Rubber technology: compounding and testing for performance
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Munich
Hanser [u.a.]
2009
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 567 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783446421554 9781569904657 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rubber technology |b compounding and testing for performance |c [the ed.:] John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Hanser [u.a.] |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 567 S. |b graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Rubber chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rubber industry and trade | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rubber |x Testing | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804140692926103552 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Rubber technology
Autor: Dick, John S.
Jahr: 2009
Contents
1 Rubber Compounding: Introduction, Definitions, and Available Resources ... l
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Recipe 2
1.3 Classification of Rubber Compounding Ingredients 3
1.4 Standard Abbreviations for Compounding Ingredients 4
1.5 The Diversity of Rubber Recipes 4
1.6 Compatibility of Compounding Ingredients 5
1.7 Rubber Compounding Ingredients Specifications 7
1.8 Raw Material Source Books 7
1.9 Key Source References for Formulations 9
1.10 Technical Organizations 10
1.11 Key Technical Journals and Trade Magazines 11
1.12 Regularly Scheduled Technical Conferences 13
1.12.1 Regularly Scheduled Courses 13
1.13 Web Sites Available 14
References 15
2 Compound Processing Characteristics and Testing 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Manufacturing Process 17
2.2.1 Two Roll Mill 17
2.2.2 Internal Mixers 17
2.2.3 Further Downstream Processing 19
2.2.4 Curing Process 20
2.2.5 Factory Problems 20
2.3 Processability Characteristics and Measurements 21
2.3.1 Viscosity 22
2.3.1.1 Rotational Viscometers 22
2.3.1.2 Capillary Rheometer 23
2.3.1.3 Oscillating Rheometers 25
2.3.1.4 Compression Plastimeters 26
2.3.2 Shear Thinning 27
2.3.2.1 Shear Thinning by Capillary Rheometer 28
2.3.2.2 Shear Thinning by Oscillating Rheometer 28
2.3.3 Elasticity 29
2.3.3.1 Mooney Stress Relaxation 31
2.3.3.2 Elasticity by Oscillating Rheometer 32
2.3.3.3 Capillary Rheometer Die Swell 33
2.3.3.4 Compression Plastimeter Elastic Recovery 33
2.3.3.5 Direct Shrinkage Measurements 33
2.3.4 Time to Scorch 33
2.3.4.1 Scorch by Rotational Viscometer 34
2.3.4.2 Scorch by Oscillating Rheometer 34
2.3.4.3 Scorch by Capillary Rheometer 36
2.3.5 Cure Rate 36
2.3.5.1 Cure Rate by Rotational Viscometer 37
2.3.5.2 Cure Times and Cure Rate by Oscillating Rheometer 38
2.3.6 Ultimate State of Cure 39
2.3.6.1 Ring Testing 40
2.3.6.2 Oscillating Rheometer 40
2.3.7 Reversion Resistance 40
2.3.8 Green Strength 41
2.3.9 Tackiness 42
2.3.10 Stickiness 42
2.3.11 Dispersion 42
2.3.12 Stock Storage Stability 43
2.3.13 Mis-Compounding 43
2.3.14 Cellular Rubber Blow Reaction 43
References 44
3 Vulcanizate Physical Properties, Performance Characteristics, and Testing ... 46
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Density 46
3.3 Hardness 47
3.4 Tensile Stress—Strain 48
3.5 Stress-Strain Properties under Compression 49
3.6 Stress Strain Properties under Shear 50
3.7 Dynamic Properties 50
3.8 Low Temperature Properties 53
3.8.1 Brittle Point 54
3.8.2 Gehman Test 54
3.9 Stress Relaxation, Creep, and Set 55
3.10 Permeability (Transmission) 57
3.11 Cured Adhesion 57
3.12 Tear Resistance 58
3.13 Degradation Properties 60
3.13.1 Flex Fatigue Resistance 60
3.13.2 Heat Resistance 62
3.13.3 Ozone Resistance 64
3.13.4 Weathering Resistance 65
3.13.5 Resistance to Liquids 65
3.13.6 Abrasion and Wear Resistance 66
References 67
4 Rubber Compound Economics 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Compound Cost Calculations 69
4.2.1 Specific Gravity 69
4.2.2 Cost/lb 70
4.2.3 Lb-Volume Cost 70
4.2.4 Part Cost 70
4.2.5 Conversion Factors for Calculating Part Cost 70
4.2.5.1 in3 and cost/lb 70
4.2.5.2 cm3 and cost/kg 70
4.2.5.3 ft3 and cost/lb 70
4.2.5.4 cm3 and cost/lb 71
4.2.5.5 Relative Costs 71
4.2.5.6 Developing Conversion Factors 71
4.3 Measuring Specific Gravity (Density) 72
4.4 Cost Calculations 72
4.4.1 Base Compound 72
4.4.2 Same Ingredient Volume and Equal Cost 73
4.4.3 LowCost/lb 73
4.4.4 High Specific Gravity 74
4.5 Compound Design and Cost 75
4.6 Reducing Compound Cost 75
4.6.1 High-Structure Carbon Blacks 76
4.6.2 White Compounds 76
4.6.3 Antioxidants/Antiozonants 76
4.6.4 Polymer Substitutions 77
4.6.4.1 High Cost/High Specific Gravity Polymers 77
4.6.4.2 Clear and Oil-Extended Polymer Replacements 79
4.6.4.3 Carbon Black/Oil Masterbatches Replacing Free Mix Compounds .... 80
4.6.4.4 Extrusion Productivity 81
4.6.4.5 Vulcanization Productivity 82
Appendix 84
5 The Technical Project Approach to Experimental Design and Compound
Development 86
5.1 Introduction 86
5.2 Part 1: Steps in a Technical Project 88
5.2.1 Initial Action Required 88
5.2.1.1 Planning Model 88
5.2.1.2 Work, Time, and Cost Proposal 88
5.2.2 Experimental Design 88
5.2.2.1 Selecting Variables or Factors 88
5.2.2.2 Selecting Test Instruments and Procedures 89
5.2.2.3 Developing a Response Model 89
5.2.2.4 Selecting an Experimental Design 91
5.2.3 Conduct Measurements and Obtain Data 95
5.2.4 Conduct Analysis and Evaluate Preliminary Model 96
5.2.5 Prepare Report 96
5.3 Part 2: Using Experimental Designs 96
5.3.1 Screening Designs - Simple Treatment Comparisons 96
5.3.1.1 Design Cl for Uniform Replication Conditions 97
5.3.1.2 Design Cl for Non-Uniform Replication Conditions 97
5.3.1.3 Design C2 for Multi-Treatment Comparisons 98
5.3.2 Screening Designs - Multifactor Experiments 99
5.3.2.1 Two-Level Factorial Designs 99
5.3.2.2 Analysis of the Designs 100
5.3.2.3 Calculating the Effect Coefficients 101
5.3.2.4 Reviewing Designs SI to SI 1 102
5.3.3 Exploratory Designs - Multifactor Experiments 103
5.3.4 Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Effect Coefficients 104
5.3.4.1 Evaluating Standard Errors for Effect Coefficients: Screening Designs . . 104
5.3.4.2 Four Factor Screening Design: An Example 105
References 110
Appendix Ill
6 Elastomer Selection 125
6.1 Overview 125
6.1.1 Commodity and General Purpose Elastomers 125
6.1.1.1 Natural Rubber (NR) 126
6.1.1.2 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 127
6.1.1.3 Polybutadiene Rubber (BR) 129
6.1.2 High Volume Specialty Elastomers 130
6.1.2.1 Polyisoprene (IR) 130
6.1.2.2 Nitrile Rubber (NBR) 131
6.1.2.3 Ethylene-Propylene-Diene (EPDM) 132
6.1.2.4 Polychloroprene (CR) 132
6.1.2.5 Butyl and Halogenated Butyl Elastomers 133
6.1.2.6 Chlorinated and Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene 135
6.1.3 Low Volume Specialty Elastomers 135
6.1.3.1 Fluoroelastomers 135
6.1.3.2 Silicone and Fluorosilicone Rubber 136
6.1.3.3 Polyurethane Rubber 137
6.1.3.4 Ethylene-Acrylic Rubber 137
6.1.3.5 Polyacrylate Rubber 138
6.1.3.6 Epichlorohydrin Rubber 138
6.1.3.7 Polyolefin Elastomers 138
6.1.3.8 Polysulfide Rubber 139
6.1.4 Thermoplastic Elastomers 139
References 140
7 General Purpose Elastomers and Blends 141
7.1 Introduction 141
7.2 Natural Rubber and Polyisoprene 141
7.3 Polybutadiene 144
7.4 Copolymers and Terpolymers of Styrene, Butadiene, and Isoprene 147
7.5 Compounding with General Purpose Polymers 150
7.5.1 Polymer Characterization and Effect on Mixing 151
7.5.2 Polymer Effect on Cure Rate 153
7.5.3 Polymer Effect on Stress-Strain 156
7.5.4 Hysteresis 157
7.5.5 Compatibility with SIR 10 165
7.5.6 Fatigue Properties 169
7.5.7 Compression Set 170
7.6 Conclusion 171
References 171
8 Specialty Elastomers 173
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Butyl Rubber 173
8.2.1 Introduction 173
8.2.2 Butyl Rubber Physical Properties 174
8.2.3 Butyl Rubber Properties, Vulcanization, and Applications 174
8.2.4 Gas Permeability 175
8.2.5 Ozone and Weathering Resistance 176
8.2.6 Butyl Rubber Vulcanization 176
8.2.6.1 Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization 177
8.2.6.2 The Dioxime Cure 177
8.2.6.3 The Resin Cure 177
8.3 Halogenated Butyl Rubber 178
8.3.1 Introduction 178
8.3.2 Compounding Halobutyl and Star-Branched Halobutyl Rubbers 179
8.3.2.1 Carbon Black 179
8.3.2.2 Mineral Fillers 180
8.3.2.2 Plasticizers 180
8.3.2.3 Processing Aids 180
8.3.3 Processing Halobutyl Rubber 181
8.3.3.1 Mixing 181
8.3.3.2 Calendering 181
8.3.3.3 Extrusion 182
8.3.3.4 Molding 182
8.3.4 Halobutyl Rubber Vulcanization and Applications 182
8.3.4.1 Straight Sulfur Cure 183
8.3.4.2 Zinc Oxide Cure and Modifications 183
8.3.4.3 Zinc-Free Cures 183
8.3.4.4 Peroxide Cures 183
8.3.4.5 Vulcanization through Bis-Alkylation 184
8.3.4.6 Resin Cure 184
8.3.4.7 Scorch Control 184
8.3.4.8 Stability of Halobutyl Crosslinks 185
8.3.5 Halobutyl Rubber General Applications 185
8.3.6 Cured Properties 186
8.3.6.1 Permeability 186
8.3.6.2 Heat Resistance 186
8.3.6.3 Resistance to Chemicals and Solvents 186
8.3.7 Flex Resistance/Dynamic Properties 186
8.3.8 Compatibility with Other Elastomers 187
8.3.9 Halobutyl Rubber Compound Applications 187
8.3.9.1 Tire Innerliners 187
8.3.9.2 Pharmaceutical Closures 187
8.3.9.3 Heat Resistant Conveyor Belt 188
References 189
8.4 EPM/EPDM 190
8.4.1 Introduction 190
8.4.2 Ethylene/Propylene Content 190
8.4.3 Diene Content 191
8.4.4 Rheology 192
Reference 193
8.5 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber 193
8.5.1 Introduction 193
8.5.2 Chemical and Physical Properties - Relating to Application 193
8.5.2.1 Acrylonitrile Content (ACN) 194
8.5.2.2 Mooney Viscosity 194
8.5.2.3 Emulsifier 195
8.5.2.4 Stabilizer 195
8.5.2.4 Coagulation 195
8.5.3 Polymer (Elastomer) Microstructure 196
8.5.4 Polymer (Elastomer) Macrostructure 196
8.5.5 Gel 196
8.5.6 Molecular Weight 197
8.5.7 HotNBR 197
8.5.8 Crosslinked Hot NBR 198
8.5.9 Cold NBR 198
8.5.10 Carboxylated Nitrile (XNBR) 198
8.5.11 Bound Antioxidant NBR 199
Acknowledgement 200
References 200
8.6 Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Elastomers 201
8.6.1 Introduction 201
8.6.2 Applications 202
8.6.3 Properties 202
8.6.4 Formulating 202
8.6.5 Processing 203
8.7 Polyacrylate Elastomers 203
8.7.1 Polymer Composition 203
8.7.2 Basic Compounding of Polyacrylate Polymers 205
8.7.3 Processing Guidelines 206
References 207
8.8 Polychloroprene (Neoprene) 207
8.8.1 Introduction 207
8.8.2 Basic Characteristics of Polychloroprene 208
8.8.3 Families of Neoprene 208
8.8.4 Neoprene G Family 208
8.8.5 Neoprene W Family 210
8.8.6 Neoprene T Family 211
8.9 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM) 211
8.9.1 Introduction 211
8.9.2 General Characteristics 212
8.10 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM) 213
8.10.1 Introduction 213
8.10.2 General Purpose Types of Hypalon 215
8.10.3 Specialty Types of Hypalon 215
8.10.4 Unvulcanized Applications 216
8.11 Polyepichlorohydrin Elastomer 216
8.11.1 Introduction 216
8.11.2 Properties 216
8.11.3 Formulating 217
8.11.4 Nonlead Cure Systems 218
8.11.5 Adjustments 218
8.11.6 Processing 218
8.11.7 Internal Mixer - Procedure 219
8.11.8 Extrusion 219
8.11.9 Molding 219
Reference 221
8.12 Ethylene-Acrylic Elastomers 221
8.12.1 Introduction 221
8.12.2 Polymer Composition and Effect on Properties 222
8.12.3 Polymer Selection 223
8.13 Polynorbornene 224
8.13.1 Introduction 224
8.13.2 Applications 224
8.13.3 Compounding 225
8.13.4 Fillers 225
8.13.5 Oils/Plasticizers 225
8.13.6 Cure System 225
8.13.7 Rebound/Resilience 226
8.13.8 Vibration Damping 226
8.13.9 Blends 226
8.13.10 Mixing and Processing 226
8.13.10.1 Mill Mixing 226
8.13.10.2 Internal Mixers 227
8.13.11 Calendering 227
8.13.12 Extrusion 227
8.13.13 Molding 229
8.13.14 Summary 229
Reference 229
8.14 Fluoroelastomer (FKM) 229
8.14.1 Introduction 229
8.14.2 Background 229
8.14.3 Applications 231
8.14.4 Viton Types 231
8.15 Silicone Elastomers 235
8.15.1 Introduction 235
8.15.2 Selection 235
8.15.3 Fillers 235
8.15.4 Antistructuring Agents 236
8.15.5 Heat Stabilizers 236
8.15.6 Peroxide Cures 236
8.15.7 Platinum Cures 237
8.15.8 RTV Cures 237
9 Polyurethane Elastomers 238
9.1 Introduction 238
9.2 Polyurethane Chemistry and Morphology 238
9.3 Polyurethane Products 241
9.4 Cast Polyurethane Processing Overview 242
9.5 Molding Methods 244
9.5.1 Open Casting 244
9.5.2 Centrifugal Molding 245
9.5.3 Vacuum Casting 245
9.5.4 Compression Molding 245
9.5.5 Transfer Molding 245
9.5.6 Liquid Injection Molding (LIM) 246
9.5.7 Spraying 246
9.5.8 Moldless Rotational Casting 246
9.6 How to Select a Polyurethane Elastomer 246
9.6.1 Types of Prepolymers 247
9.6.2 Types of Curatives 249
9.6.3 Processing Conditions 250
9.6.4 Additives 252
9.7 Comparison of Polyurethanes with Other Elastomers 253
9.7.1 Limitations of Polyurethane Elastomers 255
9.8 Polyurethane Selection Guidelines 257
9.8.1 Selecting a Polyurethane Elastomer for a New Application 260
9.9 Millable Gums 261
9.10 Thermoplastic Polyurethanes 262
References 262
General References 263
10 Thermoplastic Elastomers 264
10.1 Introduction 264
10.2 Position in Spectrum of Polymeric Materials 264
10.3 Classification of TPEs 265
10.3.1 Chemistry and Morphology 265
10.3.2 Styrenic Block Copolymers 268
10.3.3 Copolyesters 270
10.3.4 Thermoplastic Polyurethanes 271
10.3.5 Polyamides 272
10.3.6 Thermoplastic Elastomeric Olefins 273
10.3.7 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates 274
10.4 TPEs and Thermoset Rubbers 276
10.5 Fabrication of TPEs 278
10.5.1 Economy of Thermoplastics Processing 278
10.5.2 Injection Molding 278
10.5.3 Extrusion 278
10.5.4 Blow Molding 280
10.5.5 Other Processing Methods 281
10.6 Acknowledgments 281
References 281
11 Recycled Rubber 284
11.1 Introduction 284
11.1.1 Tire Derived Fuel 284
11.1.2 Automotive Industry s Recycling Efforts 285
11.2 Recycling Methods 286
11.2.1 Reclaiming 286
11.2.2 Ambient Ground Rubber 287
11.2.3 Cryogenic Ground Rubber 288
11.2.4 Wet Ground Rubber 292
11.2.5 Surface Treatment and Additives for Producing Recycled Rubber 292
11.3 Testing, Storage, and Characterization 292
11.3.1 Testing Standards 292
11.3.2 Material Storage 293
11.3.3 Moisture Content 293
11.3.4 Bulk Density 293
11.3.5 Chemical Analysis and Material Specifications 293
11.3.6 Particle Size and Distribution 294
References 296
12 Compounding with Carbon Black and Oil 297
12.1 Introduction: Carbon Black Affects Everything 297
12.2 Characterization of Carbon Black 297
12.2.1 The Particle, the Aggregate, and the Agglomerate 298
12.2.2 Surface Area, Structure, and Surface Activity 298
12.2.3 Constituents Other than Carbon (Impurities) 300
12.2.4 Pellets 301
12.2.5 ASTM Nomenclature 301
12.3 Handling Carbon Black 303
12.4 Mixing Carbon Black 303
12.4.1 Pellet Properties and Analytical (also called Colloidal Properties) 303
12.4.2 Effect of Analytical on Dispersion 303
12.4.3 The Mixing Process 304
12.5 Subsequent Processability of the Compound 306
12.6 Compounding Carbon Black 306
12.6.1 Optimum Loading 306
12.6.2 Importance of Dispersion 309
12.6.3 Carbon Black Compounding Tips 310
12.6.3.1 Hardness 310
12.6.3.2 Processing Oil 311
12.6.3.3 Other Vulcanizate Properties 312
12.6.3.4 Vulcanizate Hysteresis 312
12.6.4 The Tire Industry s Tradeoffs 314
12.7 Hysteresis Reducing Tips 316
12.7.1 Radical Compounding 316
12.7.2 Lower Loadings of High Structure Carbon Blacks 317
12.7.3 Carbon-Silica Dual Phase Fillers 318
12.8 Practical Applications: Tire Examples 318
12.8.1 OE Passenger-Tire Treads 318
12.8.2 Replacement Passenger-Tire Treads 318
12.8.3 HP Passenger-Tire Treads 319
12.8.4 Medium Radial Truck Treads 319
12.8.5 Wire Coat or Skim Stocks 319
12.8.6 Innerliner Compounding 319
12.9 Major Tradeoffs for Industrial Rubber Products 320
12.9.1 Loading/Reinforcement/Cost 320
12.10 Compounding Tips: Industrial Rubber Products 320
12.10.1 Extrusion Profiles and Products 320
12.10.2 Molded Products 321
12.10.3 Hose Applications 321
12.11 Basics of Carbon Black Manufacture 322
12.11.1 History 322
12.11.2 The Oil-Furnace Process 322
References 324
13 Precipitated Silica and Non-Black Fillers 325
13.1 Introduction 325
13.2 Mineral Fillers 325
13.2.1 Calcium Carbonate 326
13.2.2 Baryte 326
13.2.3 Ground Crystalline Silica 326
13.2.4 Biogenic Silica 327
13.2.5 Kaolin Clay 327
13.2.6 Talc 328
13.2.7 Alumina Trihydrate 328
13.3 Synthetic Fillers 328
13.3.1 Precipitated Calcium Carbonate 329
13.3.2 Metal Oxides 329
13.3.3 Precipitated Silica 329
13.3.4 Silicates 331
13.4 Surface Treatment 331
13.5 Compound Applications 332
13.5.1 General Compounding Principles 333
13.5.2 White Sidewall 334
13.5.3 Black Sidewall 336
13.5.4 Wire Coat 336
13.5.5 Innerliner 339
13.5.6 Tread 340
13.5.7 Specialty Applications 341
References 342
14 Ester Plasticizers and Processing Additives 344
14.1 Ester Plasticizers for Elastomers 344
14.1.1 Derivation 344
14.1.2 Philosophical 347
14.1.3 Applications 348
14.1.3.1 Low-ACN Content NBR 349
14.1.3.2 Neoprene Blend GN 88/WHV 12 350
14.1.3.3 Different Elastomers with the Same Plasticizer 351
14.1.3.4 Medium Acrylonitrile-Content NBR 352
14.1.3.5 Medium ACN NBR 352
14.1.3.6 Medium-High ACN-Content NBR 355
14.1.3.7 NBR/PVC Polyblends 356
14.1.3.8 Ethylene Acrylic and Polyacrylate Elastomers 357
14.1.3.9 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM) 358
14.1.3.10 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) 358
14.1.4 Application Trends 360
14.2 Process Additives 363
14.2.1 Control ofViscosity 364
14.2.1.1 Viscosity Control of Natural Rubber 364
14.2.1.2 Viscosity Control of Synthetic Rubber 367
14.2.2 Mode of Action of Process Additives 369
14.2.2.1 Surface Lubricants 371
14.2.2.2 Process Additives for Homogenizing and Improving Filler Dispersion . . 372
14.2.3 Application of Process Additives 373
References 376
15 Sulfur Cure Systems 380
15.1 Introduction and Historical Background 380
15.2 Vulcanizing Agents 381
15.3 Activators 382
15.4 Accelerators 383
15.5 Conventional, Semi-Efficient and Efficient Cures 386
15.6 Retarders and Inhibitors 387
15.7 Recent Developments 389
References 394
16 Cures for Specialty Elastomers 395
16.1 introduction 395
16.2 Cure Systems for EPDM 395
16.3 Cure Systems for Nitrile 397
16.4 Cure Systems for Polychloroprene 400
16.5 Cure Systems for Butyl and Halobutyl Rubber 402
References 410
17 Peroxide Cure Systems 411
17.1 Introduction 411
17.1.1 What is an Organic Peroxide? 411
17.1.2 Classes of Organic Peroxides 411
17.1.3 General Peroxide Selection Guidelines 412
17.1.3.1 Half-Life 413
17.1.3.2 Minimum Cure Time 413
17.1.3.3 SADT (Self Accelerating Decomposition Temperature) 414
17.1.3.4 Maximum Storage Temperature (MST) 414
17.1.3.5 Energy of Peroxide Free Radicals 414
17.1.3.6 Peroxide Polymer Masterbatches 417
17.1.3.7 High Performance (HP) Peroxide Formulations for Improved Productivity 418
17.2 Peroxides Used in Crosslinking 420
17.2.1 Diacyl Peroxides 421
17.2.2 Peroxyester and Monoperoxycarbonate Peroxides 422
17.2.3 Peroxyketal and Dialkyl Type Peroxides 422
17.2.4 Performance Characteristics of Dialkyl Type Peroxides 426
17.2.5 t-Amyl and t-Butyl Type Peroxides 428
17.2.6 Effect of Additives When Crosslinking with Peroxides 430
17.3 Role of Monomeric Coagents in Peroxide Crosslinking 430
17.3.1 Crosslinking PE with Coagents and Peroxides 432
17.3.2 Crosslinking EPDM with Coagents and Peroxides 433
17.3.3 Crosslinking HNBR with Coagents and Peroxides 434
17.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Peroxide Crosslinking versus Sulfur Vulcanization .... 434
References 436
18 Tackifying, Curing, and Reinforcing Resins 438
18.1 Introduction 438
18.2 Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins 438
18.2.1 Types of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins 439
18.2.1.1 Reinforcing Resins 439
18.2.1.2 Tackifying Resins 443
18.2.1.3 Curing Resins 443
18.3 Methylene Donor Resins 445
18.4 Resorcinol-Based Resins 446
18.5 High Styrene Resins 446
18.6 Petroleum-Derived Resins 446
18.7 Wood-Derived Resins 446
References 447
Abbreviations 447
19 Antidegradants 448
19.1 Introduction 448
19.2 Properties of Antidegradants 449
19.2.1 Discoloration and Staining 449
19.2.2 Volatility 449
19.2.3 Solubility and Migration 449
19.2.4 Chemical Stability 450
19.2.5 Physical Form 451
19.2.6 Antidegradant Concentration 451
19.3 Antidegradant Types 451
19.3.1 Non-Staining, Non-Discoloring Antioxidants 452
19.3.1.1 Hindered Phenols 452
19.3.1.2 Hindered Bis Phenols 452
19.3.1.3 Substituted Hydroquinones 452
19.3.1.4 Phosphites 453
19.3.1.5 Organic Sulfur Compounds 453
19.3.1.6 Hindered Amine and Nitroxyl Compounds 453
19.3.2 Staining/Discoloring Antioxidants 454
19.3.2.1 Phenylnaphthylamines 454
19.3.2.2 Dihydroquinolines 454
19.3.2.3 Diphenylamine Derivatives 455
19.3.2.4 Substituted Paraphenylenediamines (PPDs) 455
19.3.2.5 Amine-based, Bound-in or Polymer Bound Antioxidants 455
19.3.3 Antiozonants 456
19.3.3.1 Petroleum Waxes 456
19.3.3.2 Nickel Dibutyldithiocarbamate (NBC) 457
19.3.3.3 6-Ethoxy-2.2.4-trimethyl-!.2-dihydroquinoline (ETMQ) 457
19.3.3.4 Substituted Paraphyenylenediamines (PPDs) 457
19.4 Examples of Antidegradant Activity 458
19.4.1 Oxidation Resistance 458
19.4.2 Effect of Antidegradants on Fatigue Life 458
19.4.3 Combinations of Antiozonants and Antioxidants 460
19.4.4 Resistance to Metal Poisoning 461
References 462
Abbreviations 463
20 Compounding for Brass Wire Adhesion 464
20.1 Introduction 464
20.2 Wire Bonding Systems 464
20.2.1 Cobalt 465
20.2.2 RF Resin-Cobalt 465
20.3 The Adhesion Mechanism 466
20.4 Compound Ingredient Effects 466
20.4.1 Mixing 467
20.4.2 Testing 467
20.4.3 Regression Plots 468
20.4.3.1 Carbon Black 468
20.4.3.2 Zinc Oxide/Stearic Acid 469
20.4.3.3 Sulfur/DCBS 469
20.4.3.4 Cobalt 470
20.4.3.5 RF Resin/HMMM 471
20.4.3.6 Carbon Black/Silica 472
20.4.3.7 Summary of Test Results 472
20.5 Model NR Ply Compounds 473
20.5.1 Black Control Compound 473
20.5.2 Black/Cobalt Compound 473
20.5.3 Black/Cobalt/RF Resin 474
20.5.4 Black/Silica/Cobalt/RF Resin 474
20.6 Summary 474
Acknowledgments 474
References 474
21 Chemical Blowing Agents 476
21.1 Introduction 476
21.2 Terminology 476
21.2.1 Open Cell Structure 477
21.2.2 Closed Cell Structure 477
21.3 Inorganic Blowing Agents 478
21.4 Organic Blowing Agents 478
21.4.1 Azodicarbonamide (ADC) 479
21.4.1.1 Properties 480
21.4.1.2 Activation 480
21.4.1.3 Factors Affecting Performance 480
21.4.1.4 Effect of Particle Size 481
21.4.1.5 Effect of Temperature 483
21.4.1.6 ADC Activation and Cell Size 483
21.4.2 Sulfonyl Hydrazides 484
21.4.2.1 Properties 484
21.4.2.2 Activation 484
21.4.2.3 Applications 484
21.4.3 Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine (DNPT) 484
21.4.3.1 Properties 485
21.4.3.2 Activation 485
21.5 Methods of Expansion 486
21.5.1 Low Pressure Molding Process 486
21.5.2 High Pressure Molding Process 486
21.5.2.1 Precure Stage 486
21.5.2.2 Final Cure Stage 487
21.5.3 Continuous Vulcanization (CV) 487
References 487
22 Flame Retardants 489
22.1 Introduction 489
22.2 Fire Standards, Testing, and Applications 489
22.3 Commonly Used Flame Retardants in Elastomers 491
22.3.1 Aliphatic and Alicyclic Halogen Sources 491
22.3.2 Aromatic Halogen Sources 491
22.3.3 Synergists of Halogen Sources 491
22.3.3.1 Antimony Oxide 491
22.3.3.2 Zinc Borate 492
22.3.3.3 Phosphorus Compounds 492
22.3.4 Flame Retardant Fillers 492
22.3.4.1 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) 492
22.3.4.2 Magnesium Hydroxide 492
22.3.4.3 Calcium Carbonate 493
22.3.4.4 Clay, Talc, and Silica 493
22.3.4.5 Carbon Black 493
22.4 Compounding and Dispersion Considerations 493
22.4.1 Polychloroprene (CR) 494
22.4.2 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM) 495
22.4.3 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM) 496
22.4.4 Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer (EPDM) 496
22.4.5 Styrene-Butadiene (SBR) 499
22.4.6 Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR) and Hydrogenated-Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (HNBR) 499
22.4.7 Silicone Elastomer 500
22.4.8 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVM) 501
22.4.9 Ethylene-Propylene Elastomer (EPR) 502
22.4.10 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) 502
Acknowledgments 502
References 502
23 Rubber Mixing 504
23.1 Introduction 504
23.2 History 504
23.3 Equipment 505
23.3.1 Mills 505
23.3.2 Internal Mixers 505
23.3.2.1 Tangential Rotor Type 506
23.3.2.2 Intermeshing Rotor Type 506
23.3.2.3 Variable Internal Clearance Mixer 507
23.3.2.4 Continuous Mixers 508
23.3.2.5 Extruders 508
23.4 Mixing 510
23.4.1 Mill Mixing 510
23.4.2 Internal Mixer 511
23.4.2.1 Batch Size 511
23.4.2.2 Batch Conversion Factor 512
23.4.2.3 Density and Cost Calculations 512
23.4.2.4 Mixing Procedures 513
23.4.2.5 Mixing Temperatures 514
23.5 Mixing Methods 514
23.5.1 Natural Rubber Mastication 514
23.5.2 Masterbatch Mixing 515
23.5.3 Phase Mixing 515
23.5.4 Single-Stage Mix 517
23.5.5 Single-Cycle Mix 517
23.5.6 Two-Stage Mix 517
23.5.7 Tandem Mixing 517
23.5.8 Three-Stage Mix 518
23.5.9 Upside Down Mix 518
23.5.10 Variable Speed Mixing 518
23.5.11 Final Mix 519
23.5.12 Continuous Mixing 520
23.5.13 E-SBR Carbon Black Masterbatch 520
23.5.14 Energy Mixing 521
References 522
Index 523
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035766011 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:04:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783446421554 9781569904657 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018625799 |
| oclc_num | 429475605 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-92 DE-210 DE-29T DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-M347 DE-83 DE-526 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-92 DE-210 DE-29T DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-M347 DE-83 DE-526 |
| physical | XXIII, 567 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Hanser [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance [the ed.:] John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... 2. ed. Munich Hanser [u.a.] 2009 XXIII, 567 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rubber chemistry Rubber industry and trade Rubber Testing Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 gnd rswk-swf Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 gnd rswk-swf Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 gnd rswk-swf Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 gnd rswk-swf Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 s Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 s 1\p DE-604 Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 s Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 s 2\p DE-604 Dick, John S. Sonstige oth Annicelli, Ralph A. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018625799&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance Rubber chemistry Rubber industry and trade Rubber Testing Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 gnd Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 gnd Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 gnd Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4278968-0 (DE-588)4030108-4 (DE-588)4163521-8 (DE-588)4022538-0 |
| title | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_auth | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_exact_search | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_full | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance [the ed.:] John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... |
| title_fullStr | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance [the ed.:] John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance [the ed.:] John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... |
| title_short | Rubber technology |
| title_sort | rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_sub | compounding and testing for performance |
| topic | Rubber chemistry Rubber industry and trade Rubber Testing Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 gnd Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 gnd Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 gnd Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rubber chemistry Rubber industry and trade Rubber Testing Gummiverarbeitung Kautschuk Kautschukverarbeitung Gummi |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018625799&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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