Equity & trusts: text, cases, and materials
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Oxford
Oxford University Press
2009
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XLI, 641 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199286157 0199286159 |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Trusts and trustees |z England |v Cases | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Equitable remedies |z England |v Cases | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Equitable remedies |z Wales |v Cases | |
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| _version_ | 1804140737602781184 |
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| adam_text | EQUITY 8 C TRUSTS TEXT, CASES, AND MATERIALS RICHARD CLEMENTS
ADEMOLAABASS OXTORD JNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS GUIDE TO USING THE BOOK
PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CASES TABLE O/STATUTES TABLE
O/STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS
CHAPTER 1 THE BIRTH OF EQUITY AND TRUSTS INTRODUCTION 1.1 WHAT IS
EQUITY? 1.2 ORIGINOF EQUITY 1.2.1 THE COMMON LAWSIDE OF THE CHANCELLOR
1.2.2 THE EQUITABLE SIDE OF THE CHANCELLOR. FOR THE LOVE OF GOD AND IN
THE WAY OF CHARITY 1.2.3 SO THE NEXT QUESTION IS HOW DOES THE
CHANCELLOR BEGIN TO GO IT ALONE DESPITE HIS LACK OF INTENTION TO DO SO?
MR CHANCELLOR, GO AND FLY YOUR KITE! 1.2.4 FROM LOVE OF GOD AND CHARITY
TO THE RULES OF EQUITY AND GOOD CONSCIENCE: 16TH CENTURY 1.3 WHAT BECAME
OF THE CHANCERY JURISDICTION AFTER EARL OF OXFORD BUT BEFORE JUDICATURE
ACT? 1.4 THE REFORMOF THE COURT OF EQUITY 1.5 THE SUPREME COURT OF
JUDICATURE ACTS 18?3*5: FUSION OF RULES OR AMALGAMATION OF
ADMINISTRATION? 1.5.1 AFUSION OF ADMINISTRATION NOT RULES 1.5.2 AFUSION
OF RULES, NOT JUST ADMINISTRATION 1.5.3 THE COMMONWEALTH APPROACH TO THE
JUDICATURE ACT 1.6 THE MODEM RELEVANCE OF EQUITY 1.6.1 EQUITY AFTER
JUDICATURE ACTS: HASIT GONEPAST CHILD BEARING? 1.7 TRUSTS 1.8 TYPES OF
TRUSTS 1.9 NATURE OF TRUSTS 1.9.1 TRUST AND CONTRACT 1.9.2 TRUST AND
AGENCY 1.10 THE RECOGNITION OF TRUSTS CONCLUSION SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS VI IX XI XXVII XXXVII XLI XLI 1 2 2 4 5 6 7 ? 9 10
11 12 13 15 18 18 20 23 23 23 26 28 29 30 30 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 31 KEY
CASES 31 FURTHER READING 31 CHAPTER2 MAXIMSOF EQUITY 33 INTRODUCTION 34
2.1 DEFINING EQUITABLE MAXIMS 34 2.2 THE APPLICATION OF THE MAXIMSOF
EQUITY 35 2.2.1 HEWHO CORNES TO EQUITY MUST CORNE WITHCLEAN HANDS 36 2.3
EQUITY FOLLOWS THE LAW 39 2.3.1 APPLICATION OF THE MAXIM 40 2.4 EQUITY
ACTS IN PERSONAM 41 2.4.1 GROUNDSFORAPPLYINGTHIS MAXIM 42 2.5 EQUITY
SEES AS DONE THAT WHICH OUGHTTO BEDONE 45 2.6 THOSE WHO CORNE TO EQUITY
MUST DO EQUITY 46 2.7 DELAYDEFEATS EQUITY 49 2.8 EQUITY WILL NOT PERMIT
A STATUTETOBEUSED AS AN INSTRUMENT OFFRAUD 52 2.9 WHERE EQUITIES ARE
EQUAL, THE LAW PREVAIL. WHERE THERE IS EQUAL IN EQUITIES THE FIRST
INTIME PREVAIL 53 G 2.10 EQUITY LOOKS TO THE SUBSTANCE AND NOT THE FORM
55 C 2.11 EQUITY WILL NOT ASSISTA VOLUNTEER 57 1 - 2.12 EQUITY IMPUTES
AN INTENTION TOFULFIL AN OBLIGATION 57 2.13 EQUITY WILLNOTSUFFERA
WRONGWITHOUTAREMEDY 5? XIV 2.14 DISTINGUISHINGBETWEENCOMMON LAW
PRINCIPLES AND EQUITY MAXIMS 59 CONCLUSION 59 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 60
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 60 ASSESSMENT QUESTION 61 KEY CASES 61 FURTHER
READING 61 CHAPTER3 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST 63 INTRODUCTION 64 3.1
WHAT IS A TRUST? 64 3.2 WHAT ISPROPERTY? 65 3.3 WHAT TRUSTS ARE USED FOR
66 3.4 WHAT IS AN EQUITABLE INTEREST? 69 3.4.1 PROPERTY RIGHTS 69 3.4.2
RIGHTS IN EQUITY 70 3.5 TRUSTS TODAY*A DEFINITION 70 3.6 CLASSIFICATION
OF TRUSTS 72 3.6.1 PRIVATE TRUSTS 72 3.6.2 PUBLIC TRUSTS 72 3.6.3
EXPRESS TRUSTS 72 3.6.4 FIXED TRUSTS 73 3.6.5 DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS 74
3.6.6 SECRET TRUSTS 74 3.6.7 BARE TRUSTS 74 3.6.8 BLIND TRUSTS 75 3.6.9
STAR TRUSTS P 5 3.7 RESULTING TRUSTS 75 3.7.1 AUTOMATIC RESULTING TRUST
PG 3.7.2 PRESUMED RESULTING TRUST 77 3.8 CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS PG 3.8.1
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS AND GOOD CONSCIENCE 78 3.9 IMPLIED TRUSTS 80 3.10
OUISTCLOSE TYPE TRUSTS 81 3.10.1
OISTINCTIVECHARACTERISTICSOF OUISTCLOSE TRUSTS 81 3.10.2 AN EXPRESS
TRUST FOLLOWEDBY ARESULTINGTRUST 81 3.10.3 OTHERVIEWS ON HOW THESE
TRUSTS WORK 82 3.11 WILLSANDINTESTACIES 85 3.11.1 THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN TRUSTEES AND PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES 85 CONCLUSION 87 SELF-TEST
QUESTIONS 87 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 88 ASSESSMENT QUESTION 88 KEY CASES 89
FURTHER READING 89 N O CHAPTER 4 THE DUTIES OF TRUSTEES: WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO INVESTMENT 91 X V INTRODUCTION 92 4.1 WHAT IS INVESTMENT?
92 4.1.1 LOANS AT A RATE ON INTEREST 93 4.1.2 PARTICIPATION IN A
PROFIT-MAKINGENTERPRISE 93 4.2 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 94 4.3 THE
TRUSTEE ACT 2000 95 4.3.1 THE MODEM INVESTMENT POWER FOR TRUSTEES 95 4.4
THEDUTY OFEARE 95 4.5 INVESTMENT: ADVICE AND SELECTION 9? 4.5.1 THE
STANDARD INVESTMENT CRITERIA 98 4.5.2 WHEN TRUSTEES MUST SEEK INVESTMENT
ADVICE 98 4.6 EXCLUDINGTHEACT 99 4.7 EFFECTOFTHEACT 99 4.8 ACQUISITION
OFLAND 100 4.9 THE LIABILITYOF TRUSTEES 100 4.9.1
THEDUTYOFREASONABLECAREANDSKILL 100 4.9.2 THE EXTENTOF
TRUSTEES LIABILITY 104 4.10 ETHICAL INVESTMENT 106 4.11 DELEGATION 109
4.11.1 THE OLD CASE LAW 109 4.11.2 TRUSTEE FUNCTIONSTHAT CANBEDELEGATED
110 4.11.3 THE TERMSUPONWHICH AGENTS ARE EMPLOYED 111 4.11.4 TRUSTEES
MUST SUPERVISE THEIR AGENT 112 4.11.5 THELIABILITY OF THE TRUSTEES FOR
THEIR AGENT 113 4.12 INFORMATION FOR THE BENEFICIARIES 114 4.12.1 THE
BENEFICIARIES HAVE THE RIGHTTOSEE TRUST DOCUMENTS 115 4.12.2
BENEFICIARIES HAVE NO AUTOMATICRIGHTTO INFORMATION 116 4.12.3 TRUSTEES
ARE NOT OBLIGEDTOGIVE REASONS FOR THEIR DECISIONS 117 CONCLUSION LIG
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 120 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 120 ASSESSMENT QUESTION 120
KEY CASES 121 FURTHER READING 121 CHAPTER 5 MAINTENANCE AND ADVANCEMENT
AND PROTECTIVE TRUSTS 123 124 125 125 126 127 128 129 129 131 132 133
133 135 136 137 139 140 142 142 142 144 145 145 146 147 147 147 148 149
INTRODUCTION 5.1 MAINTENANCE 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.1.7
5.1.8 EXPRESS POWERS OF MAINTENANCE EXCLUSION OF MAINTENANCE THE
STATUTORY POWER OF MAINTENANCE DUTY TO MAINTAIN AN ADULT BENEFICIARY
ACCUMULATIONS THERE MUST BE INCOME FROM WHICH TO MAINTAIN CONTINGENT
PECUNIARY LEGACIES THE POWER OF THE COURTS TO AWARD MAINTENANCE 5.2
ADVANCEMENT 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 THE MEANINGOF ADVANCEMENT THE
STATUTORY POWER OF ADVANCEMENT EXPRESS POWERS OF ADVANCEMENT THE ADVANCE
NEED NOT BE MADE DIRECTLY TO THE BENEFICIARY THE COURTS POWER TO
AUTHORIZE ADVANCEMENTS 5.3 THE EXERCISE OF DISCRETION 5.4 PROTECTIVE
TRUSTS 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 CONCLUSION THE PURPOSE OF A PROTECTIVE
TRUST HOW A PROTECTIVE TRUST WORKS DETERMININGEVENTS PROTECTINGTHE
BENEFICIARY SELF-TEST QUESTIONS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ASSESSMENT QUESTION
KEY CASES FURTHER READING CHAPTER G THE APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES
INTRODUCTION 150 6.1 THE GENERAI DUTIESOF TRUSTEES 150 6.2 WHOMAYBE A
TRUSTEE? 151 6.2.1 ORDINARY TRUSTEES 151 6.2.2 THE NUMBEROF TRUSTEES 151
6.2.3 UNANIMITY 152 6.2.4 TRUST CORPORATIONS 152 6.2.5 THE PUBLIC
TRUSTEE 153 6.2.6 CUSTODIAN TRUSTEES 154 6.2.7 JUDICIAL TRUSTEES 154 6.3
THE COURT WILL NOT ALLOW A TRUST TOFAIL FOR WANTOF A TRUSTEE 155 6.4
DISCLAIMER 156 6.5 THE APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES 158 6.5.1 EXPRESS POWERS
158 6.5.2 THE SURVIVINGOR CONTINUINGTRUSTEES 159 6.5.3 THE PERSONAL
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LAST SURVIVINGTRUSTEE 160 6.5.4 SECTION 36(1] IS
A REPLACEMENT POWER 160 6.5.5 THE SITUATIONS IN WHICH A TRUSTEE MAY BE
REPLACED 161 6.6 THE APPOINTMENT OFADDITIONAL TRUSTEES 163 6.7 THE
APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES BY THE BENEFICIARIES 164 6.7.1 THE BENEFICIARIES
COULD NOT APPOINT TRUSTEES 164 C-, 6.7.2 BENEFICIARIES ARE GIVEN THE
POWER TO APPOINT TRUSTEES 165 2 6.8 THE APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES BY THE
COURT 166 B 6.8.1 THE COURTS POWER IN SECTION 41 OF THE X TRUSTEE ACT
1925 166 6.8.2 THE SELECTION OF TRUSTEES BY THE COURT 167 XVII 6.9 THE
VESTINGOF THE LEGAL ESTATE IN THE TRUSTEES 169 6.10 THE RETIREMENTOF
TRUSTEES 170 6.11 THE REMO VAL OF TRUSTEES 170 6.11.1 THE REMOVALOF
TRUSTEES TOPROTECT THE BENEFICIARIES 171 6.11.2 REMOVALOF TRUSTEES BY
THE COURT IS RARE 172 CONCLUSION 174 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 174 DISCUSSION
QUESTIONS 175 ASSESSMENT QUESTION 175 KEY CASES 175 FURTHER READING 176
CHAPTER? TRUSTS AND POWERS AND THE THREECERTAINTIES 17? INTRODUCTION 178
7.1 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST AND POWERS 178 7.1.1 POWERS OF
APPOINTMENT 178 7.1.2 FIXED TRUST 179 7.1.3 DISCRETIONARY TRUST 179 7.2
POWER [MERE OR BARE OR PERSONAL) 179 7.2.1 THEDUTIESOFTHEAPPOINTOR 179
7.2.2 THE RIGHTS OF THE BENEFICIARIES 180 7.3 FIDUCIARY POWER 181 7.3.1
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MERE POWER AND A FIDUCIARY POWER 181 7.3.2 THE
DUTIESOF THE TRUSTEES IN A FIDUCIARY POWER 181 7.3.3 THE RIGHTS OF
BENEFICIARIES IN A FIDUCIARY POWER 182 7.4 TRUST POWER (TRUST IN
DEFAULTOF APPOINTMENT] 183 7.5 DISCRETIONARY TRUST (SOMETIMES CALLED A
TRUST POWER OR POWER INTHEFORMOF A TRUST] 184 7.5.1 THE DUTIESOF
TRUSTEES IN A DISCRETIONARY TRUST 184 7.5.2 THE RIGHTS OF BENEFICIARIES
UNDER A DISCRETIONARY TRUST 185 7.5.3 EXHAUSTIVE AND NON-EXHAUSTIVE
DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS 187 7.6 THETHREECERTAINTIES 188 ?.? CERTAINTYOF
INTENTION 189 7.7.1 OLDER CASES INVOLVINGPRECATORY WORDS 189 7.72 MORE
MODEM DECLARATIONS OF TRUST 190 7.8 CERTAINTY OFSUBJECT MATTER 192 7.8.1
CLEARLY DESCRIBING THE TRUST PROPERTY 192 7.8.2 THE TYPE OF PROPERTY
INVOLVED 193 7.9 CERTAINTY OFOBJECTS 195 7.9.1 CERTAINTY OFOBJECTS IN
FIXED TRUSTS 195 7.9.2 CERTAINTY OFOBJECTS IN FIDUCIARY POWERS 197 7.9.3
WHAT DOES THE NEW TEST MEAN? 198 TN 7.9.4 RESTATINGTHE CERTAINTY
OFOBJECTS TEST 200 A 7.9.5 CERTAINTY OFOBJECTS IN DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS
201 G 7.9.6 THE MODEM CERTAINTY OFOBJECTS TEST FOR DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS
202 UJ 7.9.7 APPLYINGTHE CERTAINTY OFOBJECTS TEST TO A DISCRETIONARY
TRUST 204 7.10 ADMINISTRATIVE UNWORKABILITY 207 XVIII 7.10.1
DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS 207 7.10.2 FIDUCIARY POWERS 208 7.11 CERTAINTY
OFOBJECTS IN CONDITIONAL GIF TS 209 7.11.1 AT LEAST ONE PERSON MEETS THE
CONDITION 209 7.11.2 THE INDEPENDENT EXPERT 209 7.12 THE EFFECTSOF
ABSENCE OF THETHREECERTAINTIES 210 CONCLUSION 210 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
211 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 211 ASSESSMENT QUESTION 211 KEY CASES 212
FURTHER READING 212 CHAPTER 8 THE FORMALITY REQUIREMENTS AND
INCOMPLETELY CONSTITUTED TRUSTS 213 INTRODUCTION 214 8.1 ANALYSE THE
TRANSACTION 214 8.1.1 WHAT SORT OF PROPERTY ISIT? 214 8.1.2 WHAT ARE THE
PARTIES TRYINGTO DO? 215 8.2 THERE ARE DIFFERENT WRITING REQUIREMENTS
FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OFPROPERTY 215 8.2.1 LAND 2I5 8.2.2 CHATTELS, GOODS
217 8.2.3 CHOSES IN ACTION 219 8.3 DISPOSITIONS OF EQUITABLE INTERESTS
MUST BE IN WRITING 221 8.3.1 IN SOME CASES THE COURT HELDTHAT WRITING
WASREQUIRED 222 8.3.2 IN TWO CELEBRATED CASES THE COURT HELD THAT
WRITING WAS NOT REQUIRED 226 8.4 WHEN THE WRITING REQUIREMENTS
CANBEWAIVED 230 8.4.1 ORAL DECLARATIONS OF TRUST OVERLAND 231 8.4.2 ORAL
CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OFLAND 232 8.5 INCOMPLETELY CONSTITUTED TRUSTS
232 8.5.1 THE PROPER LEGAL PROCEDURE MUST BEFOLLOWED 232 8.5.2
THETHREEMETHODSTOMAKEAGIFT 233 8.5.3 MODERATINGTHERULE 234 8.6 AN
INEFFECTIVE TRANSFER WILL NOT BE TREATED AS AN EFFECTIVE DECLARATION 238
8.7 CONSEQUENCES OF A COMPLETELY CONSTITUTED TRUST 239 8.8 INCOMPLETELY
CONSTITUTED TRUSTS: COVENANTS TO SETTLE PROPERTY 240 8.8.1 MARRIAGE
SETTLEMENTS 240 8.8.2 EQUITABLE OR MARRIAGE CONSIDERATION 241 8.8.3
EQUITY WILL NOT AIDA VOLUNTEER 242 8.8.4 EXCEPTIONS TO THIS RULE 246
8.8.5 CONTRACTS FOR THIRD PARTIES 248 CI O CONCLUSION 248 2 CD SELF-TEST
QUESTIONS 249 ^ DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 249 ^ ASSESSMENT QUESTION 249 KEY
CASES 250 XIX FURTHER READING 250 CHAPTER 9 THE DISPOSAI OF PROPERTY ON
DEATH 253 INTRODUCTION 254 9.1 WILLS 254 9.1.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSOF
WILLS 254 9.1.2 THE DOCTRINE OF INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 255 9.2
SECRET TRUSTS 255 9.2.1 THE ORIGINSOFTHE SECRET TRUST 255 9.2.2 THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FULLY AND HALF SECRET TRUSTS 256 9.2.3 FULLY SECRET
TRUSTS 25? 9.2.4 INTENTION 257 9.2.5 COMMUNICATION 259 9.2.6
ACQUIESCENCE 260 9.2.7 A SECRET TRUST CAN EVEN AFFECT A PERSON WHO DID
NOT MAKE THE PROMISE 261 9.2.8 PROOF 262 9.2.9 OISCLAIMING THE TRUST 263
9.2.10 HALFSECRETTRUSTS 263 9.2.11 HALF SECRET TRUSTS REQUIRE
COMMUNICATION BEFORE THE WILL 265 9.2.12 CHANGES TO THE SECRET TRUST 268
9.2.13 COMMUNICATION IFTHEREIS MORE THANONE TRUSTEE 269 9.2.14 WHAT SORT
OF TRUST ARE SECRET TRUSTS? 270 9.3 MUTUAL WILLS 272 9.3.1 AMUTUAL WILL
REQUIRESIDENTICAL WILLS AND A CONTRACT 273 9.3.2 THE MUTUAL WILL
ISENFORCED BY A FLOATING TRUST 274 9.3.3 ISTHERE CONSIDERATION FOR THE
CONTRACT? 276 9.3.4 A MUTUAL WILL CAN BE REVOKED, WHILE BOTH SPOUSES
ARESTILLALIVE 277 9.3.5 WHAT PROPERTY ISBOUNDBY THE MUTUAL WILL? 277 9.4
DONATIOMORTIS CAUSA: DEATHBEDGIFTS 278 9.4.1 AN EXCEPTION TO THE NORMAL
RULES OF PROPERTY TRANSFER 278 9.4.2 THE THREE REQUIREMENTS FOR A
VALID DONATIO 279 9.4.3 CONTEMPLATION OFDEATH 279 9.4.4 INTENTION
TOGIVECONDITIONALUPONDEATH 280 9.4.5 DELIVERY OFDOMINIONOVERTHESUBJECT
MATTEROF THEGIFT 281 9.4.6 CAN AIL TYPES OF PROPERTY BE THE SUBJECT
MATTER OFADONATIO? 282 9.5 THE RULE IN STRONG VBIRD 284 9.5.1 THE
ORIGINAL RULE 284 9.5.2 THE RULE ISEXTENDEDTOIMPERFECTGIFTS 285 9.5.3
LAND MAY PASSUNDERTHE RULE IN STRONG VBIRD 285 V 9.5.4 THE INTENTION
MUST BECLEAR AND CONTINUING 286 IJJ 9.5.5 STRONG VBIRD AND MARRIAGE
SETTLEMENTS 286 O CONCLUSION 28? ^ SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 288 DISCUSSION
QUESTIONS 288 XX ASSESSMENT QUESTION 288 KEY CASES 289 FURTHER READING
289 CHAPTER 10 RESULTING TRUSTS AND UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 291
INTRODUCTION 292 10.1 THE TWO TYPES OF RESULTING TRUST 292 10.2 THE
AUTOMATIC RESULTING TRUST 293 10.2.1 FAILURETO DECLARE A TRUST 293
10.2.2 FAILUREOF THE TRUST 295 10.2.3 SURPLUS AFTER COMPLETIONOF PURPOSE
296 10.2.4 SURPLUS IN A PENSION FUND 298 10.3 THE THEORYOF RESULTING
TRUSTS 300 10.4 PRESUMED RESULTING TRUSTS 303 10.4.1 VOLUNTARY TRANSFER
TOANOTHER 303 10.4.2 PURCHASEINTHENAMEOF ANOTHER 305 10.5 THE
PRESUMPTION OF ADVANCEMENT 306 10.5.1 THETHEORY 306 10.5.2 TRANSFER
FROMHUSBANDTOWIFE 306 10.5.3 TRANSFER FROMFATHERTOCHILD 30? 10.6
REBUTTINGTHEPRESUMPTIONS 308 10.7 ILLEGALITY 309 10.8 UNINCORPORATED
ASSOCIATIONS 312 10.8.1 UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS HAVE NO LEGAL
PERSONALITY 312 10.8.2 AN UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATION AS A TRUST 313
10.8.3 THE PROPERTY OF AN UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATION IS
SHAREDBETWEENTHEMEMBERS 314 10.8.4 THE MEMBERS OF AN UNINCORPORATED
ASSOCIATION HAVE A CONTRACT BETWEENTHEMSELVES 31? 10.8.5 THE PROPERTY OF
AN UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATION IS THE PROPERTY OF THE LEADER 318 10.8.6
AN UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATION IS A TRUST FOR THE MEMBERS 319 10.9 THE
DISSOLUTION OF UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 320 10.9.1 RESULTING TRUST
321 10.9.2 CONTRACT AND RESULTING TRUST 322 10.9.3 CONTRACT 324 10.10
PURPOSE TRUSTS 32? 10.10.1 THE BENEFICIARY PRINCIPLE 32? 10.10.2 THE
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE 328 10.10.3 TRUSTS FOR MONUMENTS OR GRAVES 330
10.10.4 TRUSTS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OFPARTICULAR ANIMAIS 330 10.10.5
MISCELLANEOUS 331 N O 10.10.6 TRUSTSFORTHESAYINGOFMASSES 332 ^ RA
CONCLUSION 333 2 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 333 W DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 334
ASSESSMENT QUESTION 334 XXI KEY CASES 335 FURTHER READING 335 CHAPTER 11
CHARITABLE TRUSTS INTRODUCTION 11.1 THE ADVANTAGESOF CHARITABLE STATUS
11.1.1 LEGAL ADVANTAGES 11.1.2 TAX ADVANTAGES 11.2 THE CHARITY
COMMISSION 11.3 THE LEGAL DEFINITION OF CHARITY 11.3.1 THEPREAMBLE
11.3.2 THE FOUR HEADSOF CHARITY 11.3.3 THE TWELVE HEADSOF CHARITY
11.3.4 PUBLIC BENEFIT 11.3.5 THE CHARITIES ACT 2006 AND PUBLIC BENEFIT
11.4 THE RELIEF OFPOVERTY 11.4.1 THE DEFINITION OFPOVERTY 11.4.2 PUBLIC
BENEFIT AND THE RELIEF OFPOVERTY 11.5 THE ADVANCEMENT OF EDUCATION
11.5.1 EDUCATION INCLUDESTEACHING AND RESEARCH 11.5.2 EDUCATION
INCLUDESTHE ADVANCEMENT OF CULTURE 11.5.3 THE VALUE OF THE EDUCATION
PROVIDED 33? 338 338 338 339 340 341 341 343 344 344 345 346 346 349 351
351 353 354 C CL) 11.5.4 POLITICALPURPOSES 355 11.5.5 PUBLIC BENEFIT IN
THE ADVANCEMENT OF EDUCATION 358 11.6 THE ADVANCEMENT OF RELIGION 363
11.6.1 THE DEFINITION OF RELIGION 363 11.6.2 WHEN IS
A RELIGION UNACCEPTABLE? 365 11.6.3 PUBLIC BENEFIT IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF
RELIGION 36? 11.7 OTHERPURPOSES BENEFICIAI TO THE COMMUNITY 369 11.7.1
AGED, IMPOTENT AND SICK 369 11.7.2 PUBLIC BENEFIT IN CHARITIESTO
RELIEVETHE AGED AND IMPOTENT 3?2 11.8 SAVINGLIVES 374 11.9 ANIMAL
WELFARE 374 11.9.1 ANIMAIS USEFULTOMANKIND 375 11.9.2 TO REDUCE THE PAIN
AND SUFFERINGOF ANIMAIS 375 11.9.3 PUBLIC BENEFIT IN ANIMAL CHARITIES
376 11.10 SPORT AND RECREATION 377 11.10.1 MERE SPORT 37? 11.10.2
SPORT AS PART OF EDUCATION 378 11.10.3 SPORT AND PUBLIC BENEFIT 380
11.11 THE CY-PRES DOCTRINE 383 11.11.1 WHEN CY-PRES APPLIES 383 G
11.11.2 SUBSEQUENT FAILURE 384 ( - ) 11.11.3 INITIAL FAILURE 385 11.11.4
AMALGAMATION AND MERGEROF CHARITIES 389 XXLI CONCLUSION 390 SELF-TEST
QUESTIONS 390 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 391 ASSESSMENT QUESTION 391 KEY CASES
392 FURTHER READING 393 CHAPTER 12 VARIATION OF TRUST 395 INTRODUCTION
396 12.1 ADULT BENEFICIARIES 396 12.2 POWERS TOVARY A TRUST 39? 12.2.1
MATRIMONIAL CAUSES ACT 1973 39? 12.2.2 MENTAL HEALTH ACT 1983 398 12.2.3
TRUSTEE ACT 1925 398 12.2.4 THE SETTLED LAND ACT 1925 399 12.2.5 THE
INHERENT POWER OF THE COURT 400 12.3 THE VARIATION OF TRUSTS ACT 1958
401 12.3.1 WHAT IS AN ARRANGEMENT? 401 12.3.2 IS AN ARRANGEMENT A
DISPOSITION OF AN EQUITABLE INTEREST? 402 12.4 FOR WHOM DOES THE COURT
CONSENT? 402 12.4.1 THE MEANING OF SECTION L(L)(B) 403 12.4.2 ADULT
BENEFICIARIES 404 12.5 WHAT IS BENEFIT? 405 12.5.1
THEWISHESOFTHESETTLOR/TESTATOR 405 12.5.2 TAXSAVING 40P 12.5.3 EXPORT OF
THE TRUST 408 12.5.4 MORAL AND SOCIAL BENEFIT 409 CONCLUSION 411
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 411 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 411 ASSESSMENT QUESTION 412
KEY CASES 412 FURTHER READING 412 CHAPTER 13 BREACHOF TRUST 415
INTRODUCTION 416 13.1 THE TRUSTEES DUTY OFCARE 416 13.1.1 THE STANDARD
OFCARE 416 13.2 THE FIDUCIARY NATURE OFTRUSTEESHIP 41? 13.3 EQUITABLE
COMPENSATION 418 13.3.1 THE TRADITIONAL DUTY TO RESTORE THE TRUST FUND
418 13.3.2 EQUITABLE COMPENSATION IN THE MODEM AGE 420 13.3.3
DIFFICULTES IN ASSESSINGTHELEVELOF COMPENSATION 420 ,-, 13.3.4 SHOULD
THE TEST OF LIABILITY BECAUSATION? 421 § 13.3.5 THE TRUSTEES LIABILITY
FOR LACKOF REASONABLE 2 CARE AND SKILL 424 13.4 THELIABILITY
OFINDIVIDUAL TRUSTEES 424 13.4.1 A SLEEPING TRUSTEE ISLIABLEFORTHE
ACTIONS OF THE XXI II OTHER TRUSTEES 425 13.4.2 WHEN A TRUSTEE CAN
ESCAPE LIABILITY 425 13.4.3 THE TRUSTEES LIABILITY TO THE BENEFICIARIES
426 13.4.4 THELIABILITY OFRETIRING TRUSTEES 42? 13.5 THE CRIMINAL
LIABILITY OF TRUSTEES 42? 13.6 PROTECTION OF TRUSTEES 429 13.6.1 TRUSTEE
EXEMPTION CLAUSES 429 13.6.2 CONSENT OF THE BENEFICIARIES 430 13.6.3
IMPOUNDING THE BENEFICIARIES INTERESTS 431 13.6.4 SECTION 61 THE TRUSTEE
ACT 1925 432 13.7 LIMITATION 434 13.7.1 THE TIMELIMITS FOR COMMENCING AN
ACTION 434 13.7.2 THERE IS NO STATUTORY TIME LIMIT FOR FRAUD OR TO
RECOVER TRUST PROPERTY 435 13.7.3 THE LIMITATION PERIODAPPLIES IF ITIS
NOT A TRUE TRUST 43? 13.7.4 LIMITATION PERIODS FOR FUTURE BENEFICIARIES
439 13.7.5 THE DOCTRINE OF LACHES 440 CONCLUSION 441 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
441 OISCUSSION QUESTIONS 441 ASSESSMENT QUESTION 442 KEY CASES 442
FURTHER READING 442 CHAPTER 14 CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS 445 INTRODUCTION 446
14.1 DEFINITION 446 14.2 GENERAL APPLICATION OF CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 447
14.2.1 ABUSE OF FIDUCIARY POSITION 448 14.2.2 WHAT IS FIDUCIARY
RELATIONSHIP? 448 14.2.3 UNAUTHORIZED ACTIVITIES OF TRUSTEES OCCASIONING
BREACHOF TRUST 448 14.3 UNAUTHORIZED TRANSACTIONS 451 14.3.1
SOLICITOR/TRUSTS 451 14.3.2 BRIBES 454 14.4 LIABILITY OFTHIRD PARTIES
(STRANGERS) IN CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS 459 14.4.1 WHOIS A TRUSTEE DE SON
TORT? 460 14.4.2 DISHONEST ASSISTANCE 460 14.4.3 WHATISDISHONESTY? 462
14.4.4 KNOWING RECEIPT OF TRUST MONEY OR PROPERTY 463 14.5 NATURE OF
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 464 14.5.1 INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 464
14.5.2 EFFECTOF CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 465 14.5.3 REMEDIAI CONSTRUCTIVE
TRUST 468 14.5.4 ORIGIN AND RATIONALEOF REMEDIAI CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 468
14.5.5 REMEDIAI TRUST IS NOT AUTOMATICALLY RETROSPECTIVE 470 14.5.6
CURRENT TRENDS IN THE ENGLISH COURTS: A MOVE TOWARDS REMEDIAI
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST? 471 14.5.7 THE FUTURE OF REMEDIAI TRUST IN ENGLAND
474 CONCLUSION 476 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 476 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 476
ASSESSMENT QUESTION 477 KEY CASES 47? FURTHER READING 47? CHAPTER 15
TRUSTS OFTHEFAMILY HOME 479 INTRODUCTION 480 15.1 THE MYTHOFCOMMON LAW
MARRIAGE 480 15.2 DECLARATIONS OF TRUST 481 15.2.1 LANDREQUIRES A
WRITTEN DECLARATION OF TRUST 481 15.2.2 OTHER DOCUMENTS MAY BE
DISREGARDED 482 15.2.3 JOINT TENANTS OR TENANTS IN COMMON 483 15.3
SOLUTIONS FROM EQUITY 484 15.3.1 RESULTING TRUST 484 15.3.2 PROPRIETARY
ESTOPPEL 486 15.3.3 CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST 488 15.4 THE TWO CATEGORIES IN
LLOYDS V ROSSET 490 15.4.1 ORAL AGREEMENT AND ACTINGTOONE S DETRIMENT
490 15.4.2 DIRECT FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS 490 15.4.3 OLDER CASES 491
15.5 ORAL AGREEMENT AND DETRIMENT 491 15.5.1 THE ORAL AGREEMENT 491
15.5.2 ACTIONS THATQUALIFY AS DETRIMENTALRELIANCE 494 15.5.3 ACTIONS
THAT DO NOT QUALIFY AS DETRIMENTALRELIANCE 496 15.6 FINANCIAL
CONTRIBUTIONS 499 15.7 INDIRECT FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS 500 15.8
QUANTIFYINGTHE SIZE OF THE EQUITABLE INTERESTS 502 15.8.1 THIS IS THE
SECOND STAGE OF THE PROCESS 502 15.8.2 THE RESULTINGTRUST SOLUTION 504
15.8.3 EQUALITYIS EQUITY 504 15.8.4 THE WHOLE COURSE OFDEALING 506 15.9
WHAT SORT OF TRUST IS THIS? 510 15.10 REFORMOFTHELAW 511 15.10.1 LAW
COMMISSION: SHARING HOMES 511 15.10.2 LAW COMMISSION: COHABITATION 513
CONCLUSION S14 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 514 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 515
ASSESSMENT QUESTION 515 KEY CASES 516 FURTHER READING 516 CHAPTER 16
EQUITABLE REMEDIES 517 INTRODUCTION 518 16.1 INJUNCTIONS 518 16.1.1
INJUNCTIONS ARE DISCRETIONARY 519 16.1.2 AGAINST WHOM CAN INJUNCTIVE
ORDERS BE MADE? 519 16.2 TYPES OFINJUNCTION 520 16.2.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE GRANTOF INJUNCTIONS 520 16.2.2 IS THERE ANY LIMIT TO THE COURT S
JURISDICTION TO GRANT INJUNCTIONS? 522 16.3 PRINCIPLESGUIDINGTHE GRANTOF
INJUNCTIONS 524 16.3.1 INAPPROPRIATENESSOF LEGAL REMEDIES SUCH AS
DAMAGES 524 16.3.2 PAST AND FUTURE CONDUCTOF CLAIMANTS 525 16.3.3
FUTILITYOFANORDER 526 16.4 WHEN WOULD THE COURTS AWARD DAMAGES INSTEAD
OFINJUNCTION? 52? 16.4.1 PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO THE GRANT OF DAMAGES
IN LIEU OF INJUNCTIONS 528 16.4.2 PRINCIPLESGUIDINGTHE GRANTOF INTERIM
INJUNCTIONS 531 16.4.3 WHAT DOES FRIVOLOUSORVEXATIOUS MEANINTHISCONTEXT?
533 16.4.4 AMERICAN CYANAMID S SIX GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR GRANTING
INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 534 16.4.5 LIMITS OR EXCEPTIONS TOAMERICANCYANAMID
PRINCIPLES 536 16.5 SPECIFIE INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 538 16.5.1 FREEZING
INJUNCTIONS: FREEZING THE ASSETSOF THE DEFENDANT 538 16.5.2 PRINCIPLES
GUIDING THE GRANT OF FREEZING INJUNCTIONS 539 16.6 SEARCH ORDER 541
16.6.1 THE RATIONALE OF SEARCH ORDER DISTINGUISHED FROM ENTICK V
CARRINGTON 542 16.6.2 GUIDELINES FOR GRANTING SEARCH ORDER 544 16.6.3
SAFEGUARDSTO PROTECT THE DEFENDANTS 544 16.7 SPECIFIE PERFORMANCE 546
16.8 ON WHAT GROUNDS MAY THE COURT REFUSE SPECIFIE PERFORMANCE? 54?
16.8.1 CONTRACT RELATINGTOPERSONALTY 547 16.8.2 CONTRACTS REQUIRING
CONSTANT SUPERVISION BY THE COURT 548 16.8.3 CONTRACTS TO CARRY ON A
BUSINESS OR ANY COMPARABLE SERIES OFACTIVITIES 550 16.8.4 CONTRACT FOR
PERSONAL SERVICES 550 16.8.5 CONTRACT LACKING IN MUTUALITY 551 16.8.6
WHERE SPECIFIE PERFORMANCE WILL BE FUTILE 552 CONCLUSION 552 SELF-TEST
QUESTIONS 553 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 553 ASSESSMENT QUESTION 553 KEY CASES
554 /, FURTHER READING 554 C C ANSWERSTO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND
ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 555 CS MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 583
MULTIPLE-CHOICE ANSWERS 605 GLOSSARY 62? XXVI INDEX 631
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Clements, Richard |
| author_GND | (DE-588)139954600 |
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| dewey-full | 346.42004 |
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| dewey-raw | 346.42004 |
| dewey-search | 346.42004 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.42004 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035794729 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:04:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199286157 0199286159 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008300319 |
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| spelling | Clements, Richard Verfasser aut Equity & trusts text, cases, and materials Richard Clements ; Ademola Abass Complete equity and trusts Oxford Oxford University Press 2009 XLI, 641 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Billigkeit swd Equity idszbz Trust idszbz Trust swd Trusts and trustees England Cases Equitable remedies England Cases Trusts and trustees Wales Cases Equitable remedies Wales Cases England idszbz England swd Wales idszbz Wales swd Lehrbuch swd Abass, Ademola 19XX- Sonstige (DE-588)139954600 oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018653984&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Clements, Richard Equity & trusts text, cases, and materials Billigkeit swd Equity idszbz Trust idszbz Trust swd Trusts and trustees England Cases Equitable remedies England Cases Trusts and trustees Wales Cases Equitable remedies Wales Cases |
| title | Equity & trusts text, cases, and materials |
| title_alt | Complete equity and trusts |
| title_auth | Equity & trusts text, cases, and materials |
| title_exact_search | Equity & trusts text, cases, and materials |
| title_full | Equity & trusts text, cases, and materials Richard Clements ; Ademola Abass |
| title_fullStr | Equity & trusts text, cases, and materials Richard Clements ; Ademola Abass |
| title_full_unstemmed | Equity & trusts text, cases, and materials Richard Clements ; Ademola Abass |
| title_short | Equity & trusts |
| title_sort | equity trusts text cases and materials |
| title_sub | text, cases, and materials |
| topic | Billigkeit swd Equity idszbz Trust idszbz Trust swd Trusts and trustees England Cases Equitable remedies England Cases Trusts and trustees Wales Cases Equitable remedies Wales Cases |
| topic_facet | Billigkeit Equity Trust Trusts and trustees England Cases Equitable remedies England Cases Trusts and trustees Wales Cases Equitable remedies Wales Cases England Wales Lehrbuch |
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