Global land ice measurements from space:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Heidelberg [u.a.]
Springer
2014
|
| Series: | Springer praxis books : Geophysical sciences
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | LXXVII, 876 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9783540798170 9783662501306 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Global land ice measurements from space |c Jeffrey S. Kargel ... ed. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Heidelberg [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a LXXVII, 876 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
DEDICATION
XV
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
XVII
FOREWORD BY HUGH H. KIEFFER
XXV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
XXIX
ONLINE SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
XXXI
CHAPTER RECEIPT INFORMATION
XXXIII
LIST OF FIGURES
XXXV
DISCLAIMER: GLIMS IS NOT A BORDER AUTHORITY
XLVII
LIST OF TABLES
XLIX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
LIU
ABOUT THE EDITORS
LIX
PROLOGUE
LXI
1 INTRODUCTION: GLOBAL GLACIER
MONITORING*A LONG-TERM TASK
INTEGRATING IN SITU OBSERVATIONS AND
REMOTE SENSING
MICHAEL ZEMP, RICHARD ARMSTRONG,
ISABELLE GARTNER-ROER, WHFRIED HAEBERLI,
MARTIN HOELZLE, ANDREAS KDDB,
JEFFREY S. KARGEL, STRI JODHA S. KHALSA,
GREGORY J. LEONARD, FIANK PAUL, AND
BRUCE H. RAUP
1.1 WHY THIS BOOK?
1.2 PERENNIAL SURFACE ICE ON LAND
1.2.1 DEFINITIONS
1.2.2 GLOBAL COVERAGE
1.3 GLACIERS AND CLIMATE
1 3.1 FORMATION OF GLACIERS AND THEIR DYNAMICAL
CONTROLS 4
1 3.2 GLACIER REACTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE, AND
RESPONSE TIMES 5
1.3.3 REPORTING GLACIER CHANGE RATES 5
1.4 INTERNATIONAL GLACIER MONITORING 6
1.4.1 HISTOIY OF INTERNATIONAL GLACIER MONITORING
IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
6
1.4.2 THE GLOBAL TERRESTRIAL NETWORK FOR
GLACIERS (GTN-G)
8
1.4.3 AVAILABLE DATASETS 9
1.4.4 CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY 9
1.5 GLACIER OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE 12
1 5.1 SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS IN GTN-G 12
1.5.2 POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 13
1 5.3 CHALLENGES 14
1.6 INTEGRATIVE GLACIER CHANGE ASSESSMENTS 15
1 7 SYNOPSIS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK 15
1.8 CONCLUSIONS 16
1.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17
1.10 REFERENCES 17
23
23
24
24
25
30
2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF REMOTE
SENSING FOR GLACIER ASSESSMENT AND
MAPPING
MICHAEL P. BISHOP, ANDREW B.G. BUSH,
ROBERTO FURFARO, ALAN R. GILLESPIE,
DOROTHY K. HALL, UMESH K. HARITASHYA,
1 AND JOHN F. SHRODER JR.
1 2.1 INTRODUCTION
2 2.2 RADIATION TRANSFER CASCADE
2 2.2.1 SOLAR IRRADIANCE
3 2 2 2 SURFACE IRRADIANCE
4 2.2.3 SURFACE REFLECTANCE
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/996064273
VI CONTENTS
2.2 4 SURFACE EMISSION
31 4.2.1
RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION
76
2.3
SURFACE-ENERGY INTERACTIONS
32
4.2.2
GEOMETRIC PREPROCESSING 76
2.3.1 SNOW 32
4.3
MULTISPECTRAL METHODS 78
2.3.2 GLACIERS 34
4.3.1 SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF GLACIER SURFACES
78
2.3.3 WATER
35
4.3.2
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION APPROACHES
79
2.4 COMPLICATIONS 37
4 3.3 IMAGE-PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
81
2.5 SPACE-BASED INFORMATION EXTRACTION 37
4.3.4
POSTPROCESSING AND GIS WORK FLOW
86
2.5.1 SNOW COVER 37
4.4
MAPPING DEBRIS-COVERED ICE
86
2.5.2 ICE SHEETS
38
4.5
THERMAL IMAGING
89
2.5.3 ALPINE GLACIER MAPPING
38
4.6
MICROWAVE/SAR METHODS 89
2.5.4 DEBRIS-COVERED GLACIERS 39
4.7
SPECTRAL CHANGE DETECTION AND TEMPORAL
2.5.5 SNOW LINE AND ELA 40
DATA MERGING 91
2.5.6 ICE FLOW VELOCITIES 41
4.7.1 OVERVIEW
91
2.6 NUMERICAL MODELING 42
4.7.2 IMAGE CHANGE EVALUATION BY SUBTRACTION OF
2.6.1 CLIMATE MODELING 42
MULTISPECTRAL ANNIVERSARY PAIRS
2.6.2 ENERGY BALANCE MODELING 43
(ICESMAP) 95
2.6.3 GLACIER MASS BALANCE MODELING 45
4.8
ICE FLOW 98
2.7
CONCLUSIONS 46
4.8.1
IMAGE CHOICE AND PREPROCESSING FOR
2.8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
46
IMAGE MATCHING 100
2.9 NOTATION 47
4 8.2
IMAGE-MATCHING TECHNIQUES
100
2.10
REFERENCES
48
4 8.3
4.8.4
POSTPROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
ACCURACY
102
102
3
RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODELING IN
4.8.5
SAR OFFSET TRACKING AND INTERFEROMETRY 103
THE CRYOSPHERE
49
CHALLENGES, CONCLUSIONS, AND PERSPECTIVES
105
ROBERTO FURFARO, ALBERTO PREVITI,
4 10
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
106
PAOLO PICCA, JEFFREY S KARGEL, AND
4.11
REFERENCES
106
MICHAEL P. BISHOP 53
3.1 INTRODUCTION
53
55
5 DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELING AND GLACIER
3.2 RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODELING OF GLACIER
SURFACES
53
55
TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION
DUNCAN J. QUINCEY, MICHAEL P. BISHOP,
3 2.1 RT MODELING APPROACH FOR GLACIER SURFACES
56
ANDREAS KAAB, ETIENNE BERTHIER,
3.2.2 RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION IN LAYERED
MIXTURES OF SNOW, ICE, AND DEBRIS
58
BORIS FLACH, TOBIAS BOLCH,
MANFRED BUCHROITHNER, ULRICH KAMP,
3.2 3 RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION IN GLACIER LAKE
WATERS 59
SIRI JODHA S KHALSA, THIERRY TOUTIN,
UMESH K. HARITASHYA,
3.3
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW, ICE, DEBRIS,
ADMA E. RACOVITEANU, JOHN F. SHRODER,
3.3.1
MIXTURES, AND GLACIER LAKE WATER
60
AND BRUCE H. RAUP 113
3.3.1 SNOW
61
AND BRUCE H. RAUP
3.3.2 GLACIER ICE 61
5 1
INTRODUCTION 113
3.3.3 ROCK DEBRIS 62
5.2
BACKGROUND 114
3 3.4 MIXTURES
63
5.3
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL GENERATION 116
3 3.5
GLACIER LAKE WATER
63
5 3.1
SOURCE DATA 116
3.4 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE RTE
64
5.3.2
AERIAL AND SATELLITE IMAGE STEREOSCOPY 117
3.5
GLACIER RADIATIVE TRANSFER SIMULATION
5.3.3
GROUND CONTROL POINTS 118
EXAMPLES
66
5.3.4
SOFTWARE PACKAGES 120
3.6 CONCLUSIONS 70
5.3.5
POSTPROCESSING (INTERPOLATION AND
3.7 REFERENCES 71
5.3.6
SMOOTHING)
DATA FUSION
121
122
4 GLACIER MAPPING AND MONITORING USING
5.4
DEM ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY 123
MULTISPECTRAL DATA
5.4.1
REPRESENTATION OF DEM ERROR
123
123
124
ANDREAS KAAB, TOBIAS BOLCH,
5.4.2
5.5
AND UNCERTAINTY
TYPE AND ORIGIN OF ERRORS
GEOMORPHOMETRY
123
123
124
KIMBERLY CASEY, TORBORG HELD,
5.4.2
5.5
AND UNCERTAINTY
TYPE AND ORIGIN OF ERRORS
GEOMORPHOMETRY
123
123
124
JEFFREY S. KARGEL, GREGORY J. LEONARD,
75
5.5.1
GEOMORPHOMETRIC LAND SURFACE PARAMETERS 125
FRANK PAUL, AND BRUCE H. RAUP 75
5.5.2
SCALE-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS 125
4.1 INTRODUCTION 75
5.5.3
TOPOGRAPHIC RADIATION MODELING 127
4.2 IMAGE PREPROCESSING
76
5.5.4
ALTITUDE FUNCTIONS 127
CONTENTS VII
5 5.5 GLACIER ELEVATION CHANGES AND
MASS BALANCE CALCULATIONS
128
5.6 GLACIER MAPPING 131
5.6.1 PATTERN RECOGNITION 133
5 6.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES 134
5.6.3 OH/ECT-ORIENTED MAPPING 135
5.7 DISCUSSION 135
5.8 CONCLUSIONS 138
5.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 138
5.10 REFERENCES 138
6 ASTER DATASETS AND DERIVED PRODUCTS
FOR GLOBAL GLACIER MONITORING
BHASKAR RAMACHANDRAN, JOHN DWYER,
BRUCE H. RAUP, AND JEFFREY S. KARGEL
145
6.1 INTRODUCTION 145
6.2 ASTER DATA ACCESS AND USE POLICY 146
6.3 ASTER DATA 147
6.3 1 PERFORMANCE OF ASTER VNIR. SWIR.
AND TIR 147
6.4 ASTER DATA-PROCCSSING STREAM 152
6.4.1 STANDARD LEVEL IA AND LEVEL IB 152
6.4.2 ASTER STANDARD HIGHER LEVEL PRODUCTS 153
6.5 ASTER DATA FOR GLIMS: STARS,
DARS, GAIN SETTINGS, AND IMAGE SEASONS 159
6.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 160
6.7 REFERENCES 161
7 QUALITY IN THE GLIMS GLACIER
DATABASE
BRUCE H. RAUP, SIRI JODHA S. KHALSA,
RICHARD L. ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM A. SNEED,
GORDON S. HAMILTON, FRANK PAUL,
FIONA CAWKWELL, MATTHEW J BEEDLE,
BRIAN P. MENOUNOS, ROGER D WHEATE.
HELMUT ROLL, LIU SHIYIN. LI XM.
SHANGGUAN DONGLIUI, CHENG GUODONG,
JEFFREY S. KARGEL, CHRIS F. LARSEN.
BRUCE F. MOLINA, JOIN L. KINCAID,
ANDREW KLEIN, AND VLADIMIR KONOVALOV
163
7.1 INTRODUCTION 163
7.2 STANDARD METHODS AND TOOLS 164
7.3 ACCURACY AND PRECISION IN GLACIER
MAPPING 164
7.4 GLACIER ANALYSIS COMPARISON EXPERIMENTS
(GLACE) 166
7.4.1 GLACE LAND GLACE 2 166
7.4.2 GLACE 2A AND GLACE 3A (MANUAL
DIGITIZATION) 167
7 5 GLACE RESULTS 168
7.5.1 GLACE 1 AND GLACE 2 168
7.5.2 GLACE 2A AND GLACE 3A 171
7.5.3 DISCUSSION 173
7.6 GLIMS GLACIER DATABASE AND THE DATA
INGEST PROCESS 176
7.6.1 INGEST QUALITY CONTROL STEPS
176
7.6.2 REPRESENTATION OF MEASUREMENT ERROR
179
7.6.3 DERIVED PARAMETEIS IN THE DATABASE 180
7.7
CONCLUSION 180
7.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 181
7.9
REFERENCES 181
8 GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS AND DYNAMICS
AROUND THE MARGIN OF THE GREENLAND
ICE SHEET
LEIGH A. STEARNS AND HESTER JISKOOT
183
8.1 GREENLAND GLACIOLOGY 183
8.1.1 ICE SHEET MASS CHANGES 184
8.2 CASE STUDY 1: CENTRAL EAST GREENLAND
MARGIN FLUCTUATIONS AND CLIMATE SENSITIVITY
FROM A GLIMS GLACIER INVENTORY AND
ASTER GDEM 186
8.2.1 INTRODUCTION 186
8.2.2
METHODS
188
8.2.3 RESULTS
189
8.3
CASE STUDY 2: A COMPARISON OF HIGH-
RATE GPS AND ASTER-DENVED
MEASUREMENTS ON HELHEIM GLACIER
193
83 1 INTRODUCTION
193
8.3.2 DATA
193
8.3.3 RESULTS
196
8.4
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 199
8.5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 200
8.6
REFERENCES 200
9 REMOTE SENSING OF RECENT GLACIER
CHANGES IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
MARTIN SHARP, DAVID O BURGESS,
FIONA CAWKWELL. LUKE COPLAND,
JAMES A DAVIS, EVELYN K. DOWDESWELL,
JULIAN A DOWDESWELL, ALEX S. GARDNER,
DOUGLAS MAIR, LIBO WANG,
SCOTT N. WILLIAMSON, GABRIEL J. WOLKEN,
AND FAYE WYATT
205
9.1
INTRODUCTION
205
9.2
REGIONAL CONTEXT
206
9.2.1 GEOLOGY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY 206
9.2.2
CLIMATE AND RECENT CLIMATE TRENDS IN THE
CANADIAN ARCTIC 206
9.2 3 GLACIER CHARACTERISTICS
209
9.3 SPECIAL TOPICS: REGIONAL GLACIER MASS
BALANCE AND PROXY INDICATORS 210
9.3.1
SURFACE MASS BALANCE AND MASS BALANCE
CHANGES
210
9.3 2
SUMMER MELT
211
9.3.3
ICE FLOW AND ICEBERG-CALVING FLUXES
213
9.4 CASE STUDIES
214
9.4 1
SURGE-TYPE GLACIERS
214
9.4.2 NORTHERN ELLESMERE ISLAND ICE SHELVES 216
9.5 REGIONAL SYNTHESIS: RECENT CHANGES IN
VIII CONTENTS
EQUILIBRIUM LINE ALTITUDE AND GLACIER
EXTENT 217
9 5.1 METHODOLOGY 217
9.5.2 RESULTS 219
9.6 KEY ISSUE 220
9.6.1 CHANGES IN GLACIER SURFACE ELEVATION,
VOLUME, AND MASS, SEA LEVEL CONTRIBUTIONS 220
9 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 224
9.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 225
9.9 REFERENCES 225
10 A DIGITAL GLACIER DATABASE FOR
SVALBARD
MAX KO MG, CHRISTOPHER NUTH,
JACK KOLILER, GEIR MOHOLDT, AND
RICHARD PETTERSEN 229
10.1 INTRODUCTION 229
10.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 230
10.3 DATABASE STRUCTURE 230
10.4 DATA 231
10.4.1 THE ORIGINAL TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SERIES OF
SVALBARD (S100)*1936/ 1966/1971 231
10.4.2 THE 1990 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY 232
10.4.3 THE SATELLITE DATASET 232
10.5 METHODOLOGY 233
10.5 1 CREATION OF GLACIER OUTLINES FROM
CARTOGRAPHIC DATA FOR THE 1936/1966/1971
DATASET 233
10.5 2 CREATION OF OUTLINES FROM CARTOGRAPHIC
DATA FOR THE 1990 DATASET 233
10.5.3 CREATION OF OUTLINES FROM SATELLITE DATA
FOR THE 2001-2010 DATASET 233
10.5.4 GLACIEI AND SNOW PATCHES SMALLER THAN
1 KM
2
234
10.6 RESULTS 234
10.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 238
10.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 238
10.9 REFERENCES 238
11 ALASKA: GLACIERS OF KENAI FJORDS
NATIONAL PARK AND KATMAI NATIONAL
PARKS AND PRESERVE
BRUCE A. GIF)EN. DOROTHY K. HALL, AND
JANET Y.L. CLUEN 241
11.1 INTRODUCTION 241
11.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 242
11 2.1 GEOGRAPHIC/TOPOGRAPHIC/ENVIRONMENTAL
SETTING 242
11.2.2 CLIMATE 243
11.2.3 GLACIER CHARACTERISTICS*KENAI FJORDS
NATIONAL PARK 243
11.2.4 GLACIER CHARACTERISTICS*KATMAI NATIONAL
PARK AND PRESERVE 244
11 3 PROCEDURES FOR ANALYSIS OF GLACIER
CHANGES 245
11.3.1 IMAGERY CLASSIFICATION 245
11.3.2 COMPLICATING ISSUES 247
11.3.3 MANUAL EDITING 247
11.4 SATELLITE IMAGERY INTERPRETATION ACCURACY 247
11.5 A REAL EXTENT*GLACIER ICE 248
11.5.1 KENAI FJORDS NATIONAL PARK 248
11.52 KATMAI NATIONAL PARK AND PRESERVE 248
11.6 TERMINUS POSITION MEASUREMENTS 250
11.6.1 METHODOLOGY 250
11.6.2 KENAI FJORDS NATIONAL PARK 251
11.6.3 KATMAI NATIONAL PARK AND PRESERVE 256
11.7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 259
11.8 REFERENCES 260
12 GLACIER-DAMMED ICE-MARGINAL LAKES
OF ALASKA
DAVID F.G. WOLFE, JEFFREY S. KARGEL,
AND GREGORY J. LEONARD 263
12.1 INTRODUCTION 264
12.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 265
12.2.1 GEOGRAPHIC SETTING 265
12.2 2 CLIMATE 267
12.2.3 PREVIOUS RESEARCH 267
12.3 METHODS 268
12.31 HORIZONTAL ATTRIBUTES 271
12.32 MEAN GLACIER ALTITUDE (MGA) 271
12.3.3 GLACIER STREAM ORDER (COMPLEXITY) 271
12 3 4 GLACIER SURFACE GRADIENT 271
12 3 5 DAMMING GLACIER ORIGIN AND TERMINUS
TYPES, AND MINIMUM-MAXIMUM ALTITUDES 271
12.3.6 ASPECTS OF ICE DAMS AND DAMMING
GLACIERS 272
12 4 RESULTS 272
12 4.1 CHANGES OVER TIME LAKE-DAMMING
GLACIERS 213
12.4.2 CHANGES OVER TIME. GLACIER-DAMMED LAKE
POPULATION 276
12.5 CASE STUDY: ICEBERG LAKE 280
12.5.1 OVERVIEW 280
12.52 SATELLITE OBSEIVATIONS 283
12.5.3 FIELD OBSERVATIONS 284
12.5.4 SATELLITE ERA HYDROLOGY 286
12 5.5 POSSIBLE CAUSES OF ICEBERG LAKE S
DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION 289
12.6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 291
12.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 292
12.8 REFERENCES 293
CONTENTS IX
13 MUITISPECTRAL IMAGE ANALYSIS OF
GLACIERS AND GLACIER LAKES IN THE
CHUGACH MOUNTAINS, ALASKA
JEFFREY S. KARGEL, MATTHEW J. BEEDLE,
ANDREW B.G. BUSH, FRANCISCO CARRENO,
ELENA CASTELLANOS, UMESH K HARTTASHYA.
GREGORY J. LEONARD, JAVIER LILLO,
IVAN LOPEZ. MARK PLEASANTS,
EDWARD POLLOCK, AND DAVID F G WOLFE 291
13.1 INTRODUCTION 297
13.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 299
13.2 1 GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT 299
13.2.2 CLIMATIC CONTEXT. DESCRIPTIVE OVERVIEW
AND DOWNSCALED MODEL 301
13.2.3 REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GLACIERS M THE
CLUIGACH/ST. ELIAS MOUNTAINS 304
13.3 CASE STUDIES: GLACIER INVENTORYING AND
ASSESSMENT OF GLACIER DYNAMICS 306
13.3.1 A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF THE BERMG-
MALASPMA GLACIER COMPLEX 306
13 3.2 GLACIERS OF COLLEGE FIORD* HARVARD
GLACIER AND YALE GLACIER 312
13.3.3 SCOTT GLACIER 319
13.3.4 GLACIERS OF THE COPPER RIVEI CORIULOR.
CHILDS, MILES, AND ALLEN GLACIERS 319
13.4 CONCLUSIONS 328
13.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 329
13.6 REFERENCES 329
14 REMOTE SENSING OF GLACIERS IN THE
CANADIAN CORDILLERA, WESTERN CANADA
ROGER D WHEATE, ETIENNE BERLINER,
TOBIAS BOLCLI, BRIAN P. MENOUNOS,
JOSEPH M. SHEA, JOHN J. CLAGUE, AND
ERIK SCHIEFER
333
14.1 INTRODUCTION 333
14.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 334
14.2.1 TOPOGRAPHIC SETTING 334
14 2.2 CLIMATE 334
14.2.3 GLACIER DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS 334
14.3 SPECIAL TOPICS AND CASE STUDIES 336
14.3.1 GLACIER HAZARDS 336
14 3.2 GLACIER CHANGES 339
14.4 REGIONAL GLACIER INVENTORIES AND
SYNTHESIS 344
14.4.1 BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ALBERTA 344
14.4.2 YUKON 346
14.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 351
14.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 351
14.7 REFERENCES 351
15
17.1
172
17.2.1
17.2.2
17.3
17.4
174.1
17 4.2
17.4.3
17.4.4
17.4.5
ASTER AND DEM CHANGE ASSESSMENT
OF GLACIERS NEAR HOODOO MOUNTAIN,
BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
JEFFREY S. KARGEL, GREGORY J. LEONARD,
ROGER D. WHEATE, AND BENJAMIN EDWARDS
353
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.3.1
15.3.2
15.3.3
15.3.4
15 3.5
15.4
15.5
15.6
16
16.1
162
163
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
17
INTRODUCTION
GEOLOGIC AND CLIMATIC CONTEXT
SPECIAL TOPICS
ASTER IMAGE DIFFERENCING
TOPOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCING OF HOODOO
MOUNTAIN AND VICINITY ANALYSIS OF FOUR
TIME SERIES OF DEMS
MASS BALANCE OF GLACIERS IN THE HOODOO
MOUNTAIN STUDY REGION
GROUND AND AIR PHOTO ASSESSMENT OF
GLACIER CHANGES ON HOODOO MOUNTAIN
AND VICINITY
GLACIER AND CLIMATE CHANGES IN THE VICINITY
OF HOODOO MOUNTAIN
SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
GLACIERS OF THE RAGGED RANGE,
NAHANNI NATIONAL PARK RESERVE,
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, CANADA
MICHAEL N. DEMUTH, PLULIP WILSON, AND
DANA HAGGARTY
INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL, AND CLIMATIC CONTEXT
GLACIER INVENTORY AND MORPHOMETRY
REGIONAL SYNTHESIS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
GLACIERS AND PERENNIAL SNOWFIELDS OF
THE U.S. CORDILLERA
ANDIEW G FOUNTAIN,
HASSAN J. BASAGIC IV, CHARLES CANNON,
MARK DEVTSSER, MATTHEW J. HOFFMAN,
JEFFREY S KARGEL, GREGORY J. LEONARD,
KRISTINA THORNEYKROFT, AND STEVE WILSON
INTRODUCTION
REGIONAL CONTEXT
GEOLOGIC CONTEXT
CLIMATIC CONTEXT
METHODS
RESULTS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
IDAHO
MONTANA
NEVADA
353
354
355
355
360
363
364
369
372
372
372
375
375
376
377
377
381
382
382
385
385
386
386
387
388
388
389
389
390
390
391
X CONTENTS
17.4.6
17.4.7
17.4.8
17.4.9
17.5
17.5 1
17.5.2
17.5.3
17.6
17.7
17 8
OREGON
WASHINGTON
WYOMING
ADVANCING GLACIERS
CASE STUDIES USING ASTER
GRINNEL! GLACIER, GLACIER NATIONAL PARK.
MONTANA
GLACIER CHANGES ON MT. RAINIER,
WASHINGTON, ASSESSED USING ASTER AND
MASTER MULTISPECTRAL AND
THERMAL IMAGERY
ASTER AND FIELD STUDIES OF BLUE GLACIER,
OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS, WASHINGTON
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
391
392
393
393
394
394
395
403
403
405
405
19.2.2 GLACIER CHANGES 429
19 2 3 PREVIOUS GLACIER INVENTORIES 430
19.2 4 DIGITAL GLACIER OUTLINES FROM
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS (N50) 430
19.3 METHODOLOGY (DERIVATION OF GLACIER
OUTLINES FROM LANDSAT) 431
19.3.1 SELECTION OF LANDSAT SCENES 431
19.3.2 GLACIER-MAPPING METHODS 432
19.4 CASE STUDIES AND SPECIAL TOPICS 433
19.4.1 GLACIER SIZE DISTRIBUTION 433
19.4.2 ASSESSING AREA CHANGES IN JOTUNHEIMEN
AND SVARTISEN 433
19.4 3 UNCERTAINTIES 434
19.5 CONCLUSIONS 435
19.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 435
19.7 REFERENCES 436
18 REMOTE SENSING OF MOUNTAIN GLACIERS
AND ICE CAPS IN ICELAND
ODDUR SIGURDSSON,
RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, JR.,
SANDRO MARTINIS, AND ULRICLI MUNIER
409
18.1 INTRODUCTION 409
18.1.1 HISTORY OF MAPPING ICELAND S GLACIERS 409
18.1.2 SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF ICELAND S GLACIERS 410
18.1.3 AIR AND SPACEHOME IMAGING AND REMOTE-
SENSING ANALYSIS OJ ICELAND S GLACIERS 411
18.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 412
18.2.1 GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 412
18.2.2 CLIMATE AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY 414
18.3 SPECIAL TOPICS AND METHODOLOGY 415
18.3.1 TYPES OF GLACIERS 415
18.3.2 HISTORY OF ICELAND S GLACIER VARIATIONS 416
18.3.3 IDENTIFYING THE OUTLINE, TRANSIENT SNOW LINE,
AND FIRN LINE OF GLACIERS 417
18.3.4 JOKULHLAUPS 417
18.4 THREE CASE STUDIES 418
18 4 1 TRANSIENT TEPHRA LINES 418
18 4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE VATNAJOKULL ICE CAP
ACCORDING TO THREE DIFFERENT OUTLINES 418
20 EUROPEAN ALPS
FRANK PAUL, YVES A MAUD,
ROBERTO RAMI, AND HELMUT ROTT
20.1 REGIONAL CONTEXT
20.1.1 GEOGRAPHIC AND TOPOGRAPHIC
CHARACTERISTICS
20.1.2 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
20 1 3 GLACIER CHARACTERISTICS
20.1.4 GLACIER OBSERVATIONS
20.1.5 SATELLITE DATA
20 2 AUSTRIA
20.2 1 REGIONAL CONTEXT
20.2 2 AUSTRIAN GLACIER INVENTORIES
20.2.3 SATELLITE-BASED STUDY OF GLACIERS IN
THE STUBAIER ALPEN
20.2.4 CONCLUSION
20.3 FRANCE
20.3.1 INTRODUCTION
20.3.2 EXAMPLES OF REMOTE SENSING-BASED STUDIES
IN THE FRENCH ALPS
20.4 ITALY
20.4.1 INTRODUCTION
18.4.3 THE IMPACT OF THE 2004 JOKULHLAUP ON
20.4.2 GLACIER RETREAT * GLACIERS IN THE SABBIONE,
GLACIER DYNAMICS OF SKEIDARARJOKULL
419
PUSTERTAL, AND DOLOMITES REGIONS
18.5
REGIONAL SUMMARY
421
20.4.3 THE BELVEDERE AND MIAGE DEBRIS-COVERED
18.6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
422
GLACIERS
18.7 REFERENCES
422
20.4.4 ALBEDO AND ENERGY BALANCE OF MANDRONE
GLACIER
19
20 5 SWITZERLAND
19 NORWAY
20 5 1 METHODS JOR GLACIER INVENTORY CREATION
LISS M. ANDREASSEN, FRANK PAUL, AND
20.5 2 RESULTS
JON ENDRE HAUSBERG 427
20.5 3 CONCLUSIONS
19.1 INTRODUCTION
427
20.6 SYNTHESIS AND OUTLOOK
19.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT
427 20.7
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
19.2 1 GLACIER OBSERVATIONS
428
20.8
REFERENCES
439
439
439
440
441
443
443
444
444
445
445
447
447
447
448
451
451
452
452
455
456
456
457
458
459
460
460
CONTENTS XI
21
21.1
21.2
21.2.1
21.2.2
21.3
21.4
21.4.1
21.4.2
21.4.3
21.5
21.5.1
21.5 2
21.5.3
21.5.4
21.5.5
21.5.6
21.5 7
21.6
21.7
21.8
22
22.1
22.2
22.2.1
22.2.2
22.3
22.3.1
22.3.2
22.3.3
22.4
22.4.1
22.4.2
22.4.3
22.4.4
22 4.5
22.4.6
22.4.7
22.4.8
22 4.9
SATELLITE INVENTORY OF GLACIERS IN
TURKEY
MEHMET AKIF SARIKAYA AND
AHMET EMRE TEKELI
465
INTRODUCTION 465
REGIONAL CONTEXT 466
TOPOGRAPHY 466
CLIMATE 467
METHODS 467
OCCURRENCES OF GLACIERS 468
GLACIERS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN TAURUS
MOUNTAINS 468
GLACIERS IN THE COASTAL RANGES OJ THE
EASTERN BLACK SEA 471
GLACIERS ON INDIVIDUAL MOUNTAINS 412
ROCK GLACIERS 476
KAVU§$AH&P MOUNTAINS 476
SOGANL! MOUNTAINS 476
RIZE MOUNTAINS 476
KARAPAL MOUNTAINS 411
ML ERCIYES 477
MERCAN MOUNTAINS 411
ESENCE MOUNTAINS 477
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 477
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 478
REFERENCES 478
RECENT GLACIER CHANGES IN THE
MONGOLIAN ALTAI MOUNTAINS: CASE
STUDIES FROM MUNKH KHAIRKHAN AND
TAVAN BOGD
BRANDON S. KRUMMEDE, ULRICH KAMP,
GREGORY J. LEONARD, JEFFREY S. KARGEL,
AVIRMED DASHTSEREN, AND
MICHAEL WALT HER
481
INTRODUCTION 481
REGIONAL BACKGROUND 482
QUATERNARY HISTORY OF GLACIERS M THE
MONGOLIAN ALTAI 482
RECENT HISTORY OJ GLACIERS IN THE
MONGOLIAN ALTAI 483
REGIONAL CONTEXT AND STUDY AREAS 484
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE 484
MUNKH KHAIRKHAN RANGE 485
TAVAN BOGD RANGE 486
DATA AND METHODS 487
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS 487
SATELLITE IMAGERY 487
GPS DATA 489
PAN-SHARPENING 489
GLACIER MAPPING 490
ERROR ANALYSIS (AREA ACCURACY AND
CHANGE PRECISION) 492
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS 493
DEM-DERIVED DATASETS 496
GEOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS 497
22.5
RESULTS
498
22.5.1 GLACIAL CHANGE IN THE MUNKH KHAIRKHAN
RANGE
498
22.5.2 GLACIAL CHANGE IN THE TAVAN BOGD RANGE
499
22.6 DISCUSSION
502
22.6.1 MUNKH KHAIRKHAN RANGE
502
22.6.2 TAVAN BOGD RANGE
505
22.7 CONCLUSIONS
506
22.8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
506
22.9 REFERENCES
507
23 REMOTE SENSING OF GLACIERS IN AFGHANISTAN
AND PAKISTAN
MICHAEL P BISHOP, JOHN F. SHRODER JR.,
GHAZANFAR ALI, ANDREW B.G. BUSH,
UMESH K. HARITASHYA, RAKHSHAN ROOHI,
MEHMET AKIF SARIKAYA, AND
BRANDON J. WEIHS
509
23.1 INTRODUCTION 509
23.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 510
23.2.1 GEOLOGY 510
23 2.2 TOPOGRAPHY 513
23.2.3 CLIMATE 513
23.2.4 GLACIERS 514
23.3 METHODOLOGY 518
23.4 CASE STUDIES 520
23.4.1 AFGHANISTAN 520
23.4.2 PAKISTAN 529
23.5 REGIONAL SYNTHESIS 543
23.5.1 AFGHANISTAN 543
23.5.2 PAKISTAN 543
23 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 544
23 7 REFERENCES 544
24 HIMALAYAN GLACIERS (INDIA, BHUTAN,
NEPAL): SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS OF
THINNING AND RETREAT
ADINA E. RACOVITEANU, YVES ARNAUD,
I.M BAGHUNA, SAMJWAL R. BAJRACHARYA,
ETIENNE BERTHIER, RAKESH BHAMBRI,
TOBIAS BOLCH, MARTIN BYRNE,
RAVINDER K. CHAUJAR, REGULA FRAUENFELDER,
ANDREAS KDDB, ULRICH KAMP,
JEFFREY S. KARGEL, ANIL V KULKARNI,
GREGORY J. LEONARD, PRADEEP K. MOOT,
AND I. SOSSNA
549
24.1 OVERVIEW 549
24.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT , 550
24.2.1 GEOGRAPHIC, GEOLOGIC, AND TOPOGRAPHIC
SETTING 550
24.2.2 CLIMATE DYNAMICS AND GLACIER REGIMES 552
24.2.3 PREVIOUS GLACIER MAPPING AND OBSERVATIONS 553
24.3 CASE STUDIES AND SPECIFIC TOPICS 553
24.3.1 SIKKIM HIMALAYA: GLACIER AREA CHANGE,
1960-2000 553
XII CONTENTS
24.3 2 KHUMBU AND GARHWAL HIMALAYA, GLACIER
AREA AND THICKNESS CHANGES, 1960S-2000S 555
24.3.3 EVEREST REGION, NEPAL GEOMORPHOLOGIC
AND SURFACE REFLECTANCE CHANGES,
2001-2005 560
24.3 4 BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER BASIN: GLACIER AREA,
VOLUME, AND VELOCITY CHANGES, 1970S
THROUGH TO ABOUT 2000 564
24.3.5 LADAKH, NORTHWESTERN INDIAN HIMALAYA*
GLACIER LENGTH/AREA CHANGE, 1975-2008 569
24.3.6 HIMACLIAL PRADESH AND UTTARAKHAND,
WESTERN INDIAN HIMALAYA: GLACIER AREA
CHANGE, 1962-2004 571
24.3.7 HIMACHAL PRADESH, WESTERN HIMALAYA*
GEODETIC MASS BALANCE ESTIMATES,
1999-2004 573
24.4 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 575
24.5 APPENDIX*IMAGE DIFFERENCING:
METHODOLOGY, LIMITATIONS, AND ERRORS 575
24.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 577
24.7 REFERENCES 577
25 GLACIERS IN CHINA AND THEIR VARIATIONS
LIU SHIYIN, SHANGGUAN DONGHUI, XU JUNIT,
WANG XIII, YAO XIAOJUN, JIANG ZONGLI,
GUO WANQIN, LU ANXIN, ZHANG SHIQIANG,
YE BAISHENG, LI ZHEN, WEI JUNFENG,
AND WU LIZONG
583
25.1 INTRODUCTION TO GLACIERS IN CHINA 583
25.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 584
25.3 METHODS FOR GLACIER CHANGE MONITORING
BY REMOTE SENSING 585
25.4 GLACIER AREA EXTENT CHANGE 586
25.4.1 GLACIER CHANGE SINCE THE LITTLE ICE AGE
MAXIMUM 586
25.4.2 GLACIER CHANGE DURING RECENT DECADES 588
25.5 CHANGE IN SURFACE ELEVATIONS 591
25.5.1 KOXKAR GLACIER 591
25.5.2 YANGLONG RIVER 593
25 6 SURFACE MOVEMENT DERIVED BY SATELLITE
REMOTE SENSING 595
25.6.1 JUSTIFICATION 595
25.6.2 GLACIER VELOCITY DERIVED USING
D-INSAR AND SAR FEATURE-TRACKING
METHODS 597
25.6.3 GLACIER VELOCITY DERIVED BY OPTICAL IMAGES 598
25.7 SPECIAL TOPICS
1
HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
CHINESE GLACIER DYNAMICS 599
25.7.1 SPECIAL TOPIC I * GLACIER HAZARDS IN THE
UPPER YALUNG ZANGBO RIVER BASIN, CHINA 599
25.7.2 SPECIAL TOPIC 2: GLACIER WATER RESOURCES
IN WESTERN CHINA PROVINCES 601
25.8 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 605
25.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 605
25.10 REFERENCES 605
26 REMOTE SENSING OF RAPIDLY DIMINISHING
TROPICAL GLACIERS IN THE NORTHERN ANDES
TODD ALBERT, ANDREW KLEIN,
JONI L. KINCAID, CHRISTIAN HUGGEL,
ADINA E. RACOVITEANU, YVES ARNAUD,
WALTER SILVERTO, AND JORGE LUIS CEBALLOS
609
26 1 INTRODUCTION 609
26.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 610
26.3 SPECIAL TOPICS AND CASE STUDIES 610
26.3.1 QUELCCAYA, PERU 610
26.3.2 CORDILLERA VILCANOTA, PERU 614
26.3 3 NEVADO COROPUNA, PERU 616
26.3.4 CORDILLERA BLANCA, PERU 616
26.3.5 COLOMBIA 622
26.3.6 TIES CRUCES, BOLIVIA 625
26.3.7 VENEZUELA 630
26.4 REGIONAL SYNTHESIS 632
26.5 DISCUSSION 633
26.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 635
26.7 REFERENCES 635
27 A NEW GLACIER INVENTORY FOR THE
SOUTHERN PATAGONIA ICEFIELD AND
AREAL CHANGES 1986-2000
GINO CASASSA, JOSE LUIS RODRIGUEZ, AND
THOMAS LORIAUX
639
27.1 INTRODUCTION 639
27.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 641
27.2.1 GEOGRAPHIC SETTING 641
27.2.2 CLIMATE 641
27.2.3 GLACIER CHARACTERISTICS AND CHANGES 641
27.3 DATA AND METHODS 643
27.3.1 SATELLITE IMAGERY 643
27 3.2 GLACIER DELINEATION 643
27 3.3 ICE DIVIDES 643
27.3 4 EQUILIBRIUM LINE ALTITUDES (ELAS) 644
27.3 5 GLACIER AREA ERRORS 644
27.4 RESULTS 645
27.4.1 GLACIER INVENTORY 645
27.4.2 GLACIER VARIATIONS 1986-2000 648
27.5 DISCUSSION 649
27.6 CONCLUSIONS 657
27.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 658
27.8 REFERENCES 658
28 FIRST GLACIER INVENTORY AND RECENT
GLACIER VARIATIONS ON ISLA GRANDE DE
TIERRA DEL FUEGO AND ADJACENT ISLANDS
IN SOUTHERN CHILE
FRANCISCA BOWN, ANDRES RIVERA,
PABLO ZENTENO, CLAUDIO BRAVO, AND
FIONA CAWKWELL
661
28 1 INTRODUCTION 661
28.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 662
28.3 METHODS 664
CONTENTS
XIII
28 3.1 SATELLITE DATA ACQUISITION AND
30.2.1
GEOLOGIC CONTEXT
719
PREPROCESSING
664 30.2.2 CLIMATIC CONTEXT 719
28.3.2
GLACIER EXTENT CLASSIFICATION AND ICE
30.2.3
SUMMARY OF KNOWN GLACIEI DYNAMICS
720
DIVIDE DIGITIZATION
664
30.3
METHODOLOGY 721
28 3 3 FRONTAL VARIATIONS
666
30.3.1 EVALUATION OF ASTER-DERIVED DEMS FOR
28.3.4 ERRORS
666
THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA 721
28 4 RESULTS
666
30 4 CASE STUDIES AND SPECIAL TOPICS 725
28.4.1 GLACIER INVENTORY
666
30 4.1 MONITORING GLACIER CHANGE IN THE
28.4.2 FRONTAL VARIATIONS
667
NORTHEASTERN ANTARCTIC PENINSULA 725
28.5
DISCUSSION
669
30.4.2
GLACIERS OF VEGA ISLAND AND JAMES ROSS
28.5.1 SOME POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS 671
ISLAND 725
28.6
CONCLUSIONS
671
30.4.3 FORMER TRIBUTARIES OF PRINCE GUSTAV
28.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
673
CHANNEL (PGC) ICE SHELF 727
28.8
REFERENCES
673
30.4.4
30 4 5
FORMER TRIBUTARIES OF LARSEN A ICE SHELF
FORMER TRIBUTARIES OF LARSEN B ICE SHELF
727
727
29
NEW ZEALAND S GLACIERS
TREVOR J. CLIINN, JEFFREY S. KARGEL,
30.4.6 MONITORING CHANGES AND BREAKUP EVENTS
ON THE WILKMS ICE SHELF 728
GREGORV J LEONARD, UMESLI K. HARITASLIVA,
30.4.7 VARIATION OF RADAR GLACIER ZONE
AND MARK PLEASANTS 675
BOUNDAIIES IN THE NORTHEASTERN ANTARCTIC
PENINSULA 731
29.1 INTRODUCTION
676
30.5
REGIONAL SYNTHESIS 736
29.2
REGIONAL CONTEXT
678
30.6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 736
29.2.1 GEOLOGIC SETTING
678
30.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 737
29.2.2
CLIMATIC CONTEXT AND GLACIER OVERVIEW 679
30.8
REFERENCES
737
29.3 NEW ZEALAND S HISTORICAL GLACIER
29.3.1
DYNAMICS
EARLY HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS
681
681
31
MAPPING BLUE-ICE AREAS AND CREVASSES
29.3.2
FRANZ JOSEF GLACIER S LONG HISTORICAL
681
681
IN WEST ANTARCTICA USING ASTER
RECORD
682
IMAGES, GPS, AND RADAR MEASUREMENTS
29.3.3
PROXY MASS BALANCE FROM THE SNOWLINES
ANDRES RIVERA, FIONA CAWKWELL,
PROGRAM AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
683
ANJA WENDT, AND RODRIGO ZAMORA
743
29.3.4
GLACIER RESPONSES SINCE THE END OF THE
31 1 INTRODUCTION 743
LIA
685
31.2 BLUE-ICE AREAS 744
29.4 REMOTE-SENSING CASE STUDIES
687
31.2.1 MAPPING BIA EXTENT IN THE FIELD AND ON
29 4 1
ASTER OBSERVATIONS OF MT RUAPELM,
IMAGERY 744
NORTH ISLAND
687
31.2.2 INTERANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE EXTENT OF
29.4.2 ASTER OBSERVATIONS OF SMALL GLACIERS IN
PATRIOT HILLS BIA 746
THE SOUTHERN ALPS
691
31.23 INTERANNUAL FLUCTUATION IN THE EXTENT OF OTHER
29.4.3
ASTER OBSERVATIONS OF MT. COOK
BIAS 749
GLACIERS
693
31.3 CREVASSE DETECTION ON SATELLITE IMAGERY 750
29.5 SPECIAL TOPICS
704
31.4 RADIO-ECHO SOUNDING AND GROUND-PENETRATING
29.5.1
DEBRIS PRODUCTION AND DEBRIS COVER OF
RADAR MEASUREMENTS
752
NEW ZEALAND GLACIERS
704
31.5
DISCUSSION
753
29.5.2
NEW ZEALAND GLACIER AND CLIMATE COUPLING
706
31.6
CONCLUSIONS
755
29.6 CONCLUSIONS
710
31.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
756
29.7
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 711
31.8
REFERENCES
756
29.8
REFERENCES
711
30
32 REMOTE SENSING OF GLACIERS OF THE
30 MONITORING GLACIER CHANGES ON
THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA
SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS
J GRAHAM COGLEY, ETIENNE BERTHIER, AND
JORGE ARIGONY-NETO, PEDRO SKVARCA,
SHAVAWN DONOGHUE 759
SEBASTIAN MARMSEK, MATTHIAS BRAUN,
32.1
SHAVAWN DONOGHUE
759
SEBASTIAN MARMSEK, MATTHIAS BRAUN,
32.1
INTRODUCTION
759
ANGELIKA HUMBERT,
32.2
THE REGIONAL CONTEXT 759
CLAUDIO WILSON MENDES JUNIOR, AND
32.3
CASE STUDIES
762
RICARDO JANA
717
32.3.1 HEARD ISLAND 762
30 1 INTRODUCTION
717
32.3.2
KERGUELEN 765
30.2
REGIONAL CONTEXT
719
32 3 3 MONTAGU ISLAND 768
XIV CONTENTS
32.4 CARTOGRAPHIC INVENTORY OF THE
SUBANTARCTIC
32.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
32.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
32.7 REFERENCES
33 A WORLD OF CHANGING GLACIERS:
SUMMARY AND CLIMATIC CONTEXT
JEFFREY S. KARGEL, ANDREW B G. BUSH,
J. GRAHAM COGLEY, GREGORY J. LEONARD,
BRUCE H. RAUP, CLAUDIO SMIRAGLIA,
MASSIMO PECCI, AND ROBERTO RANZI
33.1
33.2
33.3
33.3.1
33.3.2
OVERVIEW
SUMMARY: THE FOUNDATIONS OF GLACIER
REMOTE-SENSING SCIENCE (CHAPTERS 2-7)
SUPER-REGIONAL NARRATIVES OF GLACIER
DYNAMICS
GLACIER CHANGES IN THE ARCTIC
SUPER-REGION (GREENLAND AND THE
CANADIAN HIGH ARCTIC)
GLACIER CHANGES IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC
SUPER-REGION (ICELAND-NORWAY-SWEDEN-
SVALBARD)
33.3.3 GLACIER CHANGES IN THE NORTH AMERICAN
CORDILLERAN SUPER-REGION (U.S. AND
WESTERN CANADA)
33.3.4 GLACIER CHANGES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
SUPER-REGION
GLACIER CHANGES IN THE SOUTH AND
CENTRAL ASIA SUPER-REGION
CHANGES IN GLACIERS OF THE NORTHERN
ANDES
771
774
111
111
33.3.5
33.3.6
781
781
782
784
785
790
793
796
799
803
33.3.7
33.3.8
33.4
33.4.1
33.4.2
33.4.3
33.4 4
33.4.5
33.4.6
33.4.7
33.5
33.6
33.7
33.8
34
GLACIER CHANGE IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN
SUPER-REGION
SEASONAL THAW IN A BLUE-ICE AREA OF THE
ANTARCTIC INTERIOR
SUMMARY DISCUSSION: WHAT LIES BEHIND
GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS AND GENERAL RETREAT?
GLOBAL TRENDS IN GLACIER AND ICE SHEET
MASS BALANCE AND SEA LEVEL TRENDS
GLOBAL WARMING FIRST-ORDER CAUSE OF
MODERN-DAY RETREAT AND THINNING OF
GLACIERS
WHAT DRIVES VARIABILITY M GLACIER
RESPONSES TO A CHANGING GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENT?
CLIMATE CHANGE IS HETEROGENEOUS AND
MULTIVARIATE
VARIABLE RESPONSE TIMES AS A FURTHER
CAUSE OF HETEROGENEOUS GLACIER RESPONSES
OTHER CAUSES OF VARIABILITY IN THE
RESPONSE DYNAMICS OF GLACIERS
LITTLE KNOWN OR UNKNOWN CAUSES WITH
THE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT GLACIERS AND US
JOE PUBLIC S TWO BIG QUESTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
EPILOGUE: SKEPTICISM VERSUS
FALLIBILISM FOR ACHIEVING RELIABLE
SCIENCE AND WISE POLICY DECISIONS
VICTOR R. BAKER
804
809
810
810
810
813
813
816
820
821
825
828
830
830
INDEX
841
847
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1219875902 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035751415 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10232 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)634200496 (DE-599)DNB996064273 |
| dewey-full | 551.3130287 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.3130287 |
| dewey-search | 551.3130287 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.3130287 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV035751415 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:03:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540798170 9783662501306 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018611464 |
| oclc_num | 634200496 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M100 DE-703 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M100 DE-703 DE-20 |
| physical | LXXVII, 876 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Springer praxis books : Geophysical sciences |
| spelling | Global land ice measurements from space Jeffrey S. Kargel ... ed. Heidelberg [u.a.] Springer 2014 LXXVII, 876 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer praxis books : Geophysical sciences Gletscher (DE-588)4137668-7 gnd rswk-swf Satellitenfernerkundung (DE-588)4224344-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Gletscher (DE-588)4137668-7 s Satellitenfernerkundung (DE-588)4224344-0 s DE-604 Kargel, Jeffrey S. Sonstige (DE-588)1219875902 oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-540-79818-7 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018611464&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Global land ice measurements from space Gletscher (DE-588)4137668-7 gnd Satellitenfernerkundung (DE-588)4224344-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137668-7 (DE-588)4224344-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Global land ice measurements from space |
| title_auth | Global land ice measurements from space |
| title_exact_search | Global land ice measurements from space |
| title_full | Global land ice measurements from space Jeffrey S. Kargel ... ed. |
| title_fullStr | Global land ice measurements from space Jeffrey S. Kargel ... ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global land ice measurements from space Jeffrey S. Kargel ... ed. |
| title_short | Global land ice measurements from space |
| title_sort | global land ice measurements from space |
| topic | Gletscher (DE-588)4137668-7 gnd Satellitenfernerkundung (DE-588)4224344-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gletscher Satellitenfernerkundung Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018611464&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kargeljeffreys globallandicemeasurementsfromspace |