Competition law, innovation and antitrust: an analysis of tying and technological integration
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cheltenham [u.a.]
Elgar
2009
|
| Series: | New horizons in competition law and economics
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 280 S. |
| ISBN: | 1848446322 9781848446328 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Competition law, innovation and antitrust |b an analysis of tying and technological integration |c Hedvig Schmidt |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cheltenham [u.a.] |b Elgar |c 2009 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Titel: Competition law, innovation and antitrust
Autor: Schmidt, Hedvig
Jahr: 2009
Contents
List offigures and tables ix
Acknowledgements x
List of abbreviations xi
Table of legislation, cases and other official documents xii
1. Introduction 1
1. Background 1
2. Tying 3
3. Outline of the book 5
2. Tying from an Economic Perspective 7
1. Introduction 7
2. Defining Tying 8
3. The Purposes of Tying 11
4. Efficiency Reasons 13
4.1. Cost Reduction 13
4.2. Quality Improvement 15
4.2.1. Quality Assurance 15
4.2.2. Reduction in Search Costs 16
4.2.3. Product Improvement 17
4.3. Reducing Pricing Inefficiencies 18
4.3.1. Price Discrimination 18
4.3.2. The Double Marginalisation Problem 21
4.4. Concluding Remarks on Efficiency Reasons 25
5. Strategie Reasons for Tying 25
5.1. The Leveraging Theory 25
5.1.1. Market Foreclosure 30
5.1.2. Protection of the Tying Product Market -
Defensive Leveraging 31
5.1.3. Undercutting Rivals Price by Tying 33
5.2. Competition Mitigation 34
5.3. Gaining Competitive Advantage 35
5.3.1. Creating Network Externalities 36
5.4. Price Obfuscation 37
5.5. Technological Integration 38
vi Competition law, innovation and antitrust
5.6. Tying as an Incentive to Innovate 41
5.7. Concluding Remarks on Strategic Reasons 42
6. Empirical Evidence 42
7. How Should Tie-ins be Treated? - An Economic Perspective 46
3 lying Arrangements under Article 82 EC 55
1. Introduction 55
2. Assessing Tying under Article 82 59
2.1. Defining the Relevant Market - the Need for Two
Separate Products 60
2.1.1. Defining the Relevant Market in Tying
Cases 61
2.1.2. The Need for Two Separate Products 65
2.1.3. Tying in Aftermarkets and Consumables 72
2.1.4. Concluding Remarks on Two Separate
Products 73
2.2. Establishing Dominance in the Tying Product
Market 74
2.2.1. Conclusion on Dominance 76
2.3. Abuse 77
2.3.1. Conclusion on Abuse 83
2.4. Anti-competitive Effects - Foreclosure of the Tied
Product Market 83
2.4.1. Concluding Remarks on Anti-competitive
Effects of Tying 93
2.5. Objective Justifications 94
2.5.1. Concluding Remarks on Objective
Justifications 100
3. Remedies 102
3.1. Concluding Remarks on Remedies 105
4. Article 82, Tying and IP Rights 106
5. Lessons to be Learned from EC Case Law on Tying 113
4 Tying Arrangements under US Antitrust Law 117
1. Introduction 117
2. The Antitrust Analysis of Tying Arrangements 119
2.1. Tying - Pre-Jefferson Parish 120
2.1.1. A Tying Arrangement 122
2.1.2. Market Power 123
2.1.3. A Substantial Amount of Commerce in the
Tied Product Market 126
2.1.4. Justification and Defences 127
Contents vii
2.1.5. Concluding Remarks on Pre-Jefferson
Parish Case Law 129
2.2. Tying - Post-Jefferson Parish 130
2.2.1. A Tying Arrangement between Two Separate
Products 135
2.2.1.1. Concluding Remarks on Two
Separate Products 145
2.2.2. Market Power 146
2.2.3. Substantial Impact on Competition in the
Tied Market 149
2.2.4. Objective Justification 151
3. IP Rights 152
4. Per Se or Rule of Reason - That is the Question! 154
5. Lessons to be Learned from US Tying Case Law 157
5.1. Introduction 157
5.2. Two Separate Products 158
5.3. Market Power 159
5.4. Substantial Amount of Commerce Affected in the
Tied Product Market 160
5.5. Objective Justification 160
5.6. IP Rights 161
5.7. Conclusion 162
5 Intellectual Property Law and Tying - An Alternative
Approach 164
1. Introduction 164
2. The US Patent Misuse Doctrine 166
3. Tying Arrangements Caught under the Patent Misuse
Doctrine 172
4. The US Misuse Doctrine and its Effect on Tying - Lessons
to be Learned 177
6 Alternative Solutions, the Development of a New
Regulatory Model 179
1. Introduction 179
2. Illegal per se - Rule of Reason - Where Are We Now?
Where Should We Be? 180
2.1 Good or Bad Conduct 182
2.2. Rule of Reason 183
2.3. Per se Legality 185
2.4. Recommending per se Legality 186
3. The Format of the Approach 186
3.1. Recommendation: A Four-step Test 191
viii Competition law, innovation and antitrust
4. Step 1: The Need for Two Separate Products - Alternative
Solutions 192
4.1. Introduction 192
4.2. Is the Separate Products Test Essential? 196
4.3. The TTBER and the US IP Licensing Guidelines -
Alternative Market Definitions? 197
4.4. The Indispensability Test - an Alternative to the
Consumer Demand Test? 204
4.5. The Expanded Consumer Demand Test and the
Broken Product Test 206
4.6. Recommending the Expanded Consumer Demand Test 215
5. Step 2: Dominance -Alternative Solutions 216
5.1. Introduction 216
5.2. The Indispensability Test 217
5.3. Market Share Cap 219
5.4. Recommending the Market Share Cap 221
6. Step 3: Anti-competitive Effects - Alternative Solutions 222
6.1. Introduction 222
6.2. Indispensability Test 225
6.3. The Sacrifice Test and the No Economic Sense Test 227
6.4. As-Efficient-As Competitor Test 231
6.5. The Consumer Harm Test - Re-balancing the
Standard of Proof 233
6.6. Standard of Proof 237
6.7. Recommending the As-Efficient-As Competitor Test
and the Consumer Harm Test 239
7. Step 4: Objective Justifications -Alternative Solutions 241
7.1. Introduction 241
7.2. Replicate Article 81(3) Exemption 242
7.3. Article 82(d) Exemption - By Nature or According
to Commercial Usage 246
7.4. Recommending the Article 82(d) Exemption 248
8. Conclusion: Setting out the New Regulatory Model to Tying 249
7. Conclusion 252
1. Concluding Remarks 252
2. Technological Integration 255
3. Future Cases 256
Bibliography 259
Index 271
Figures and tables
FIGURES
2.1 Perfect competition 22
2.2 Monopoly 23
6.1 Is there a demand for AB ? 211
TABLES
2.1 Efficiency and strategic reasons for tying 12
6.1 Comparison of current case law approaches to tying 188
6.2 Market share cap test 222
IX
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:04:32Z |
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| record_format | marc |
| series2 | New horizons in competition law and economics |
| spelling | Schmidt, Hedvig Verfasser aut Competition law, innovation and antitrust an analysis of tying and technological integration Hedvig Schmidt Cheltenham [u.a.] Elgar 2009 XX, 280 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier New horizons in competition law and economics EU-Staaten stw Hochtechnologiesektor stw Kartellrecht stw USA stw Recht High technology industries Law and legislation European Union countries High technology industries Law and legislation United States Tie-ins (Marketing) Law and legislation European Union countries Tie-ins (Marketing) Law and legislation United States Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten USA HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018645802&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schmidt, Hedvig Competition law, innovation and antitrust an analysis of tying and technological integration EU-Staaten stw Hochtechnologiesektor stw Kartellrecht stw USA stw Recht High technology industries Law and legislation European Union countries High technology industries Law and legislation United States Tie-ins (Marketing) Law and legislation European Union countries Tie-ins (Marketing) Law and legislation United States |
| title | Competition law, innovation and antitrust an analysis of tying and technological integration |
| title_auth | Competition law, innovation and antitrust an analysis of tying and technological integration |
| title_exact_search | Competition law, innovation and antitrust an analysis of tying and technological integration |
| title_full | Competition law, innovation and antitrust an analysis of tying and technological integration Hedvig Schmidt |
| title_fullStr | Competition law, innovation and antitrust an analysis of tying and technological integration Hedvig Schmidt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Competition law, innovation and antitrust an analysis of tying and technological integration Hedvig Schmidt |
| title_short | Competition law, innovation and antitrust |
| title_sort | competition law innovation and antitrust an analysis of tying and technological integration |
| title_sub | an analysis of tying and technological integration |
| topic | EU-Staaten stw Hochtechnologiesektor stw Kartellrecht stw USA stw Recht High technology industries Law and legislation European Union countries High technology industries Law and legislation United States Tie-ins (Marketing) Law and legislation European Union countries Tie-ins (Marketing) Law and legislation United States |
| topic_facet | EU-Staaten Hochtechnologiesektor Kartellrecht USA Recht High technology industries Law and legislation European Union countries High technology industries Law and legislation United States Tie-ins (Marketing) Law and legislation European Union countries Tie-ins (Marketing) Law and legislation United States Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
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