Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Romanian |
| Published: |
Alba Iulia
Ed. Altip
2008
|
| Series: | Bibliotheca Mvsei Apvlensis
22 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Printing-House of Blaj in the years 1747 - 1830 |
| Physical Description: | 445 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789731171487 |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
Prefaţa Cărămizi pentru zidirea lumii, de Iacob Mârza,
p.
5-8
Repere istoriografice şi de cronologie, p.
9-16
Aproximări privind cadrul legal de existenţă a Bisericii
greco-catolice
româneşti la
jumătatea secolului al XVllI-lea, p.
17-45
Orizont cultural şi artistic în atmosfera ambientală specifică a Blajului din anii
1737-1765,
p.
46-64
Antecedente ale debutului vechii activităţi tipografice desfăşurate la Blaj, p.
65-85
Descendenţa şi filiaţiile activităţii vechii imprimerii a Blajului, p.
86-103.
Condiţii ambientale provinciale şi general româneşti ale debutului activităţii vechii
tipografii înfiinţate la Blaj, p.
104-138
Imprimeria din Blaj până în
1764,
p.
139-208
Tipografia din Blaj în anii
1765-1784,
p.
209-275
Tipografìa din
Blaj în anii
1785-1830,
p.
276-348
Concluzii privind stadiul actual al cercetăii activităţii vechii tipografii blăjene şi
perspectivele aprofundării sale, p.
349-375
The Printing-House of Blaj
in the years
1747-1830
(Summary), p.
376-386
Bibliografie
selectivă şi prescurtări, p.
387-408
Indici,
409- 442
Postfaţă de
Gabriel
T. Rustoiu, p.
443-444
445
THE PRINTING
-
HOUSE OF BLAJ IN THE YEARS
1747-1830
(Summary)
By means of the doctoral thesis entitled The Printing-House of Blaj in the
Years
1747-1830,
elaborated under the care of
Babeş-Bolyai
University in Cluj-
Napoca and co-ordinated by Professor Pompiliu
Teodor,
member correspondent of
the Romanian Academy, the first historiographical, independent approach of the
above mentioned topic is achieved. Dealing with such a topic means, as a
synthesis, as a general interpretation filling up a historiographical gap .
In spite of the fact that there are a lot of high quality bibliographical
references concerning the old printing activity of the office in Blaj (due, besides the
authors of The Old Romanian Bibliography
-BRV,
to such names as Vasilie
Popp,
Timotei Cipariu,
Augustin Bunea,
Nicolae lorga, loan Georgescu, Zenovie
Pâclişanu, Alexandru
Lupeanu-
Melin,
Aurel Filimon,
Carlo Tagliavini,
Sigismund
Jakó,
Francise
Papp,
Cornelius
Dima-Drăgan, Cornel Tatai-Baltă,
loan Mircea,
Florentina Zgraon,
etc.) the present
topic
wasn t dedicated a synthetic work proper,
although
Augustin
Bunea, Nicolae lorga and mainly Zenovie
Pâclişanu
made
important steps in this direction, formerly.
Thus, although the titles of the old printed works made in Blaj were
generally recorded, described and interpreted bibliographically, the major cultural-
educational role of this important activity remained largely unassessed and
indefinite.
The present paper, as any first attempt, doesn t exhaust this ample, complex
topic under discussion. It only lays the foundation for a unitary independent
synthesis and starts building the first level of the edifice.
The chronological delimitation of the theme went on smoothly. Its beginning
starts naturally in the year
1747
when the official printing activity occured in Blaj
and ends, from justified reasons, in
1830.
The year
1830
was taken as a final reference point in our approach not so
much because it is still considered the conventional moment when the old
Romanian book production is over, but mainly because at the end of loan Bob s
pastorate and the beginning of loan Lemeni s, it has reached a kind of terminal
point of the printing activity we re dealing with.
Its persistent crisis extremely increased after
1825
and when the activity of
the printing office was resumed in
1835,
under Timotei Cipariu
s
co-ordination it
developed another ample, modern, contemporary period, indeed.
The inner chronological divisions of the interval
1747-1830
were done as
naturally as the general one.
376
We have only little detached ourselves from the chronological stages
delimited by Nicolae Iorga and Zenovie
Pâclişanu.
We ve tried to introduce a new conception of chronologisation that does not
refer only formally to the episcopate years of
Petru
Pavel
Aron
(including part of
his locum tenens office, too), Atanasie Rednic, Grigorie
Maior
and loan Bob.
Consequently, referring mainly to the content of the given printing activity, we
consider that three great stages of the spiritual, cultural phenomenon investigated
become visible by themselves.
Thus, there certainly existed a period of the beginnings , during
Petru
Pavel
Aron
s
pastorate when great pains were taken in order to equip the office and to
make a proper start, on its own feet of the specific activity, which imposed a first
chronological cutting-up:
1747-1764.
The period of development proper, even of flourishing of the old printing
office confines to the years
1765-1784,
with some further extensions, though
within the
7
initial years of this interval the printing development wasn t
considered uncommon by Nicolae Iorga, especially.
In the last decade of the period of development, that is to say between
1773
and
1784
a few qualitative and quantitative parameters were attained, by means of
which the printing-house of
Blaj
inscribed itself on the line of obvious cultural,
educational, civilising preoccupations in the enlightenment tone.
The enlightenment initiatives went on, with certain blurring, during bishop
loan Bob s pastorate, lacking in a way the enthusiasm and quality of those
patronised by Grigorie
Maior
between the years
1773
and
1782.
Despite the intense printing work from the years
1785-1830,
the frequent
crises and mainly the editorial, heavy obsolete, hindering policy imposed by the
bishop stops the valuable creating impulses and places Bob s period under a
twilight sigh.
This paper presents itself as a sum of certain information interpreted and
correlated according to a logic of their own, sometimes of our own too, especially
when the key documentary links are absent.
The suppositions we re resorted to, out of necessity, enable us to elaborate a
clearer more intelligible discourse which doesn t necessarily mean that including
them in the general
reconstitution
makes them infallible.
Like most historical judgements lacking a certain documentary basis, they
can be invalidated at any moment, reversing the meanings of the general
interpretations.
Although we ve resorted to the chronological enumeration of some certain
information and to their primary interpretation, we ve tried to go beyond a
factological,
positivist
report.
We don t vehemently contest positivism, since without a series of concrete
і
data and events, documentary attested, especially without a compact edition of
;
documents one cannot undertake any renewal of the historical methodology.
Consequently, since it had to fill up a historiographical gap , we considered
that, for a start, a preponderant, traditional work
-
such as the present one
-
would
377
be more necessary than one written from the exclusive point of view of mentality
history, which could be undertaken more easily from now on.
The novelty it brings consists in its focusing upon applying librarianship, for
the first time in our country, as well as in the steady concern with reconstituting as
much as possible of the everyday atmosphere characteristic of the office.
The great, permanent purpose was to outline the lucrative aspects of the
printing activities earned on in
Blaj
in the years
1747-1830.
The stress was laid mainly both on reconstituting the series of editions and
on the printers real working conditions.
The paper also contains references to the technical equipment of the printing
office, to the materials used, the manner of working proper, as well as the customs
of the employees, etc.
At the same time we didn t neglect to present the printing-house s staff, in
its different stages of existence trying to reconstitute the series of its prefects, the
first printers and the other workers.
For instance, we also revealed the altering of a certain category of the
printing-house s employees tasks up to its disappearance, i. e. turning the trade of
bookbinder proper, that used to exist at the beginning of the office s activity, into
that of printer-bookbinder , so that in the end, the bookbinders stopped being
found among the printing-house s employees.
In return,
colaborators
from the outside were used systematically for the
binding of books.
We didn t ignore the methods of bookbinding either, their prices, or the
materials used for a while in the bookbinding workshop.
For a few editions we could reveal the differentiated contribution of workers,
the cost of their work, their work time and the materials incorporated, etc.
The number of copies printed of several editions were recorded statistically,
also having in view the way in which the stock of a printed work or the annual
book-stocks of the printing-house increased or decreased progressively.
Therefore a great part of
Blaj
s
old book production was evaluated
quantitatively, even numerically by making use of the librarianship s methods.
In parallel with these global statistical evaluations the rhythm and scope of
the yearly, monthly and daily spreading of a number of printed works achieved in
Blaj
were also tackled.
Revealing the dynamics of the old printed works spreading is a novelty in
the Romanian historical writing, as the exact time and rhythmically an edition or
another was out of print couldn t be exactly grasped.
Not only have we re-established certain statistic, dynamical parameters of
old book production in
Blaj
but we have also concretely illustrated how books were
delivered, who got free books and when, but less who benefited from daily
purchases of books, who circulated
Blaj
books, in what way and where, etc.
After briefly presenting the chronological cutting-ups that have been
operated as well as the traditional or innovating valences of the chosen work
method it is necessary to outline the nine chapters of our thesis.
378
Chapter I, entitled The Romanian Transylvanian Greek-Catholic Church s
Legal Frame of Existence at the Middle of the IS11 Century, wants to be a general
introduction to the special problem of the printing-house of
В
laj
s
functioning
starting with
1747.
As it was a Greek-Catholic ecclesiastic laboratory, first it was necessary to
reanalyse
the circumstances under which at the end of the 17th century and the
beginning of the
18*,
they chose the union of the transylvanian
Bălgrad
Church
with that of Rome.
The church union of
1698-1701
was reinterpreted under the substantial
influence of
Ocravian Bîrlea s
vision of the respective matter.
Then we insisted upon the synthetic presentation of the legal functioning
statute of the Romanian Transylvanian Greek-Catholic Church, because it is only
by understanding the phenomenon of the legal-institutional functioning of the
Greek-Catholicism, from its inside, that the real significance of activating the
office of
Blaj
could be decoded.
We found useful the two concepts convincingly defined by
Octavian
Bîrlea,
but probably too insistently applied in his interpretations until they got partially
depreciated.
These are the first union and the second union because they serve to
distinguish between the two fundamental attitudes that manifested in the Romanian
Transylvanian Greek-Catholic Church, that is to say the traditionalist trend, strictly
defending the oriental rite and the Latin one, eager to accept a more or less
accentuated catholic influence in the above-mentioned church.
Not wholly rejecting the two concepts was determined by the fact that
sometimes they help at a more adequate understanding of the Greek-Catholic
bishop editorial programmes.
There are in Chapter I of this paper left-handed interpretations whose
correction will be undertaken after the appearance of a few doctoral theses that are
being drawn up now, which deal with essential topics concerning the Romanian
Greek-Catholic Church history, and are anxiously awaited.
At the first reading the interpretation according to which the servants of
Bălgrad
Church were willing to unite with the Church of Rome in
1698
not only
from material considerations, as they have permanently, abusively been accused of
ever since, but also as a result of a recrystallization of their confessional options.
The moments of the union are very clear in fact.
Firstly, they gave up then, in a peremptory way the union with the Calvinists
and they adopted a new union (the second moment), which represented a
manifestation of obvious primordial confessional options.
On the same level (or immediately on second level) there were the so-called
material interests, legitimate in fact, but not only of the church servants, but
differentiated, of all the believers of the
Bălgrad
Church.
!
This reversal of perspective, very seducing because of its simplicity is due to
Octavian
Bîrlea
again, who was the first to mold it.
379
Thus it is an extremely simple discovery to accept, following
Octavian
Bîrlea s
view, that the doers of the union of
1698-1701
were first of all the church
people, flaring God (and not atheists!) who had in mind the fulfilment of
ecclesiastic desiderata, first, and only on a second plane the worldly, secular ones.
It was mainly the advocates of the first union who knew exactly what they
wanted, both confessional
-
and the testimony book of
1698
is an undeniable
proof in this respect
-
and on the social-economic plane. By the desire that the
Romanians should be recognised as the fourth Transylvanian nation the
confessional aspects of the union were not overwhelmed! We have almost entirely
embraced
Octavian
Bîrlea s
theses, not because of confessional considerations
-
as
we do not belong to the Greek-Catholic Church, but to the Orthodox one.
We only thought them as being more fertile than others, more objective
(paradoxically!) and more iconoclast , meaning that they succeeded in placing
under question a few rigid interpreting
clichés.
These
clichés
of interpretation of the union act of
1698-1701
were generated
mainly by the strong adversity the respective event had roused.
One needn t necessarily be a Greek-Catholic in order to wish the truth about
the religious union of
1698-1701
were re-established, as much as possible.
Therefore we admit to have written this first chapter, deliberately in a
Bîrlea
manner .
The second chapter is Spiritual-artistic Environment and Local Atmosphere
in
Blaj
during
1737-1765,
and it partly answers the need of recreating the
immediate spiritual frame in which the beginning of the printing activity took place
and manifested itself at the confluence of the
Târnava
rivers.
We identified and presented other ways of manifestation of the Romanian
spirituality in
Blaj,
at its beginnings, which constituted in fact the particular ampler
frame of the above mentioned printing activity.
We started by outlining the town s general aspect, on Cornel
Tatai-Baltă s
traces, from
Blaj
s
Panorama of
Votiva
apprecatio
(1760).
Then we lingered over the
urbanistic
aspect of the place, pointing out the
early implementation of baroque in the local architecture.
We also stressed the significance and the consequences of this fact,
especially the baroque influences penetration (together with other European artistic
influences, by diverse ways) into the Romanian xylography practised in
Blaj.
Another art well-represented in the
Blaj
of the 18th century was the church
painting practised in traditional manner,
Brâncovenean
and
post-Brâncovenean
blended with obvious western influences.
Wood sculpture, both church and secular was also developed in
Blaj.
The applied plastic arts such as jewellery arts, the artistic fabric and iron
works, etc. were in their turn stimulated to flourish, mainly on account of bishopal
orders.
In the bishop s palace there was an interesting painting gallery, samples of
easel painting representing the portraits of Greek-Catholic bishops and Austrian
emperors and empresses.
380
Within this second chapter we emphasise the fact that there weren t genuine
artists in that little town lying at the confluence of the
Târnava
rivers that settled
there.
It happened only rarely, except for the printers and that s why they often
appealed to the temporary services of craftsmen coming from somewhere else or
made orders either in other Transylvanian centres or outside the Principality.
The 3rd Chapter, Antecedents of the Old Printing Activity s Beginning
Carried on in
Blaj,
deals with the Romanian Transylvanian typographic gap
between
1702-1747.
First, the possibility of publishing a Breviary or a Hymn Book in
Blaj
at
1678
was contested. Even if the two improbable printed works supposed to be made in
Blaj
can t be accepted, it is obvious that the revival of the Romanian printing
activity in Transylvania in
1747
must necessarily be reported to the intezTuption of
the old
Bălgrad s
office starting with
1702.
We ve tried to explain the disastrous Romanian printing press decline in
Transylvania, at the end of the
17*
century but the problem is still open to
discussion. After the special enthusiasm of
1699
and placing the confessional-
political compromise under pressure since the spring of the year
1701,
in
Viena,
in
Bălgrad s
printing-office only The Infants Bread was probably printed in
1702.
Through this work the traditional patronage of Wallachia s princes over the
Romanian Transylvanian cultural-confessional acts was done away with and a new
spiritual guardianship was imposed, strongly intolerant towards orthodoxy.
It was that of Hungary s archbishop, cardinal Leopold Kollonich.
Very few publications in the Principality, in fact all over the Austrian
Empire, dealt with the Romanians during the period between
1702
and
1747,
more
precisely, Catechisms of
1703, 1709, 1726
and the ABC Book of
1744.
During the years
1702-1747
only one Romanian typographic event was
recorded in our historiography (apart from the printing of The ABC Book in
1744)
and that was a negative one: the fact that, in
1707
bishop Atanasie Anghel pawned
part of
Bălgrad s
printing-office s equipment to the Jesuits in
Sibiu.
Within the same chapter we ve tried to readjust a biography which Paul
Binder drew to the printer
Mihail
Iştvanovici.
But the former s biography can t be seriously configured.
Another problem that we have tackled on concerns the problem of the
composition and destiny of the former
Bălgrad s
printing-office s equipment.
We haven t omitted, either, the attempts made to resume the typographic
Romanian Transylvanian activity in
1735
and
1740,
by Bishop loan Inochentie
Micu- Klein.
In the 4th Chapter, Origin and Affiliation of the Old Printing-House in
Blaj
s
Activity, we present the thesis proper, thesis which were formulated in the
Romanian historiography with reference to the origin and affinity of the above-
mentioned office existence.
381
First
we evaluated Vasilie
Popp
s
interpretative variant of
1838
in contrast
with
Blaj
traditional conception about the origin of that printing-establishment
whose spokesman was, at that time, Timotei Cipariu.
Three important amendments were brought to Vasilie
Popp
s
interpretation.
Then we even subdued to a sensible moulding
Blaj
s
tradition itself referring
to the origin of the office reactivated in
1747,
in that existing in
Bălgrad
at the end
of the 17th century and the beginning of the
1
8th.
At the same time we have also investigated the
historiographie
moment
Augustin Bunea
in
1902
as well as its important accents resumed by loan
Georgescu in
1934.
The inter-wars documentary and bibliographic accumulations concerning
rather indirectly the same problem of the above-mentioned activity s origin, having
Zenovie
Pâclişanu, Aurel Filimon
and Carlo
Tagliavini
as protagonists were also
revealed.
A new interpretation concerning the origin and kinship of
Blaj
s
printing-
office became obvious only in the 7th decade of the 20th century and it was mainly
due to
Francise
Papp,
but also to Gabriel
Ştrempel.
These innovating views, whose promoter became Mircea Tomescu too, who
stressed
Râmnic
s
contribution to the setting up of the printing house in
Blaj
got an
important retort, innovating in its turn, from
Sigismund
Jakó.
Then we tried remoulding schematically the origin and the possible stimuli
that were intercepted in
Blaj
coming from other typographical centres by means of
the crucial activity of a few artisans, travellers to several offices of the time
-
Romanian orthodox or other nationalities or confessions.
The paper s
б 1
Chapter, called The Socio-cultural Conditions at the
Beginning of the Old
Blaj
Printing-House
s
Activity, has the role of reconstituting
at large the social, cultural, confessional and political determinants, both
Transylvanian and generally Romanian, of the macro-environment in which the
respective office carried out its activity.
We identified a few mutations which occurred in the Imperial Austrian
policy towards their Romanian subjects and towards their church in the 5th decade
of the
18*
century.
We didn t leave behind the great confessional-political change of
1744,
either.
Thus, we can assert that, in that political frame the activity of the old
Romanian Transylvanian printing-house was allowed again.
That happened only as a result of the internal Romanian confessional
convulsions caused by Visarion
Sarai
s
movement, that is to say when it was
obvious that Greek-Catholicism preponderance among the Romanians in
Transylvania
-
on the surface, at least
-
was jeopardised irremediably.
Having the Empress agreement, at last, the Vicar and then Bishop
Petru
Pavel
Aron
understood that it was necessary to start, even since
1747,
a real
struggle for national education and culture, to compensate and mend in a way the
382
painful confessional-political failure of
1744,
consolidated later by the movement
of Sofronie of
Cioara,
between
1759
and
1760.
At the same time
-
in that 5th decade of the
18*
century it became obvious
that it was necessary to give a Greek-Catholic ideological retort the laudatory
orthodox books, printed between
1701
and
1744,
some of them having evident
anti-Catholic touches and proving to be alarming even for the authorities.
We also found it necessary to reveal the high level reached by the other
typographical offices, up to that time, from the point of view of book production
and the technical potential.
We ve tried therefore to reconstitute the general-Romanian printing context
in which the office in
Blaj
activity also integrated itself. Because, even if, Blaj s
book production was received with reticence
-
more or less express
ed
-
it gained
its place however in the ensemble of the Romanian old book production.
Rejected initially, the books printed in
Blaj
became however, during the
course of years general Romanian cultural goods, which benefited of a substantial
spreading and were received even in the orthodox environment, inside or outside
the Carpathian arc.
Consequently, the
Blaj
books cannot be separated from the general concert
of the old Romanian typographical production, or treated apart.
With the
б 1
Chapter (The
Blaj
Printing
-
House Between
1747
and
1765)
begins in fact the minute chronological description of the typographic production
in
Blaj.
We recorded mainly the certain editions made during that period, and only
on and off those more or less uncertain were taken into account.
Because, with a few exceptions the number of the printed copies are hardly
known, we ve tried to assess them on the whole starting from the copies that were
preserved or documentary mentioned, which offers us only relative guide marks.
That s why we ve started a process of inventorying all the printed copies
made in
Blaj,
that are still preserved.
Of course what we ve undertaken so far is not an exhaustive inventory and at
present we ve only made a synthesis of a few stage statistical results.
We ll have to improve the above-mentioned inventory from now on.
Special attention was also given to well-known printers who carried on their
activity.
In
Blaj
within that period, as well as the printing-house s prefects.
As a novelty some documentary, historiographical information that hadn t
been turned to account up to now was also pointed out.
They are referring to loanichie Endredi s life between
1760-1761
and to the
close collaboration of the office in
Blaj
leaders with
Páldi István.
It is worth mentioning that in that period the training-educational printed-
works as well as the ideological-confessional ones were, predominant.
Limited as far as their volume was concerned and meant to intense
individual reading, or to group interpretation their effect was practically more
383
precipitant and richer in immediate spiritual consequences than the cult printing-
works, proper.
Their general training role can t be minimised, either.
We also dealt with the oscillation of the printing-shop s equipment from the
Bishop s yard-where it functioned first
-
to the new headquarters of the Trinity
monastery, from where, after Bishop
Petru
Pavel
Aron
s
death it moved again near
the Bishopric palace, in the precincts of The Annunciation seminar.
The Bishop considered it as a personal good as he had invested a lot in its
equipment and consequently, he bequeathed it to the Annunciation seminar.
In Chapter
7
(The
Blaj
Printing
-
House Between
1765-1785)
we continued
presenting the chronological series of certain
Blaj
editions as well as the office s
staffs composition during the respective years.
Nicolae Iorga s vision concerning the reduced activity of the printing-house
during Atanasie Rednic s pastorate was sensibly corrected, revealing the fact that
besides the cult printed-works that were known, there continued to be edited
certain official regulations by means of which a series of Theresian reformats
measures were spread and put into practice, between
1765
and
1772.
Atanasie Rednic was, like
Petra
Pavel
Aron
the supporter of the spreading of
more or less limited printed-works
-
as far as their text was concerned but essential
for the propagation of Greek-Catholicism.
That s why be requested that all priests should get a copy of Christian
Teaching
(1763)
as well as a hand-out
-
apparently insignificant
-
probably printed
in a large number of copies, too, containing the Bishop s original drawing meant to
exemplify and explain suggestively the meanings of the religious union with Rome
Church.
During Atanasie Rednic, in
1768
was printed The Transylvanian Border
Regiments Regulation and in
1771
Quaedam
Urbana
Valachico
et
Ruthenico
idiomate pro
principátu
Hungáriáé.
They are
Blaj
printed-works not mentioned in
BRV.
The importance which the Bishop gave to printing and mainly to spreading
the
Blaj
books got prominent during the Episcopal visits he paid.
Like his forerunner,
Petru
Pavel
Aron,
and perhaps even more carefully,
Atanasie Rednic ordered that all the existent liturgical books should be inventoried
-
with a view to completing the existing gaps.
What simply amazes us is the frequency of the copies of Christian Teaching,
in the frame of documentary recordings that remained from the canonical visits
above- mentioned.
A recalling of the whole
Blaj
printing activity was undertaken, by means of
the official report made up on the 2nd of February
1772
and of its annexe
-
a list of
Blaj
printed-works up to that moment
-
whose re-editing could belong only to
Iosafat Devai, the office s prefect for the time being.
On the occasion of the balance mentioned above it became obvious that the
printing-shop had fulfilled its mission for a
25
years activity and went on doing
that, although starting with
1768,
besides the powerful rivalry of the Romanian
384
printing-houses outside the Carpathian arc, it had to face an unexpected internal
rivalry, especially the
Viena
office of Joseph
Kurböck.
Bishop Atanasie Rednic seriously protested against that situation but without
too great success, so that the effects of the new rivalry were resented in
Blaj
strong
as the later effects of the University of
Buda
printing-office or of the
Barth
printers
of
Sibiu.
A special phase in the printing-office s development was reached in
1777
(and it was Cornelius
Dima-Drăgan
who surprised it) when we can talk during
Grigorie
Maior
s
pastorate, about a real book complex, in the Enlightenment
spirit in
Blaj,
as there existed an important library, a printing-house in full swing
and a book-shop by means of which books were intensely spread among the
Romanians.
A whole series of religious service and didactic books were printed under the
care of Bishop Grigorie
Maior
between
1773-1782,
revealing a genuine
effervescence of the printing activity.
Chapter
8
(The
Blaj
Printing
-
House Between
1784-1830)
is our paper s
densest chapter, as it is strongly based on the printing-shop s bookkeeping records
which were kept for years on end.
This rich documentation allowed a minute
reconstitution,
not complete, of
course, of the printing-shop s efforts at that time.
A great part of the activity we ve dealt with, could be largely reconstituted
from several points of view.
The presentation of the series of
Blaj
certain editions went on, and many
technical details about their appearance could be displayed.
So we managed to reconstitute, for years, the structure of the printing-shop s
staff, and we could evaluate the expenditure and annual returns of printing-shop,
and thanks to the printing-shop s prefects lists of notes called
Diaria
everything
that was done in a day s work could be reconstituted.
Material consumption and processing could be followed sometimes over
days, months, but most often over years.
Interesting data about the book distributors in
Blaj
were also found out. Even
Petru Maior
and Gheorghe
Şincai
appeared at a certain moment among the
distributors of school textbook.
An important bookseller of the
Blaj
Bibles of
1795
was loan Piuariu
Moinar.
Among other aspects revealed was the tense relationship between Samuil
Micu and loan Bob, concerning the printing of the Bible and of other works.
We ve also attempted at making brief content analyses of the titles published
in
Blaj
in Bob s period.
We ve revealed the fact that between
1786
and
1787,
because of a number of
financial irregularities, the printing-shop was almost on the point of being sold,
fom Emperor Joseph IPs order The Russian
-
Austrian wars at the end of the 18th
century and the beginning of the 19th poured their negative effects upon
Blaj
s
Printing-shop too, as for instance, during the war of
1787-1792
when it was turned
military hospital.
385
But it wasn t only the political factors or the financial-economic instability
of the times under discussion that left their negative imprint upon the printing-
house s activity, but also the way in which loan Bob understood to lead the office s
destinies, after
1784
when he d leased it.
Its financial situation could be followed and analysed mainly for the years
1787-1817,
with a few interruptions, as well as its annual printed-works stocks,
which extends up to
1822.
From a technical point of view it was noticed the fact that after
Ştefan
Huszi s death in
1817,
no printer proper really worked there and the working
disposition or the work style was no longer renewed.
Even before the
Blaj
workers could keep the pace with the time s
technological progress. loan Bob, in his quality of leaseholder of the printing-
house, wasn t preoccupied at all, especially towards the end of his pastorate by the
office s modernisation and the incomplementation of a new work style.
The
Blaj
printing-house couldn t compare not even in
1804,
for instance,
with Martin
Hochmeister
junior s offices, where the work had been rationalised in
the spirit of capitalist efficiency.
In Chapter
9
entitled Conclusions were synthesised, in order to give them
more coherence and a more explicit meaning, the data displayed in chapters
6-8.
We evaluated first on the whole, all the certain editions of
Blaj,
in order to
get a minimum term of the entire book production we had in view.
Then we underlined the contributions to
BRV
evaluated in the present work.
We also mentioned all the uncertain
Blaj
titles, specified bibliographically or
documentary with a view to inventorying them and establishing which of them are
acceptable and which absolutely unacceptable.
The problem of printed-works with a false address in
Blaj
was also
approached and discussed largely.
We tried to explain how such a practice was possible and how it could be
interpreted.
The prices of
Blaj
books were also appreciated, following their evolution
along the years and the considerations referring to the way in which books were
bound, to the materials used or the prices asked for were continued.
Neither did we forget to present some of the characteristics of the spreading
and circulation of books printed in
Blaj,
the 9th chapter ending with a series of
synthetic reference to the above-mentioned book production beneficiaries.
386
|
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| geographic | Blaj (DE-588)4208804-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Blaj |
| id | DE-604.BV035791395 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:04:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731171487 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018650726 |
| oclc_num | 643329322 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 445 S. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Ed. Altip |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Bibliotheca Mvsei Apvlensis |
| series2 | Bibliotheca Mvsei Apvlensis |
| spelling | Mircea, Gabriela Verfasser aut Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830 Gabriela Mircea Alba Iulia Ed. Altip 2008 445 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliotheca Mvsei Apvlensis 22 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Printing-House of Blaj in the years 1747 - 1830 Geschichte 1747-1830 gnd rswk-swf Druckerei (DE-588)4133333-0 gnd rswk-swf Blaj (DE-588)4208804-5 gnd rswk-swf Blaj (DE-588)4208804-5 g Druckerei (DE-588)4133333-0 s Geschichte 1747-1830 z DE-604 Bibliotheca Mvsei Apvlensis 22 (DE-604)BV011271309 22 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018650726&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018650726&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Mircea, Gabriela Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830 Bibliotheca Mvsei Apvlensis Druckerei (DE-588)4133333-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4133333-0 (DE-588)4208804-5 |
| title | Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830 |
| title_auth | Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830 |
| title_exact_search | Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830 |
| title_full | Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830 Gabriela Mircea |
| title_fullStr | Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830 Gabriela Mircea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830 Gabriela Mircea |
| title_short | Tipografia din Blaj în anii 1747 - 1830 |
| title_sort | tipografia din blaj in anii 1747 1830 |
| topic | Druckerei (DE-588)4133333-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Druckerei Blaj |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018650726&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018650726&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011271309 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mirceagabriela tipografiadinblajinanii17471830 |