experiment
—
Equipment
632
H.2.1 Equipment Used
633
H.3 Description of Experiment
—
Procedure
633
H.4 Experimental Data
634
H.5 Data Analysis
—
Falling Head/Unsteady-State
Experiment
638
H.6 Time to Drain the Tank
642
H.7 Steady-State Experiment
643
H.7.1 Transient Solution to Fill and Drain Problem
644
References
645
Appendix I. Noise Case Studies
647
I.I Case
1—
Sound Meter Readings behind
a Highway Noise Barrier
647
1.1.1
Theory
647
1.1.2
Synopsis of the Measurements
647
1.1.3
Turnpike Noise Barriers
648
xviii Contents
1.
1.4
Turnpike Noise Measurements
650
1.1.5
Neighborhood Side of the Noise Barrier
650
1.1.6
Noise Measurements behind the Barrier
653
1.2
Case
2—
Another Noise Barrier Study
654
1.2.1
Highway Noise Data
655
1.2.2
Summary of Results
656
1.3
Case
3—
Successful Noise Permitting Procedure
656
1.3.1
The Project
658
1.3.2
Method of Execution
658
1.3.3
The Background Noise Survey
658
1.3.4
Estimate of Noise from New Equipment
659
1.3.5
Postconstruction
Noise Survey
Confirmed Compliance
659
References
659
Appendix J. Air Pollution Aspects of the Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Process
661
J.I Summary
661
J.2 Introduction
661
J.3 FCC Process Description
662
J.3.1 FCC Cracking Catalyst
662
J.3.2 The Reactor
664
J.3.3 The Regenerator
667
J.4 Atmospheric Contaminants from the
Regenerator
—
Origin and Treatment
667
J.4.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
668
J.4.2 Paniculate Matter (PM)
669
J.4.3 Sulfur Oxides
(SOX)
671
J.4.4 Oxides of Nitrogen
(NOJ
672
J.5 Summary
676
References
676
Appendix K. Case Studies in Air Emissions Control
681
K.1 Summary
681
K.2 Addition of Steam to Reduce Burner NO*
681
K.3 Addition of SCR to Reduce Burner Emissions
682
K.4 Integration of a Furnace with Gas
Turbine Exhaust
683
References
684
Appendix L. Combustion of Refinery Fuel Gas
685
L.I Refinery Fuel Gas
685
L.2 Combustion Calculations for Refinery Fuel Gas
686
L.3 EPA Method
19
Combustion Calculations
686
Contents xix
L.4
F Factors
for Refinery Fuel Gas
687
L.4.
1
Calculated
F
Factors for Published Natural Gas
Compositions
689
L.5 Example
—
Use of
F
Factors in
Combustion Calculations
691
L.5.1 Stoichiometric Case
691
L.5.2
3%
Excess O2 Case
694
L.6 Conclusions
696
References
697
Index
699
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:05:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470139851 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2009009712 |
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| spelling | Kunz, Robert G. Verfasser (DE-588)136725880 aut Environmental calculations a multimedia approach Robert G. Kunz Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2009 XXIII, 703 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Sanitary engineering / Equipment and supplies / Problems, exercises, etc Pollution control equipment / Problems, exercises, etc Environmental sciences / Mathematics Engineering mathematics / Formulae Mathematik Engineering mathematics Formulae Environmental sciences Mathematics Pollution control equipment Problems, exercises, etc Sanitary engineering Equipment and supplies Problems, exercises, etc Technische Mathematik (DE-588)4827059-3 gnd rswk-swf Schadstoffverringerung (DE-588)4194323-5 gnd rswk-swf Abwassertechnologie (DE-588)4122755-4 gnd rswk-swf Abwassertechnologie (DE-588)4122755-4 s Schadstoffverringerung (DE-588)4194323-5 s Technische Mathematik (DE-588)4827059-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018683233&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kunz, Robert G. Environmental calculations a multimedia approach Sanitary engineering / Equipment and supplies / Problems, exercises, etc Pollution control equipment / Problems, exercises, etc Environmental sciences / Mathematics Engineering mathematics / Formulae Mathematik Engineering mathematics Formulae Environmental sciences Mathematics Pollution control equipment Problems, exercises, etc Sanitary engineering Equipment and supplies Problems, exercises, etc Technische Mathematik (DE-588)4827059-3 gnd Schadstoffverringerung (DE-588)4194323-5 gnd Abwassertechnologie (DE-588)4122755-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4827059-3 (DE-588)4194323-5 (DE-588)4122755-4 |
| title | Environmental calculations a multimedia approach |
| title_auth | Environmental calculations a multimedia approach |
| title_exact_search | Environmental calculations a multimedia approach |
| title_full | Environmental calculations a multimedia approach Robert G. Kunz |
| title_fullStr | Environmental calculations a multimedia approach Robert G. Kunz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental calculations a multimedia approach Robert G. Kunz |
| title_short | Environmental calculations |
| title_sort | environmental calculations a multimedia approach |
| title_sub | a multimedia approach |
| topic | Sanitary engineering / Equipment and supplies / Problems, exercises, etc Pollution control equipment / Problems, exercises, etc Environmental sciences / Mathematics Engineering mathematics / Formulae Mathematik Engineering mathematics Formulae Environmental sciences Mathematics Pollution control equipment Problems, exercises, etc Sanitary engineering Equipment and supplies Problems, exercises, etc Technische Mathematik (DE-588)4827059-3 gnd Schadstoffverringerung (DE-588)4194323-5 gnd Abwassertechnologie (DE-588)4122755-4 gnd |
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