Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena: od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Croatian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Podgorica
DANU
2008
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Edicija Crna Gora od iskona
1 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache u.d.T.: Prevalitana and the kingdom of Slavs ... |
| Beschreibung: | 670 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788685779114 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena |b od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine |c Vojislav D. Nikčević |
| 264 | 1 | |a Podgorica |b DANU |c 2008 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Edicija Crna Gora od iskona |v 1 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache u.d.T.: Prevalitana and the kingdom of Slavs ... | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-1200 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Slaves - Histoire |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Slavs |x History | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Südslawen |0 (DE-588)4058460-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Europe de l'Est - Civilisation |2 ram | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europe, Eastern |x Civilization | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Praevalitana |0 (DE-588)4838733-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Praevalitana |0 (DE-588)4838733-2 |D g |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018015285&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SADRŽAJ
Knjiga I
SKITSKO-SARMATSKO CARSTVO I NJEGOVA KRALJEVSTVA
NA ILIRIKUMU (OD
500.
GODINE PRIJE NOVE ERE
DO DIOKLECIJANOVE VLADAVINE)
Uvod
.....................................................................................7
I. Problemi metodologije
.................................................................7
II.
Ograničenja
data
geografskim prostorom: Prevalitana, Epir, Mediteranska Dakija,
Makedonija, Mezija, Dardanija, Dalmacija, Gornja Dalmacija, Duklja, Zeta
..................12
III. Pisana svjedočenja i tragovi u zapisima
.................................................17
IV.
Predrasude i ograničenja hrišćanstva kao ideologije: trilingvizam i bilingvizam
..............21
V.
Teorija
о
rasama i narodima
-
istorija kao dokaz učenosti i znanja:
politička uloga pisane riječi
............................................................25
VI.
Zaključak: Duklja i Prevalitana u epohi hrišćanstva, izvori
о
epohi slovenstva,
politička doktrina epohe Nemanjića, pisano stvaralaštvo Zete i,
konačno, Crne Gore
..................................................................28
POGLAVLJE PRVO
„SAVEZNICI HELENSKOG SVIJETA I „PRIJATELJI RIMA
а. Skiti i
Sarmati
u helenskoj i rimskoj geografiji i istoriografiji
...............................33
β.
Skito-Sarmato-Sloveni na Balkanu: Antička kraljevstva
Sarmata
...........................40
γ.
Skitsko
pismo i
sarmatské
„tamge
-
prvi skitski filozof Anaharsis i istoričar
Zamolksis (Zemolksis) Geta: Skitsko-sarmatski pisci helenističke epohe
....................52
б.
Organizacija skitske države i društva: Nesložni ratnici i najamnici
.........................67
ε.
Skitsko-sarmatski narod
Sloveni:
Mitologija i kosmogonija
-
klica najranijeg
skitsko-sarmatsko-slovenskog monoteizma
..............................................78
POGLAVLJE DRUGO
POČECI HRIŠĆANSTVA IILIRIČKISKITI-SARMATI-SLOVENI
а. Prvo novovjekovno Skitsko-sarmatsko-slovensko kraljevstvo u Panoniji
za vlade imperatora Tiberija
(14-37.
godine): Iliri
(Ίλλυροι)
................................92
β.
Goti i
ostali
„varvari
iz Skitije-Sarmatije
...............................................102
γ.
Apostoli na
Ilirikumu i njihovi učenici: Ranohrišćanski izvori
............................109
б.
Patrijarhat u Akvileji: Dalmacija i Makedonija (Prevalitana) između
skitsko-sarmatske i rimske tradicije
...................................................
U6
ε.
Bazileusi Skita i sarmatsko-slovenski bazileusi sa Ilirikuma:
Paganska književnost i prvi hrišćanski spisi
............................................
122
670 VOJISLAV
I).
к.
Potomci Petrislavovog brata Dragimira
obnavljaju posljednju dinastiju
Kraljevstva
Slovena:
Normanska
vlast na Italikumu,
raspad
Kraljevstva
Slovena,
početak Četvrtog krstaškog rata i stvaranje Kraljevstva Dalmacije i Dukljc
................. 561
Zaključak
............................................................................... 581
Summary:
Praevalitana
and the Kingdom of Slavs.
...........................................
59i
Resume: La Prevalitane
et le Royaume des Slaves
.............................................
Ш
Skraćenice
.............................................................................. 633
Literatura
............................................................................... 635
Index
...
N
............................................................................ 613
PRAEVALITANA
AND THE KINGDOM OF SLAVS
Summary
The oldest testimony of the powerful Scythian empire, which was created from
1800-1600
В. С
according to the statements of Ctesias and Herodotus, is related to the epoch of the rule
of the Egyptian Pharaoh Sesostris (most likely Sesostris III, about
1800
В. С),
and great wars
between the Scythians and Egyptians. It has been unknown whether it was the Scythians who led
the attacks of the „people from the sea to the valley of the Nile, which was written in the texts
dating from the period of the Pharaoh Ramses III
-
it was the ancient people of IUyricum -the
Dardanians, who were mentioned in the texts of the Egyptian origin. The Freculphus Chronicle
contains a fragment of the Scythian epistle to the Pharaoh Sesostris, which was brought to his
court by their emissaries. Numerous archaeological findings from the 3rd and 2nd millennium B.
С
at the shores of the Black Sea and drawings in the caves of
Boka Kotorska,
confirm the fact
that the Egyptian fleet was present in the region of East and West Illyricum
-
Egyptian stone an¬
chors were most present. Freculphus statements were confirmed by
Diodorus Siculus
and Justin.
Diodorus
Siculus claimed that in
530
В.
C, the Scythian Queen crucified the Persian Emperor
Kir after she had destroyed the Persian army. Justin claimed that „the Scythian King Tanaus had
reached Egypt , and that „Pharaoh Sesostris had sailed the Black and Adriatic Sea with his fleet .
The Scythians, headed by Emperor
Achilleus,
son of Targitaus, participated in the Trojan war,
and the Troyans were offered help from the Scythian basileuses from Hellespont, who sent them
the troops of archers headed by Penthesileus, which is confirmed by the archaeological traces
of the „Caucasian and „Balkan culture in Asia Minor. At the time of the Trojan war on the
territory of Thrace, the first Scythian-Illyricum state was created. According to the testimony of
Solin,
a state of the Asian-Scythian people
-
the Liburnians was created in 7th-5th
с. В. С.
in the
north-west part of Illyricum, along the Adriatic shore up to
Veneti.
About
1040
В. С,
descendants
of the last Athens King Kodro, who was killed in the war with the Peloponnesians
-
Dorians,
established Scodra. Diodes of the
Saka
origin, a legendary Scythian general in the Persian army,
dedicated to chtonic misteries had left the Kingdom of the
Partes
and Sakas to Astiague and came
to Illyricum, where he established Dioclias
(Διοκλιας,
Dioclias,
Doclée).
The town was called
„divine - Diopolis. Diodes was a cousin of Kodro. Diodes established a country Scudra, which
encompassed the territories of present-day Montenegro, south Herzegovina, the very south of
Dalmaţia
near
Dubrovnik
and north Albania. The above was only mentioned by Homer,
Orose
and
Le
Quin. A couple of centuries later, the Scythians took a part of the Assyrian empire, and
„pacified the Kingdom of Urartu during the 8th
с. В. С,
building their military colonies in the
several parts of Asia Minor. The greatest and most powerful colonies were in Cappadocia and
Syriae Coeles. A famous ancient Scythian shrine dedicated to the Great Mother is in Capadoce,
in the town of Comana. The Cumans were Scythian-Avar people in the south Dalmatian shore,
who were mentioned by chroniclers in early 4th to 13th/14th century. Numerous locations on the
territory of Montenegro and northern Albania bear this name.
According to Herodotus, the Scythians ruled
28
years on the territories of Near and Middle
East, Kingdom of Urartu and north Assyria. In the south of Italy, near the volcanic lake Avernus,
592 VOJISLAV
D.
NIKČEVIĆ
in that epoch or some time earlier, a Cimmerian-Scythian shrine was established, which was at
the time known as „entrance into the Underground World . A powerful Scythian-Sarmatian
Kingdom was created at that period of time in
Pannonia
and
Dacia,
which most likely also in¬
cluded Liburnia, with Sirmium as capital. The Scythian Kingdom was headed by the dynasty of
the legendary Anaharsis the Scythian, son of Chnure, who was one of the „seven sages from the
ancient Greece. This Kingdom belonged to the Scythian people the Cathars. A couple of centuries
later, the Cathars, together with their people the Aorses and Dalmatians established several towns
along present-day coastline of south Croatia, Montenegro and north Albania:
Lau (Laou,
Λαυ),
future
Dubrovnik
(Ragusa),
Risan
(Rhison), Rose-Kotor
(Rose-Cataro)
and Apolonija
(Apolló¬
nia).
According to the earliest Hellenic sources, the Scythians were considered „blood-brothers of
the Dorians (Heraklides) . The Scythian
basileus Idanfirs,
contemporary of the Persian Emperor
Darius the Great
(521-486
B. C), together with the basileuses Taraxis and Scopasis, completely
destroyed the Persian army that was heading towards the Scythia via East Illyricum and Lower
Danube. Tukiditus mentioned the Scythian people
-
the Getes as exceptional horsemen. In 5th
с. В. С.
the Aorses, Scythian-Sarmatian people, established a powerful state on the territories of
present-day Middle
Dalmaţia,
Bosnia, Montenegro and the largest part of Albania. At that period
of time, the Scythians were present as a permanent military garrison in the largest Greek towns,
serving, simultaneously, as police forces. Fragments of the documents testify that the „Scythian
archers were „public slaves in the ancient Greek towns. Upon expiration of the mercenary
contract, they would conclude a new one or go back to the Balkan Scythia. About
345-340
В. С,
the Scythian Emperor
Ateas
tried to unite the European and Asian Sarmatians and Scythians in
order to create a powerful empire from Baltic and Illyricum to Caucasus. At the time, a war for
supremacy over Illyricum started with the Macedonian state. In
339
B. C,
Ateas
was killed in
the battle against Philip II of Macedonia, whose army was composed of Illyricum Scythians, as
well. At that period of time, the Scythian empire established an alliance with the Nordic people,
who became its allies. The oldest written texts of the Nordic people testify that their oldest states
were established by the „great warriors from the Scythian people
-
the
Ases,
whose Kingdom
was in
Pontus,
between the Volga and the Don River. During the Roman wars in Britain from
the 1st
-
3rd century, the Scythians provided assistance to the Roman army, bringing their al¬
lies from Scandinavia to the British island for the first time. During the 6th
-
4th
с. В. С,
the
Scythian-Illyricum towns created isopolities, their towns-colonies in
Pontus,
modeled after the
Greek towns-isopolities. The most famous among them were Heraclea of
Pontus
and
Apollónia
of
Thrace, which were isopolities of the Macedonian town and town of the Kingdom of the Aorses.
After the invasion of Alexander of Macedonia, a large Scythian military town-Scythopolis was
created in Syria. In the 2nd century
B. C,
a new Scythian people
-
the Dalmatians, appeared in
the Balkans, with whom the Aorses created a new Scythian Kingdom of
Dalmaţia
in
160
В. С
Titus Livius mentioned the Aorses and Cathars as allies of Rome in the wars in Illyricum in
168
В. С
The Roman historian also mentioned the Scythian people-Slavs, Cavienses, who populated
the area between
Dürres
and
Apollónia.
The Slavs were allies and relatives of the Aorses and
Dalmatians. In that period of time, the Kingdom of Aorses was dissolved and its territories
were taken over by the Dalmatians and Cavienses. Within that community a small state of
Illyria emerged, which was rarely mentioned by the ancient chroniclers, placing it in various
parts of Illyricum, from Thessaly to the slopes of the Alps. Ancient chroniclers stated that the
King Pyrus of Epirus was the Scythian. Poliybius wrote that in
179
В. С,
the Sarmatians were
the most powerful people in Europe who ruled the entire Illyricum. Their King was Gatalos. In
78-76
В. С,
Rome „pacified
Dalmaţia,
while ancient Slav people the Besses, who lived in Thrace
and in enclaves located on the territories of present-day Montenegro and north Albania, became
allies of Rome in
71
В. С
Roman wars against
Dalmaţia
were ended during the rule of Empe¬
ror Tiberius. The territory of
Dalmaţia
from Aquileia to Nicopolis became the largest mining
PREVALITANA I KRALJEVSTVO
SLOVENA
593
basin of the early Roman Empire. Gold and silver were excavated. Several coin minting plants
were operative in
Dalmaţia.
It was from the epoch of the Emperor Vespasien, then
Traían
and
Hadrian, who placed the Scythians-Sarmatians on high administrative and military positions
that the period of the „Scythization of the Roman Empire began, which was ended by the rule
of four Scythians
-
Roman emperors, headed by Diocletian.
In the period from 2nd-P century B. C, in the Scythian Kingdom of Bosporus and in towns
of
Pontus,
so-called „Scythian monotheism emerged, worshiping Saint Virgin, an archetype
of Our Lady, the former Grande
Mâ.
Several Greek epitaphs testify about this cult. From the 3rd
century A. D., owing to friendly relations between
Judea
and Macedonian Emipre, paleochristian
„Old Testament churches were established on the Scythian territories of Illyricum, which fol¬
lowed the texts of the Old Testament. That was the reason why Apostle Andrew went to Scythia
and Apostle Thomas went to Persia and to the territories where the Scythian people-Saka lived.
Apostle Paul came to the towns of Illyricum, inlcuding the Scythian town Philippopolis, and
Apostle Mark established the Patriarchate of Aquileia. Apostle Paul indicated in his correspon¬
dence with Seneca and his apocryphal texts that he visited Rome and „the Caesarean court . The
document „Life of Saint Caesar is lost, in which Roman emperors are deified and proclaimed
„founders of New Testament faith by the Scytho-Sarmatian legions. In Scythia and Sarmatia of
Illyricum,
hagiographies
of Phoebus Apollo and Cepheus were created, in order to „harmonize
the New Testament Christianity and paganism and pay tribute to the ancient pagan traditions.
Geographer Strabon said that the Slavs
(Σκλάβοι)
were one of the biggest and largest Scythian
populations in Illyricum at the end of the old era. An anonymous geography book titled Parap¬
hrase dates back from the Strabon period, which mentions the Bulgarians
(Bulgares,
Βούλγαροι)
to the north-east from Lower Danube. This book indicates that the Celts and Sarmatians „stick to
the Troyan traditions . Greek geographer Nikiphoros mentioned
Pannonia
as a „country where
the Bulgarians lived . These are the earliest references to this Scythian-Sarmatian-Slav people.
Gaius Julius Caesar concluded agreements with the Scythians, waging his last great war against
Pompey on the territories of Epirus
-
decapitated body of Pompey was buried by an inhabitant
of Scodra. It was in the last battle between Caesar and Pompey that the Scythian people
-
Goths
were mentioned for the first time. Roman emperors, starting from
Octavian
who obtained mili¬
tary training in
Apollónia
among Dalmatian and Macedonian Scytho-Sarmatians, formed best
legions composed of the Scythians. During the rule of
Octavian,
the Scythian legions in Itallicum
were given their part at the outskirts of the capital. Sarmatian cavalry and Dalmatians became
the best military units in the empire. During the rule of the Emperor Tiberius, the Kingdom of
Sarmatians, Scythians and Slav Jazigs in
Pannonia
became an ally of Rome. Tiberius concluded
the project that was launched by
Octavian,
defining the border towards Scythia-Sarmatia along
the Danube. The border between the two empires frequently caused wars with disobedient and
defiant Scytho-Sarmatian people, who were supported by their German friends, mainly Marco-
manni and Quadi. During these wars, Scytho-Sarmatian legions of Illyricum sometimes refused
to follow the orders from Rome to start the battle with their compatriots. Thus, the empire was
forced to pay money for the „peace along the Danube border . Roman emperors often entered
into agreements with some of the Scytho-Sarmatian people in order to wage wars against their
compatriots. After they had failed to gain independence for
Dalmaţia
during the rule of the
Emperor Claudius, the Sarmatian Rhoxolani made several attacks on the Roman troops. The
major attack took place in winter in
69,
when all Roman soldiers were killed in Moesia. The same
year, Emperor Oton was forced to accept Jazigs as elite troops of Roman cavalry, and in
70-71,
legions from
Pannonia
and
Dalmaţia
transferred their „provinces-states to the Vespasien s ad¬
ministration. Domitian entered into alliance with Jazigs and Rhoxolani, asking their assistance
in the wars against the Dacians. During the rule of Trajan, the Rhoxolani became allies of the
Dacians, forcing the emperor to conclude a contract that was unfavorable for Rome. Conflicts
594 VOJISLAV
D.
NIKČEVIĆ
were ended during the rule of Hadrian. Hadrian succeeded to reach a relatively long-lasting
agreement with Rasparaganus, king of Rhoxolani King, receiving plenty of money for the „peace
along border lines .
The Roman troops were mainly composed of „Barbarians
-
the largest part of them was com¬
posed of Scytho-Sarmatians, who were members of infantry and cavalry troops. They considered
Roman emperors gods, descendants of Jupiter and Mars, allowing spreading of mithraistic and
solar cults. With Emperor Galien, his protege Plotinus and great
Novatian
schism, New Testa¬
ment Christianity was institutionalized in the legions
-
some of the cohorts were composed of
the Christians only or their supporters. In the south of Illyricum, a few weak communities of the
New Testament Christianity appeared i. e. in
Durrès, Thessaloniki,
Apollónia,
Diopolis-Dioclea
and
Risan.
During the rule of Emperor Commodus, the Slavs from Illyricum put the shrine in
Eleusina
under their protection, which became a gathering place for supporters of the New Te¬
stament faith. During the rule of the Emperor Galien in Illyricum, cults of Cybele and Scythian
Grand Mather were equalized, thus encouraging the spread of the New Testament Christianity.
Only upon arrival of the Manichaeism in Illyricum will the Scytho-Sarmatian Christianity be
created
-
a strange mix of Mithraism and adoration of Phoebus Apollo and Cybele
About
238
A. D, the Scytho-Sarmatian Carpians entered into alliance with the Goths, proc¬
laiming themselves as their „protectors and masters . The Goths were recognized as the Scytho-
Sarmatian people in Illyricum and became the allies of Rome. When in
250
A. D., the Scythian
Decius swept from power Philip the Arab and was pronounced emperor by the Illyricum legions,
the Scythian-Sarmatian-Slav people together with the Goths attacked East Illyricum, Thrace and
East Moesia in three columns. The attack was performed very carefully, headed by Cniva, leader
of Goths. Barbarian troops took care not to trespass the borders of the Sarmatian-Pannonian
Kingdom of Jazigs, avoiding possible contact with Roman Scythian legions and receiving deser¬
ters from the Roman army. The attackers were supported by many Hellenic towns, mostly Athens
and Corinth. Cniva s goal was to take Philippopolis in order to renew the right to rule the ancient
Macedonia. The Scythians and the Goths wanted to establish their state on such tradition. The
Scythians and Sarmatians accepted it, renouncing the legacy of the ancient state of the Scythian
Odrysians. Decius managed to persuade the Carpians to desist from creating their own kingdom
in
Dacia,
trying to stop Cniva. The Roman emperor faced the fact that Aorses, Tribalians (who
were referred to as
Prebalei
-Πρεβαλοι, Τριβαλλοι
in Greek texts) and Dalmatians wanted to resto¬
re the kingdom on the territories of
Dalmaţia
and declare its autonomy. Roman troops composed
of the Besses, Tribalians and Thracians very easily managed to liberate Philippopolis. In
251
A.
D., they removed Decius and declared Priscus emperor, ordering him to start negotiations with
Cniva. Rome accepted the fact that Scytho-Sarmatians from East Illyricum and the Goths had
some rights to former Macedonian state. Having learned that the Dalmatian Kingdom of Aorses,
Tribalians and Dalmatians was restored, the Goths in agreement with Scythian, Sarmatian and
Slav legionaries killed all Romans and newly elected Emperor Priscus, announcing restoration of
the Kingdom of Thrace in Philippopolis. In
251
A. D. in Illyricum, in addition to the
Pannonian
Kingdom of Sarmatian Jazigs, two new Scythian states were created
-
Kingdom of
Dalmaţia
and
Kingdom of Thrace. The Goths led the Kingdom of Thrace, pronouncing Cniva the first King.
New Emperor Trebonianus
Gallus
was forced to make an agreement with Cniva s Scythians and
Goths on annual „fee for peace . After
253
A. D, the Roman Empire lost full rule over Illyricum.
During the next three years,
255,256
and
257,
Rome for the first time faced massive attacks from
sea by Euro-Asian Scythians-Sarmatians. They came to assist their compatriots to preserve rene¬
wed states in Illyricum, announcing takeover of their ancient colonies on the territories of Asia
Minor. The Roman Empire was forced to start difficult and long negotiations that led to consent
of Euro-Asian Scythians, Sarmatians and Goths to become allies of Rome. About
256-257
A. D.,
Praevalitana singled out as a holder of the oldest Scythian traditions and „command province in
PREVALITANA I KRALJEVSTVO
SLOVENA
595
Dalmaţia. Praevalitana
was a community of Tribalians, Dalmatians, Besses, Cathars, Aorses and
Sakas, which was governed by the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians. Together with other
imperial and royal clans, the Scythians
-
Sarmatians showed up as masters on the territories of
Epirus,
Dalmaţia,
Macedonia and Meosia during the rule of the Emperor Aurelian
(270-275),
another Scythian Roman emperor. In
269-271
A. D, by the will of Imperial Scythians and Royal
Sarmatians, Praevalitana was merged into Macedonia,
Dalmaţia
and Moesia, which together with
Epirus created a united territory under the governance of imperial and royal clans and under
the jurisdiction of Rome. At that period of time, so-called Scythian war in Illyricum was ended,
when Roman military activities began, aimed at breaking the alliance of the Sarmatians, Goths
and
Heruli.
Illyricum became the largest military camp of the Roman Empire and a command
center for actions towards West and East. With the beginning of the rule of Diocletian in
285
A. D., the name Praevalitana was lost. Emperor s birthplace Diopolis-Dioclea was renamed into
Diocletiana, while the Imperial Scythians became the most powerful and influential clan on the
territories of Illyricum and
Hellada.
During the rule of Diocletian, the process of redistribution
of power between Illyricum and Itallicum was ended, which was launched during the rule of
the Emperor Galien. Political institutions of the Roman Empire, including the capital city, were
marginalized, and all power was concentrated in the hands of emperors-soldiers of Scythian and
Sarmatian origin from Illyricum. Diocletian introduced ancient Scythian model of governance,
choosing the best soldiers from Illyricum from the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians for
his co-rulers: Galerius, Maximianus and Constantius Chlorus. With them as rulers, the Roman
Empire was fully „Scythizied . Diocletian was Tribalian and member of the Imperial Scythians
clan, whose relatives were Saians, Dalmatians and Aorses.
Maximian
just like Decius came from
Sarmatian Limigantes. Galerius belonged to Scytho-Sarmatian Argaragantes whose relatives were
the Carpians; Constantius Chlorus belonged to the Imperial Scythians clan from the Araeies
whose closest relatives were Araeates and Besses. Unwedded wife of Constantius Chlorus and
mother of future emperor
Constantine
the Great belonged to the Rhoxolani, the most powerful
people among the Royal Sarmatians. Diocletian placed military organization within the Roman
state-he ruled through decrees; officers became administrators of the provinces; and the Hellenic
language was suppressed, while Latin was introduced as obligatory language of the administra¬
tion. He introduced Persian customs into the court
-
emperor is a god on earth
-
thus meeting
the wishes of his compatriots who were willing to execute any order of his.
Constantine,
extramarital son of Constantius Chlorus, became an emperor, thanks to the
strong support of Illyricum clans
-
Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians. In
308
A. D.
Licinius, close friend of the Emperor Galerius, who was a member of the Pincinates, Scythian-
Sarmatian people, was appointed Augustus, taking over the command over the troops from
Pannonia.
About
308
A. D., Constantine s mother Helena succedded to create a „Council of
the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians in Illyricum, which gathered representatives of
all „ruling clans from Scythia and Sarmatia. The Council established ties with „All-Scythian
Assembly , a traditional war institution of the Scytho-Sarmatian Federation, which was probably
convened in Olbia or Heraclea of
Pontus.
Constantine
was chosen to complete the project that was
started by Diocletian. „A known world became a kind of loose federation of Roman Christian
and Scythian pagan empire. In
314
A. D.,
Constantine
convened an assembly in Aries and created
a province „Great
Dalmaţia ,
from
Veneto, or
more precisely, from the mouth of the River
Po,
to
Nicopolis in Greece, annexing Upper
Pannonia
to it.
Constantine
accepted influential communi¬
ties of Dalmatian Manichaeists as Christians, rearranging this province with their consent and
adjusting Scytho-Sarmatian pagan cults to Christianity. He chose patriarchate town of Aquileia
to be the capital city. In consultation with the Council of the Illyricum Scytho-Sarmatians and
All-Scythian Assembly, he recognized the right of the Goths in Thrace to the kingdom. The
Goths, being dissatisfied with their participation in the All-Scythian Assembly and the Council
596 VOJISLAV
D.
NIKČEVIC
of the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians, joined frustrated Licinius who found his allies
among Sarmatian Pincinates and Scythian population who were neither of imperial nor royal
origin. Licinius started wars and after the Goths had been defeated in
315
and
319
A. D., Licinius
lost his power and his misfortunate followers started to abandon him. Diocletian died in
316
A.
D., in
Salona.
Finally on his own, in consultation with the Council of Imperial Scythians and
Royal Sarmatians and All-Scythian Assembly,
Constantine
brought to an end huge reorganiza¬
tion of the Roman Empire, with the capital city displaced to the East. The Goths remained with
Licinius until his death in
324
A. D., being constantly defeated by
Constantine
troops. After the
death of Licinius, his people the Pincinates, who were much later mentioned by
Constantine
Porphyrogenitus and chroniclers of the First Crusade, were removed from all bodies of the
Scytho-Sarmatian administration. In the year of Licinus death,
Constantine
made the Huns,
Avar groups, the Turcomans, Armenians, Georgians and Caucasian Albanians his federates,
putting the entire region of the Scytho-Sarmatian East under his rule. Thanks to
Pannonian
Sarmatians-Jazigs and Limigantes, who had been allies of some German people for centuries,
a part of the Germans accepted alliance with the Roman Empire. At the order of
Constantine,
erudite Christian Ablabius from Crete wrote a great „History of the Scythians , describing them
as Christian people, who were chosen, together with Romans, Greeks and Jews, to create a
„Christian empire on earth . Unlike Dexippus History of the Scythians, out of which about forty
fragments were preserved, only several sentences have remained from the huge work of Ablabius
from Crete. In the centuries to come, the Christian historiography rejected all Scythian heritage
as heretic and pagan, including the histories of Dexippus and Ablabius the Crete.
After the First Ecumenical Council,
Constantine
reorganized the empire. He created a num¬
ber of „military provinces , and Illyricum became a military command center.
Constantine
appointed the son of his close associate Bassus as the first archbishop of Dioclea, determining
this town together with Scodra as administrative centers of Itallicum. Doclean metropolitanate
was proclaimed vicar of Italy.
Constantine
created a powerful axis that connected Illyricum
with the Scythian
Pontus.
He also connected Metropolitanate of Gothia in Thrace, Dioclea that
was controlled by Diocletian clan of the Imperial Scythians, with Metropolitanate of Calabria
where Scytho-Sarmatian corps were deployed.
Constantine
bequeathed the empire to his three
sons. Constantius wanted to accomplish political and military-strategic program of his father
and unite the empire in hands of a single ruler. His capital cities were Sirmium and Vimina-
cium. He carried out all activities in consultation with the Council of the Imperial Scythians
and Royal Sarmatians. He abolished Great
Dalmaţia
that was established by
Constantine.
He
created, but did not legalize, Praevalitana around the core of three metropolitanate centers, which
were also administrative centers
-
Dioclea, Scodra and
Ohrid,
entrusting this region all affairs
related to Itallicum and
Dalmaţia.
This prefecture, from time to time, also encompassed the
province of Africa. He took Thessalonica from Macedonia, declaring it a center of the province
of Thrace. Illyricum became a part the Scytho-Sarmatian region, while the Scytho-Sarmatians
were given the administrative responsibility in Itallicum and Africa. Constantius rule marked
full „Scythization of the military structures of the Empire. Dissatisfied with bloodthirstiness of
Constantius and his reprisal against relatives and friends of Constantine s, the Araeis, relatives
of Constantius Chlorus tried to find a way to bring to the throne someone of his
descendente
from the legal marriage. Faced with increasing divisions within the Scytho-Sarmatian bloc,
Constantius turned towards the Goths at the end of his rule. When legions in Gaul pronounced
Constantius relative Julian an emperor, the empire was threatened by a catastrophic conflict. In
a complex, fast and determined political game that was conducted behind the scenes, archbishop
Patrophilus of Scythopolos had a decisive vote as representative of the Scythian military colonies
in Near and Middle East. During his short period of rule, Julian legalized Constantius project
concerning reorganization of Illyricum. Province of Praevalitana became the most important
PREVALITANA I KRALJEVSTVO
SLOVENA
597
bond between Illyricum and Itallicum. Julian turned to Hellenism, seeking foothold among
Greek and Apennine nationalists-pagans. In
362
A. D., Julian understood that no solution could
be found for the conflict within Scytho-Sarmatian military and administrative structures and
that Illyricum was on the verge of a great turmoil. As further existence of the Roman Empire
depended on the unity of Illyricum, emperor decided to rely on the Scythians who were not
members of imperial or royal clans and the Goths, who could not be forgiven by the Council of
the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians for supporting Licinius. During his rule, a new
political alliance emerged in Illyricum and
Pontus
between the Goths, high Scytho-Sarmatian
military officers and administrators who did not belong to imperial or royal clans, Greek and
Latinized Apennine Scythians noblemen, who were placed on high positions by the rulers from
Diocletian to Constantius. The latter connected themselves with old and disempowered Apen¬
nine aristocracy, mainly the members of the Senate, and center of the Roman patriarch who
was discontented with predominance of the
Arians
and Manichaenas. Short rule of Julian and
reforms ensuring exlusively Scythian administration over the army marked the beginning of a
long conflict between the Scythians and Hellenists for dominance in the Roman Empire. This
led to strengthening of the East and creation of Byzantium.
After sudden death of Julian, Jovianus was elected emperor, who was a soldier of Constan-
tius confidence and member of one of the clans of the Imperial Scythians from the ancient
Cathar people. The Scytho-Sarmatians decided to take a leading place in the administration of
the weak „state church . Referring to the tradition, Domitianus brother of the Emperor Probus,
a member of the Jazigs, became the first Scytho-Sarmatian patriarch in the town of Byzantium
in Asia Minor, requesting from Jovian to give them the seat of the Constantinople s First Priest.
His arguments for such request were that in the town
о
Byzantium, Domitianus s successor was
his son Probus, and both of them had been patriarchs for almost four decades. The Scythians
wrote that about
277-280
A. D., a patriarchate seat of East Roman Empire was established and
that was why
Constantine
chose Byzantium for a new capital city. According to apocryphs,
Apostle Andrew established a patriarchate in Byzantium for
Pontus
and Scythia. In 306-307A.
D. Constantius Chlorus, who was then the first among Tetrarches, appointed the second Probus
son Metrophan as patriarch of Byzantium. The Constantine s decision proclaiming Metrophan
the patriarch of the East and Illyricum was lost in the year of the Edict of Milan. Metrophan
died in
314
A. D. His successor was Alexander, who was proclaimed the ecumenical patriarch by
Constantine
during the preparations for the First Ecumenical Council. At the urging of Patriarch
Alexander, the First Ecumenical Council proclaimed
Constantine
„the Thirteenth Apostle . The
Scytho-Sarmatians were supported by the patriarchate in Antioch, which had disputes with the
Roman
pontifex
about the right of succession of Apostle Peter. The first Scythian ecumenical
patriarch was Macedonius from Illyricum, with whom the epoch of Scythization of East Chri¬
stianity began. In addition to
Arianism
and Manichaeism, all Gnostic doctrines from East had
also been renewed. The Scytho-Sarmatian conflict was spread, which was initiated by the clan
of Constantius Chlorus and the Jazigs, who wanted for themselves the seat of the patriarchate in
accordance with the right of succession of emperor Probus and his family. At the time, a chaotic
situation was in Illyricum, because the
Arians, Manichaeans
and churches of Old Testament were
also involved in the conflict. Patriarch Macedonius was removed from and returned to the throne
depending on the outcome of the test of strength between Constantius Chlorus clan and the
Jazigs. In order to prevent religious war among the Scythians, in
360
A. D. Constantius appointed
new patriarch Eudoxius, who was the
Arian
from Antioch, sending the message to Rome and
its prime priest that they were no longer competent to announce canons of the faith. Thus the
process of codification of the second Scythian Bible was completed. It was the Gothic Bible that
was prepared by the Gothic Archbishop Ulfila. The Gothic Bible was modeled on the lost Scythian
Bible, which was written in Runic alphabet, and created in early second half of the 1st century in
598 VOJISLAV
D.
NIKČEVIĆ
the community of the Besses. After the death of Eudoxius in
370
A. D, the
Arian
Demophilus,
Scytho-Sarmatian from the Besses people, was elected Constantinople s patriarch.
After sudden death of Jovian, Scytho-Sarmatian military commanders placed two their soldi¬
ers to the throne of the Roman empire
- Valens
and Valentinian. Valentinian was a commander
of the Scodra unit in the emperor s palace and was born on the territories of Praevalitana, just
like his father. The brothers did not belong to the Imperial Scythians or Royal Sarmatians. With
the support of
magister officiorum
„relentless Dalmatian Ursacius, in the town of
Niš
(Naissus),
brothers divided army and empire:
Valentian
took administration of the West, while
Valens
took the East. It was for the first time that the throne of the Roman Empire was held by people
who did not belong to „aristocratic circles of the Scytho-Sarmatian clans. Some of the clans of
the Imperial Scythians lead by the clan of Constantius Chlorus, stirred up a rebellion headed
by Procopius, a relative of the Emperor Julian. Rebellion of Procopius and dissatisfied Imperial
Scythians and Royal Sarmatians, headed by his relative
Marcellinus, was
very easily crushed,
as „usurpers were not supported by the majority of their compatriots. Because of the Goths,
who supported
Marcellinus, Valens
started retaliation, forcing them to come to terms with „the
new order . Valentinian and
Valens
decided to get even with the divided Imperial Scythians
and Royal Sarmatians, bringing compatriots from other Scytho-Sarmatian populations to the
leading administrative and military positions. The highest positions were given to the disem-
powered Roman noblemen, while anonymous compatriots became senators and knights. Very
soon a separate class of very influential Scytho-Sarmatians who were not from „upper classes
was created, enabling the two brothers to become very powerful. Valentinian and
Valens
divided
Illyricum
-
they separated
Pannonia,
failing to suppress the influence of the Diocletian clan and
the clan of the Constantine s mother Helena, which had a decisive impact on the developments
on the territories of the East and West. Valentinian chose the Iberian Theodosius to be his man
of confidence, entrusting him the command post in Gaul and then in Illyricum. Theodosius,
as a promising soldier, was accepted by the imperial and royal clans of Illyricum, allowing
him to be elected the emperor of the East. Wise Theodosius decided to stay away from internal
Scythian conflicts, fully relying on the Goths. The Goths were largely accepted to the emperor s
court. Theodosius managed to stop predominance of the Scytho-Sarmatians on the throne of
the Constantinople s patriarch. He removed Demophilus, from the Besses, bringing for the short
period of time a well-known theologian Gregorie Naziance, declaring the break between the
imperial canon church and
Arianism,
Manichaeism and Gnostic doctrines. In the period from
382
to
386
A. D., he divided the Slavs and the Goths in Illyricum, leaving Thrace and east Moesia
to the Goths, approving their state to be entitled to powers of the former Cniva s Kingdom. He
recognized the right of succession to Praevalitana, Diocletian clan and clan of the Constantine s
mother Helena with regard to the ancient Scythian Kingdom of Aorses and Dalmatians. Di-
oclea became a religious seat of
Dalmaţia,
while Scodra became the administrative center. The
Gothic state also had two capital cities: religious center was in the metropolitanate seat Gothia,
and administrative center was in Marcianopolis. Fearing from the
Arianism
of the Goths and
Scythian-Sarmatian-Slavs, who took executive military duties in Itallicum, in
387
A. D., Pope
Siricius, pronounced Dioclea a center of the pontifical co-episcopate. Doclean Archbishop Bassus
and his assistant and successor Senecion, who were vicars of Italy, became the highest church
dignitaries, representing the
pontifex
and Constantinople s patriarch. According to the Notitia
Dignitatum Scythians-Sarmatians-Slavs represented more than two thirds of the Roman army.
Their legions were deployed in the most of the towns of Gaul, each town of Apennine, south
Britain, German limes and Africa. In Near and Middle East, the Scytho-Sarmatian legions were
commanded from a strong Arian-Manichaean episcope center in Scythopolis.
It was during the rule of Theodosius and after the massive displacement of Scythians-Sar¬
matians-Slavs from
Pontus
and Euro-Asian region into the military colonies and garrison towns
PREVALITANA I KRALJEVSTVO
SLOVENA
599
throughout the Roman Empire that redistribution of power and regrouping of the population
within the Scytho-Sarmatian federation began. The Alans came up as leaders of new Scythian
people, who arrived to Illyricum at the invitation of the Rhoxolani compatriots and their imperial
clan to which the relatives of the Constantine s mother Helena belonged. They were accompanied
by a large group of the Scythian populi minors headed by the Huns. They became the leading
power in the northern and north-eastern borders of the Roman Empire. Great turmoil began
within the community of the Illyricum Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians. Most of the
clans did not allow Theodosius to transfer command functions over the elite troops and infantry
corps to the Goths. Diocletian clan and clan of Constantine s mother Helena were decisive to
get even with the clan of Constantius Chlorus, Licinius Pincinates and the largest part of the
Maximian s Limigantes, who supported the Goths. Political opponents of Theodosius established
ties with the Alans and Huns. The Huns accepted to be a constant threat to the Goths. Full power
in Illyricum was taken by the Diocletian and Helena s clan, while in east
Pannonia,
along Lower
Danube and border with the Gothic Thrace, the Huns formed their enclaves, being ready to attack
the Goths at the order of the Council of the Imperial Scythians. The Huns made huge attack in
395
A. D. against the Goths, forcing the largest number of Alaric people to find shelter in the
territories ruled by the clan of Diocletian and Helena. The Goths then accepted all conditions
of the Council of the Imperial Scythians. After the death of Theodosius, administration of the
Roman Empire was taken by his sons Arcadius and Honorius. Unlike Honorius, the second son
of Theodosius, emperor of the East, behaved as the Scythian. In
400
A. D., enraged Goths, being
at risk to become fully marginalized and expelled from
Pannonia,
took Constantinople in a fast
and suicide attack headed by
Gainas,
with the intention to extort the recognition of the Kingdom
of Thrace. With almost all people killed, they were forced to comply with the Arcadius s deci¬
sion. Emperor of the East allowed Scythian and Sarmatian commanders in Apennines to make
decisions in consultation with the Diocletian and Helena s clan. The Gothic army leader Stilicho
entrusted his destiny to Honorius. By marrying his two daughters to the son of Theodosius, he
was hoping that he would ensure his clan an imperial pedigree. Other Gothic families became his
greatest opponents. By entering into alliance with the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians,
the Goths from Illyricum fought against Stilicho.
Honorius rearranged Western Roman Empire, bestowing great property to noblemen and
high officials, while in the East, Arcadius brought Greeks and Scythians on high positions, most
of them being illiterate veterans, led by a desire to restore the Hellenic empire. West Roman
Empire was rapaciously dissolved. Commanders of the Scythian and Sarmatian troops and ad¬
ministrators in garrison towns were also involved in the process of dissolution. The Gauls-Franks
and Germans came up as a new power on the Western territories. About
407
A. D., Arcadius
completed reorganization of the East. Kingdom of Dalmatia-Slavs was created. Middle Illyricum
region and
Pannonia,
near Lower Danube and the
Sava
became „free trade zone , experiencing
economic boom. At that period of time, a decisive conflict began between Stilicho, regent of
the Western Roman Empire, and the Goths, headed by Alaric, who were supported by Imperial
Scythians and Royal Sarmatians. Alaric took rule over the dioceses of Thrace,
Dacia
and Mace¬
donia, thus establishing border towards newly established Kingdom of Slavs, the capital of which
was in Dioclea. About
400-401
A. D. under the protection of the Imperial Scythians, Alaric s
Goths of royal origin moved from Thrace and southern
Pannonia
to east Macedonia and Epirus,
together with the Scythians-Sarmatians-Slavs, populating the towns along the strategic road Via
Egnatia from Thessalonica to
Dürres.
The Huns, Alans and Rhoxolani supported Arcadius, by
sending their troops to the border towards Persia. Their pressure to divided Goths prevented a
war among them. In
401
A. D., Alaric left Epirus with his troops moving to Italy. Families of his
soldiers remained in Illyricum under the protection of Diocletian and Helena s clan. When the
Huns and Alans entered into alliance with European Sarmatians in Noricum and Retia, Stilic-
600 VOJISLAV
D.
NIKČEVIĆ
ho, in panic concluded an agreement on friendship and assistance with the Germans. Doclean
Metropolitanate Senecion came up as a new strong personality, who succeeded to maintain the
unity of the Slavs and Goths in the southern Illyricum. He ordered the Metropolitanate of Gothia
to start reprisal against supporters of Stilicho, which led to the first great movement of the Goths
to the West. Along
Pannonia
borders on Itallicum, numerous Gothic armies appeared, headed
by Radagaisus. Emperor Honorius asked Stilicho and Alaric to get united in order to protect the
Western Roman Empire. Stilicho and Alaric, supported by the Huns, managed to break the attack
of
Pontus
and Transcarpathian Goths, while the Alans, Vandals and Svevians jointly crossed
the Rhine limes and entered
Germania.
This forced Stilicho to seek alliance with Alaric and the
Scythians, who supported him. At the request of the Doclean Metropolitanate Senecion, in
404
A. D., Alaric s cavalry that remained in Epirus to protect Gothic families, fully demolished Upper
Dalmatian town of Epidaurus, following uprising of supporters of the removed Constantinople s
patriarch John Chrysostom. Afterwards, there was a pogrom of the supporters of Roman
pontifex
on the territories of Macedonia, Moesia and
Dalmaţia.
During the rule of Theodosius II, given
that human resources were almost totally used during four century service to the Roman Empire,
a new alliance of the Scythian people populi
minores
came up along the northern borders and in
East
Pannonina,
headed by the Bulgarians. The new emperor decided to establish co-operation,
offering them numerous compromises. Theodosius II announced
anti-
German policy, deci¬
ding to bond Hellenic and Scytho-Sarmatian world to Constantinople, leaving Western Roman
Empire up to divided Goths, Scythian and Sarmatian legions and Franks. The Bulgarians and
populi
minores
became allies of the Huns. They came down to northern Thrace, suppressing the
remaining enclaves of the Goths. At that period of time, reorganization of the Scytho-Sarma¬
tian federation began. About
443
A. D., Populi
minores,
headed by the Huns and
Atilla
headed
towards Constantinople, seeking insignia of power and their „Christian state in
Pannonia
and
Euro-Asian region. Theodosius II „bought peace from
Atilla
and the Huns. Invaders moved
along East Illyricum, without trespassing the borders of the newly established Kingdom of Dal-
matia-Slavs, which was confirmed in Theodosius epistles to the King of Slavs,
Albin
II. Process
of reorganization of the Scytho-Sarmatian federation was completed following the long-lasting
negotiations with Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians with Atilla s consent not to place
his capital and capital of the state of populi
minores
in Sirmium. The Goths remained entitled to
this episcope center. The Gothic
Amai clan
came up as the most powerful „royal successor to
Cniva s basileum and Sirmium
episcopia
prima.
Atilla
gave the Bulgarians a demilitarized zone
from Singidunum to Naisus, expelling the Roman population from the zone. A first border was
delineated between the Kingdom of Dalmatia-Slavs and the Bulgarians, Huns and their allies
from populi
minores.
Atilla
placed his capital in the region between the rivers of
Tisa
and
Keres,
entering into alliance with the German people Skires. According to Runic anthology of old
Scandinavian documents, he renewed the Scythian agreements with Nordic people, reintegrating
them into the rearranged Scytho-Sarmatian federation. The
Langobards,
Scandinavian people,
came to the European Sarmatia, on the territory of the present-day Slovakia, then to
Pannonia,
while small troops headed towards the Illyricum inland.
Albin
II, King of Dalmatia-Slavs was succeed by
Marcellinus,
who spent most of the time in
Constantinople, and Aetius, a Scythe from Moesia, member of Diocletian clan, great warrior
and consul, who commanded the Scytho-Sarmatian troops in the Western Roman Empire un¬
der the nickname
Bello
I. After the death of Theodosius II, Scytho-Sarmatian army that halted
Atilla s attacks on Gaul, wanted to pronounce Aetius the emperor of the Western Empire. In
454
A. D., Aetius was fraudulently killed by the supporters of Valentinianus III. After a year, Scyth¬
ian guardians killed Valentinianus III out of revenge. Gaudentius, son of Aetius in exile, toget¬
her with the King of Vandals, crossed the Mediterranean, devastating Rome. King
Marcellinus
from the Sarmatian people the Saians, returned to
Dalmaţia,
bearing a high military rank ma-
PREVALITANA I KRALJEVSTVO
SLOVENA
601
gister militutn
or
equitum per Daltnatias.
Aetius powers were succeeded by Dardanian-Praeva-
litan
Alan, Aspar,
son of the famous army leader Ardaburius, who became commander-in-chi-
ef of the Roman army and the most influential person in the whole empire. After the death of
Theodosius II, the Scythians and Sarmatians got ready to take the throne of the East Roman
emperors. When
Aspar
took command over the army, Vandal
Geiseric
proclaimed himself a
king of the Alans and Vandals in the North Africa. Eastern Roman Empire and most of the
Western Roman Empire was held by the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians. At the time
of disputes between the emperor Majorian and the Svevian King Ricimer, who protected the
Scythian interests regarding the Western Roman Empire, and when the Vandals and Alans from
Africa tried to take Sicily, which was under the administration of Praevalitanian and Macedonian
part of Illyricum,
Marcellinus
ordered mobilization of the Huns. As a leader of his troops, Mar-
cellinus landed in Sicily, managing to end ongoing disputes. His military activities indicate that
he supervised the kings of the Huns, Bulgarian leaders and populi
minores,
and that he was
fully supported by the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians. In
458-459
A. D.,
Marcellinus
annexed Sicily to
Calabrian
Italy and Kingdom of Dalmatia-Slavs. King of the Vandals and
Alans,
Geiseric
obtained Sardinia and Corsica. This was confirmed by the new Roman emperor
Leo I in 458-459A. D. In
457
A. D., Leo I succeeded Aspar s domesticus
Marcián
following long-
lasting negotiations among the Imperial Scythians, Royal Sarmatians and All-Scythian Assembly
as to who among them would offer its man for a new emperor. Leo I was the first Slav on the
Constantinople emperor s throne from the Besses people.
Aspar
and Leo I suppressed resistan¬
ce of Greek and Apennine nationalistic structures, who could not put up with full Scythization
and Sarmatization of the empire, offering no assistance to the army commanded by the three
Slavs: emperor, commander-in-chief and King of Dalmatia-Slavs, all of them from Illyricum.
Facing the political challenges, and seeking to obtain full support of the compatriots and Greek
and Roman pagan majority, Leo I declared liberty for pagan cults, requesting the respect of
Christianity as the „imperial ideology and „faith-patroness of the empire . He was the first
emperor to rely on the Monophysites. According to the agreement with
Aspar
and Leo I, King
of Slavs started „fragmentation of Illyricum, so that each population could obtain its own
territories. Their representatives, local basileuses, formed a „royal council . In order to ensure a
territory for the Goths and protect their families while they waged war in Italy, King
Marcellinus,
in consultation with the Doclean Metropolitanate Evandros, divided Praevalitana. Archbishop
of
Ohrid
and Episcope of
Scampa
became responsible for the Goths.
Aspar
and Leo I tried to
establish a Scythian-Sarmatian-Slavic dynasty that would rule the Roman Empire. The Emperor
married his daughter to one of the
Aspars
sons. Discrepancy between the views of the comman-
der-in-chief and emperor became increasingly evident. The Alans and Rhoxolani, who were
supported by the Helena s clan, felt threatened as Leo I relied more on the compatriots from
Thrace and Praevalitana, the Saians and Dalmatians, planning to fully move out the Goths from
Illyricum and populate some of the populi minors instead. In the test of strength between Im¬
perial Scythians and discontented clans of the Royal Sarmatians, commander-in-chief
Aspar
received support of the Goths from Thrace and their commander Theodoric Strabo. In
459
A.
D., the Goths took
Dürres
in a fast attack with a small military unit, taking care not to trespass
the borders of the Slavic Kingdom. Gothic kings Valamer and Theodomer, who were celebrated
as Scytho-Sarmatian rulers by South Slavs, managed to extort „annual fee for peace . Together
with their brother Vidimir they ruled Gothic enclaves in Illyricum from
Pannonia,
subordina¬
ted to King
Marcellinus.
Episcopal seat in Sirmium was at the time under the administrative
jurisdiction of the Doclean Metropolitanate Evandros. Theodomer s Goths left
Pannonia
and
moved to Epirus, while the leader of Goths signed an agreement with King
Marcellinus
on a
„joint Gothic and Slavic state in Illyricum. Son of Theodomer, Theodoric went as a hostage to
Constantinople, receiving the highest education at the emperor s court. Capital city of the
502 VOJISLAV
D.
NIKČEVIĆ
newly established „federal state was in Doclea and Scodra. At that period of time, the Scythians
wrote two epistles to the emperor Leo I. The first epistle was written by the episcope of the
„Scythian diocese Theotimus, while the second one was written by the Scythian basileuses and
army leader, saying that they would stick to traditional „apostle doctrine , denying the dogma
that was defined in the ecumenical councils, as well as jurisdiction of Constantinople and Rome
over the Scythian church. About
464
A. D., most likely upon the order of Leo I and
Aspar,
Scytho-Sarmatian
Veneti
headed towards Gaul, occupying several Scythian fortifications and
garrison towns. The Council held in
465
A. D., in Taracones informed the emperor that the
Veneti
established the rule of Constantinople over the entire region of Gaul. Young Theodoric
often travelled to Praevalitana, most likely to reach an agreement with Slavic leaders and Doclean
Metropolitanate. In order to speed up the uniting of the Roman empire, Leo I killed
Aspar.
Rebellion of the Aspar s compatriots in Thrace and Macedonia was crushed by the Zenon s
Isaurians.
Zenon
married the emperor s daughter
Arianne,
causing dissatisfaction among the
Imperial Scythians, who did not want to share the power in the empire. After the death of The-
odomer in
473-474
A. D., young Theodoric and his relative
Amali
became the only legitimate
holders of the royal insignia of the Goths. After the death of Leo in
474
A. D., his successor was
Zenon.
When Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians persuaded the Alans and Vandals from
Africa to move the army towards Constantinople, the new emperor became aware that he would
have to find political solutions in order to remain in power. He decided to fully focus on the
religious issues and rely on Monophysites. Doclean Metropolitanate Evandros, with young The¬
odoric and leaders of the Kingdom of Slavs and Goths, prepared a program according to which
Theodomer s son should become a „king of the Goths and Italy . In
476
A. D., Gothic leader
Odoacer entered Ravenna, sending the insignia of the Western Roman Empire power to Con¬
stantinople. In
484
A. D., after careful consultations with Slavic leaders and Doclean Metropo¬
litanate Evandros, Theodoric Amalian came to Rome as consul, placing the pontifical office
under his administration. This action announced „federal Kingdom of Slavs and Goths, ruled
by two kings
-
one from Illyricum and the other from Italy. By ordinance of the Doclean Me¬
tropolitanate, persecution of the canon Christianity supporters commenced in Illyricum. Slavic
and Gothic leaders called for help the Vandals and Alans, who very soon managed to „clean
Epirus,
Dalmaţia
and west Macedonia. The rule was fully taken by Constantinople and Scyth¬
ian church. Episcopate of
Dalmaţia
was created, headed by Archbishop Honorius, for the pur¬
pose of establishing co-operation with pontifical office. Other Illyricum episcopates had no re¬
lations with Rome. After the death of
Zenon
in
491
A. D., Isaurian predominance disappeared.
Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians brought their man to the throne, a high official Ana-
stasius, of
Dürres. New
emperor fully trusted Theodoric Amalian, thus making Greek traditio¬
nalist angry, who were calmed down by the Scythian legions soon afterwards. In
493
A. D., in
consultation with Anastasius and Scythians-Sarmatians-Slavs, Theodoric was crowned king of
Italy and Goths, provided that his compatriots were vassals of Constantinople for good. King of
Goths divided Itallicum: southern part, including Sicily was given to Scythians-Sarmatians of
Illyricum, middle and north-east Itallicum was given to the Goths, while north-east part of
Apennines was ruled by the Saians, Dalmatins,
Veneti
and Goths
-
this territory was connected
with
Pannonia.
The same year, the Bulgarians became the allies of Rome, deploying themselves
in Thrace. Western Roman Empire was united with the Eastern Empire. „Christian Roman
Empire was ruled from Constantinople by the Scythian. Riots broke out among the Isaurians,
who were pacified in
497
A. D. by two military campaigns led by new King of Slavs and consul
John of Scythia. In
499
A. D., he was succeeded by consul John the Hunchbacked, who displaced
the most of the Isaurians to Thrace.
Theodoric s mother, who unlike her son the
Arian
had friendly relations with pontifical
office, allowed several Councils to be held in Rome, from
501
to
503
A. D. Old Doclean Me-
PREVALITANA I KRALJEVSTVO
SLOVENA
603
tropolitanate Evandros
participated at the Council held in
503
A. D. lhe
Council decided that
Scythians-Sarmatians-Slavs and the Goths should deny the canons of the ecumenical councils,
and follow the
Arianism, Manichaeism
and Scythian Christianity. Evandros was killed by the
canon Christianity supporters in the riots that broke out following the Council. As a result of
Marcellinus
fragmentation of Illyricum, at that period of time the territorial entities of Praeva¬
litana,
Dalmaţia
and Macedonia disappeared, while Slavic „church provinces on the territories
of Upper
Dalmaţia,
were mentioned i. e. Travunia, Bosnia
i Zachlumia.
John the Hunchback was
the last king of Slavs, who ruled from Illyricum, visiting Constantinople if necessary. Following
his death in
512
A. D., a new ruler came out, a Scythian-Sarmatian from Moesia,
Vitalian
who
transferred insignia of the Slavic Kingdom powers to Constantinople. He permanently resided in
Constantinople, being in certain period of time even an opponent to Anastasius, concerning the
imperial insignia of power. In the test of strength between Anastasius and
Vitalian,
the emperor
entered into alliance with the Huns, but their army was defeated.
Vitalian
troops killed
60.000
Huns, forcing Anastasius to award him the highest military rank and appoint him commander-
in-chief of the Illyricum army. The rule of Anastasius was a period of great turmoil among the
Scythians and Sarmatians. Disappointed with their status after the death of
Aspar,
the Alans
and Rhoxolani entered into alliance with Bulgarians and populi minors, preparing themselves
to obtain the right of succession to the Cnivas Kingdom and Kingdom of Odrisians. A battle
for Sirmium started between the Goths and Saians on one side and the Bulgarians on the other.
The Bulgarians and their allies were fully defeated. The outcome was disastrous for the Alans
-
most of them, together with their families, had to withdraw from Praevalitana and Macedonia
to Thrace. The Besses and Tribalians came to abandoned territories. Only the Rhoxolani from
Helena s clan remained in Praevalitana and Macedonia, who, together with the Diocletian s
relatives, were highly respected and ruled the central and southern part of Illyricum. Following
the defeat in the battle of Sirmium, the Bulgarians entered into a new alliance
-
this time with
Avars. As agreed with the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians, Theodoric withdrew the
Goths from Sirmium and
Pannonia.
Imperial Scythian clans took over administration of the
town, guaranteeing that the Bulgarians and populi
minores
would never obtain the right of suc¬
cession to the Sirmium
episcopia
prima.
At the end of the rule of Anastasius, in
516
A. D., the
Antes, Sarmatian tribe, came down from the territories of the European Sarmatia, populating
the territories of Macedonia that were abandoned by the Goths and some of the Scythian tribes
that moved to south Italy. After
14
February
517,
with the assistance of
Vitalian,
the Roman
pontifical office institutionalized several churches and monasteries on the territory of southern
and central part of Illyricum. This date is considered as a „Day of the Scythian and Sarmatian
Christianization .
With two rulers from Praevalitana, Justin I and Justinian the Great, insignia of the powers of
the Kingdom of Dalmatia-Slavs was transferred to Constantinople. Relying on Scytho-Sarmatian
commanders from Illyricum, among whom the most famous was Belisarius from Scodra, Justi¬
nian launched a wide reform of the united Roman Empire. In order to constrain the influence
of the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians, he built Justiniana
Prima
in his birthplace as a
central archbishopric for Illyricum, transferring to it titular vicar rights of the Doclean archiepi-
scopate, and releasing the pontifical office from the pressure of the Scythian church. This caused
anger in Illyricum, mostly in Praevalitana and
Dalmaţia,
forcing Justinian to start military
campaigns against his compatriots. After the death of Theodoric on
30
August
526,
Justin was
very ill, so Justinian started war to abolish the Kingdom of Italy and transfer its insignia of power
to Constantinople
-
Byzantine emperors wanted to eliminate the possibility that „Theodoric s
right of governance serve as a basis for the renewal of the Western Roman Empire. By abolishing
the Slavic Kingdom, Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans in Africa and Gothic Kingdom of Italy,
Constantinople included all insignia of the powers of the Scythian-Sarmatian „federation into
604 VOJISLAV
D.
NIKČEVIĆ
the expressions of the titles of the Byzantine emperors. A new, ideologically monolithic Chri¬
stian Roman empire was built. Uninhabited Balkan territories were populated by the Sarmatian
Euro-Asian Slavs and their allies Avars from the region of Azov and Caspian Sea. Slav Chilbudius
was mentioned as one of the most important Byzantine commanders in
529
A. D.. When three
years later Chilbudius was killed by angry compatriots, Justinian decided to disempower the
Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians, All-Scythian Assembly and their Illyricum Council.
This process was ended in
535
A. D., when he officially declared that a titular of the Justiniana
Prima was
a holder of vicar rights and the exclusive representative of the emperor in Illyricum.
Justinian transferred the rights of Sirmium to the titular of the Justiniana
Prima.
The Imperial
Scythians and Royal Sarmatians mobilized opponents of the Justinian autocracy and in
540
A.
D., formed political opposition. This resulted in the dispute between Justinian and Belisarius.
Great army leader withdrew to Scodra, occasionally visiting the court only upon the invitation of
Justinian. About
540
A. D., powerful Scytho-Sarmatian opposition managed to institutionalize
the „Scythian authority within Justinian state. Sarmatian Svevlad ruled from Sirmium, having
the attributes of power of the Slavic Kingdom and Theodoric s Kingdom of Italy. Justinian and
his staff, therefore, entered into alliance with the
Langobards,
deploying them first in
Pannonia
and then in Italy. Svevlad s rule was unsuccessful. In a great war, his son Totila tried to renew the
Kingdom of Italy and take the Theodoric s insignia of the power. He was massively supported by
the Slavs from the European Sarmatia and West Illyricum. However, his rebellion was crushed
by the Byzantine commanders of the Slavic troops. Totila s death put an end to the alliance of
the Slavs and Goths, abolishing the rights of the common Gothic-Scythian-Sarmatian-Slavic
kingdom forever. After the death of Totila, the
Veneti
and Saianswere completely „separated
from the Gothic succession, and thanks to Belisarius and Narses, Itallicum became a fief of
Constantinople. New constellation of the „political forces made the Patriarchate of Aquileia
the last „pillar of Monophysm and the only real religious stronghold of the Scythians-Sarma-
tians-Slavs and the Scythian church. By placing his commissioner Pelagius to the throne of the
Roman
pontifex,
Justinian became the first „Roman Catholic emperor , while the Patriarchate
of Aquileia continued to abide by the program of Henoticon. Illyricum metropolitanates led by
Dioclea and
Ohrid
became leading opposition to Justinian and Roman Catholic Christianity.
Such constellation of forces remained until destruction of Dioclea in
980
A. D.
Caucasus-Caspian Scythians Avars populated the territories that were abandoned by the
Goths and Scythians, as well as people who belonged to the former Scytho-Sarmatian „fede¬
ration , including many Albans. According to Procopius, middle and coastal part of Illyricum
became a kind of Scythian desert. After Totila s rebellion had been crushed, the
Langobards
were deployed in Itallicum as vassals of Byzantium, safeguarding its interests and preventing
possible rebellions of the local population together with the Slavs. During the rule of Justin II,
Illyricum turned into a Slavic-Avarian exarchate. Justin II thus formalized „invisible border
between the Scytho-Sarmatian world and New Christian Roman Empire. Illyricum border was
along the Dioclea-Sardica line, continuing towards the territories of Scythia and Asian Sarmatia.
In Itallicum, southern part towards Sicily was completely separated from the remaining part of
Apennine. The
Langobards
were committed to „protect the tradition of the Goths and Slavs, be¬
coming their most reliable allies. Kingdom of Dalmatia-Slavs could not be renewed. Exarchate of
Illyricum with south Italy and Sicily, became its successor, while the Justiniana
Prima was
forced
to leave „vicar rights to Dioclea. The aim of the „federation of Avars and Slavs was to prevent
Bulgarians to establish their state based on the rights of ancient Scytho-Sarmatian kingdoms by
occupying Sirmium. A new „powerful axis was created, composed of the two archiepiscopates
-
Dioclea and
Salona
and episcopate in Sirmium, which did not allow establishing of the canon
Christianity on the Scytho-Sarmatian territories. According to Menander Protector, exarchate
or „kingdom was ruled from Sirmium, while „kings were representatives of the Avars and
PREVALITANA I KRALJEVSTVO
SLOVENA
605
Alans. About
560
A. D., the Alans entered into alliance with Turks, allowing them to populate
certain territories of the former province of Macedonia. In
565
A. D., the Avar Khagan Bayan
and Frankish King Sigisbert concluded an „alliance contract . The same contract was concluded
in
576
A. D. between the Alans and Albanian
Sabirs.
Thus Caucasus-Caspian Albans, as mem¬
bers of the „Scytho-Sarmatian federation started to populate Illyricum, gaining the rights of
the Slavic populations. When in
576
A. D., the Bulgarians and their Slavic relatives armed the
entire population in Thrace, Constantinople permitted separation of Thrace from the exarchate
of Illyricum. This created basis for creation of independent state of the Bulgarians and their Slavic
allies. This state began to enjoy the rights of the former Scytho-Gothic basilea of Cniva s. Negoti¬
ations were launched with Constantinople on succession of the former Scytho-Sarmatian empire.
The Avar-Slavic federation and opposing Bulgarians and Thracians had a goal to conquer the
Pannonian
capital
-
Sirmium. At that period of time, last major action of the Imperial Scythians
and Royal Sarmatians was undertaken. In
582
A. D., the Avar khagan took control of Sirmium,
while the Imperial Scythians and Royal Sarmatians transferred the rights of ancient Scythian
kingdoms to the Avar-Slavic Illyricum exarchate. This led to permanent conflicts between the
Bulgarians and other Slavic Illyricum people and tribes from European and Asian Sarmatia
during the next centuries. By decision of the Constantinople military leaders in
582-584
A. D.,
exarchate of Illyricum established connections with Exarchate of Ravenna via
Dalmaţia.
A single
„military-strategic bloc was created against the Franks and Germans, which was supposed to
defend interests and integrity of the Byzantine empire. This bloc established connections with
Exarchate of Africa in Carthage. Thus a former Roman prefecture Itallicum-Illyricurn-Africa was
renewed, while the Alans request for right of succession to former Kingdom of the Vandals and
Alans and
Arian
Patriarchate of Carthage was met. Praevalitanian and Moesian Slavs wanted to
pronounce the exarchate of Illyricum a kingdom, and unite
Dalmaţia,
taking Liburnia from the
Exarchate of Ravenna. In
589
A. D., exarch Peregastos stirred up a rebellion, which failed beca¬
use the lack of support of the compatriots in
Pannónia,
Thrace, European and Asian Sarmatia.
Byzantium managed to gain control of Thrace and Bulgarians only. Constantinople was forced
to accept the autonomy of the Avar-Slavic exarchate, recognizing double administration over
Liburnia-from Ravenna and Praevalitana. About
600
A. D., emperor Maurice decided to divide
Dalmaţia
into Upper and Lower
Dalmaţia.
He left Lower
Dalmaţia
-Liburnia to the Exarchate
of Ravenna, while the territory south from the
Sava
and Danube, bearing the name „exarchate
joined Crete and middle Mediterranean islands. A „military province was created, with Crete as
a center and Sarmatian commander from the Saian tribe. Commandant of the Illyricum army,
the most powerful military formation in Byzantium, was from Justin and Justinian clan of the
Praevalitanian Slavs, whose command center was in Constantinople. Under the pressure of the
Slavic clans from Praevalitana and Moesia, before his death, Maurice abolished episcopate of
Dalmaţia,
uniting the exarchate of Illyricum, and separating it from Ravenna on the territory of
the Patriarchate of Aquileia. The exarchate was ruled by the Slavs and Saians from Praevalitana.
When in
602
A. D., Maurice was killed by the Slavic troops, by decision of the military and in
consultation with the Arabs, new Byzantine emperor was Phocas from Praevalitana
(602-610
A.
D.)
-
Phocas was also the name of the territory in the south of Praevalitana, which was the last
and influential foothold of the Imperial Scythians, most probably descendents of the Diocletian
clan. In
607
A. D., Emperor Phocas created a short-lived Slavic-Langobard Kingdom in
Veneto
and Friuli, enabling creation of the Sarmatian-Slavic-Svevian state under the rule of king The-
odomir on the remains of the Gothic state in Gaul.
On the territories of Upper
Dalmaţia, Epirus
and south-west Macedonia, Emperor Heraclius
(610-641)
settled numerous people from the Asian-European Sarmatian steppes, among whom
there were some Serbs from Propontida, building a large fortress of Serbia on the borders of
Boeotia and Thessaly. Heraclius thus »filled an empty space „given that from
620-630
A. D., he
606 VOJISLAV
D.
NIKČEVIĆ
moved all Scythians and Sarmatians from Illyricum, south from the
Sava
and Danube rivers
and from Dalamatia, displacing them to the south of the empire, in many big towns-fortresses
in Near and Middle East. Constantinople continued with anti-German policy through the huge
movement of the Scytho-Sarmatian tribes, refusing to enter into agreements with the Germans
and accept them into its army. This provoked a chaotic situation as uninvited Slavs from far
regions of the European and Asian Sarmatia emerged along the Illyricum borders, asking to
populate the territories from which their compatriots were moved out. One epistle of the Pope
Honorius of
634
A. D. indicates that full rule in Illyricum was taken by the Scythian church
and that new ihhabitants arrived upon its invitation. Slavic egzarch Hacon led a great march of
the Slavs and Avars on Thessalonica. His goal was to delineate borders between the exarchate
of the Slavs and Avars with Bulgarian Thrace and Byzantine empire, turning Byzantium into a
„federation . Byzantine territories in Near and Middle East were to be ruled by the Scythians and
Sarmatians. Hacon s campaign ended in front of the walls of Thessalonica. This town remained
under the control of Constantinople. Chaotic developments enabled many Euro-Asian Slavs to
head for Itallicum, strengthening the rule of the
Langobards,
helping them to organize their
states. The Slavs and
Langobards
concluded an agreement on protection of the Patriarchate
of Aquileia and division of its territories. The
Arianism, Manichaeism
and many semi-pagan
doctrines of the Scythian church were renewed in Itallicum. In
640
A. D., Constantinople s
chartulary Maurice, with the assistance of the Slavs, destroyed
Lateran
Palace in order to force
Pope to comply with the administration of Constantinople. By agreement with Pope John IV,
who was of Dalmatian origin, the same year Byzantine
Doux Pavlimir
withdrew his people
and clan of the Royal Sarmatians from Sicily, from the town of Aragusa
(Ραγός)
He came to
the region of Upper
Dalmaţia,
populating some of his people to the territories of present-day
Montenegro. He restored Byzantium fortress
Lau
(Λαυ),
giving it a name of the former Sicilian
capital
-
Ragusa. He proclaimed himself a king of the Slavs (and Avars), declaring Rose-Kotor
a capital city. During the rule of
Constantine
IV in
656
A. D, Illyricum and its exarchate were
divided
-
province of Macedonia and Bulgarian Thrace joined Constantinople, and were consi¬
dered Byzantine territories exclusively. As a follow-up, in
660
A. D., Roman church, at the request
of Pavlimir recognized Prespa as Illyricum seat of the Scythian church, in a newly constructed
church of St. Mary theVirgin. Pavlimir managed to force the Neo-Arians and Neo-Manichaens
to accept the dogma of the canon Christianity. Success of semi-pagan Scythian church and
its influence in the Scytho-Sarmatian military colonies on the territories of Near and Middle
East allowed connecting of the Scythians-Sarmatians-Slavs with newly emerged Islam that was
considered „Christian doctrine . This led to creation of
Iconoclasm
and its formalization as a
religious doctrine of Byzantium.
From
690-740
A. D., exarchate of Illyricum was dissolved into several Slavic basileas. In
743
A. D., Pope Zacharius recognized three South-Slavic realms: Travunia (present-day Herzego¬
vina, Montenegro and north and middle Albania), Zahumlje (Zachlumia) (present-day Bosnia
and middle Serbia) and Serbia (present-day Macedonia and south Serbia, including Kosovo).
The same year the Justiniana
Prima
disappeared, and the three kingdoms became successors
of the power of the former Kingdom of Slavs. Bulgarian Thrace became a „permanent vassal
of Constantinople. That year, Pope Zacharius informed the Frankish rulers that they appeared
before the Slavs in the European Sarmatia on his behalf. The same year started division of rather
monolithic Scytho-Sarmatian world. The Slavs from the European Sarmatia established close
relations with the Frankish rulers and renewed Western Roman Empire. From
752-756
A. D.,
the
Langobards,
supported by the Slavs, took Ravenna, deciding to transfer it to the Frankish
King Pippin. King Pippin bestowed Ravenna to the pontifical office, formalizing alliance with the
Langobards
and Slavs from Illyricum and European Sarmatia. Upon dissolution of the exarchate
of Ravenna and reduction of the Byzantine influence to the
Langobard
countries and Pentapolis,
PREVALITANA I KRALJEVSTVO
SLOVENA
607
European Sarmatians-Slavs and their compatriots from Illyricum began to declare themselves
pro and contra Rome and Western Roman Empire. In
766
A. D., Neo-Manichaeist and Slav
Nicetas became Constantinople patriarch, allowing institutionalization of the Scythian church
in Constantinople. Roman Pope Stephanus agreed with All-Slavic Council, former All-Scythian
Assembly, which took place in
771
A. D., in the town of Dalma, with a view to unite territories
of the European and Asian Sarmatia and Scythia and create a powerful Kingdom of Slavs, the
ruler of which was to be elected by the representatives of all Scythian-Sarmatian and Slavic
people. Svetopelek I was elected the King of Slavs, and Pope Stephanus, informed All-Slavic and
Scythian Assembly, through his envoy Honorius, that the Latin and Slavic language should be
equally used in the administration and church. Ancient borders between Scythia and Sarmatia
in Illyricum were renewed. Sarmatia included Upper
Pannonia
and Liburnia (Lower
Dalmaţia),
while Scythia encompassed Upper
Dalmaţia
and Praevalitana, Illyricum
-
south from mid-
Danube with Sirmium and territories of
Pontus.
Territories of Liburnia and Upper
Pannonia
were called „White Croatia , while other territories of Illyricum were called „Red Croatia . „Red
Croatia was administered from two Slavic centers-archiepiscopate in Dioclea and Scodra, as
royal capital. A document from the Council of Dalma stated that Ragusa was the most southern
town in Liburnia. The document made no reference on the tradition of the King Pavlimir, but
only stated that Ragusa would abide by the ancient rules of the destroyed Roman episcopate in
Epidaurus. Upper
Dalmaţia
fell to the Kingdom of Travunia, while Liburina fell to the Saians.
The Saians and Dalmatians, who from that point on served only the Byzantine military com¬
mand, became „friends and allies „of the Franks, protecting the interests of the Frank court in
east Mediterranean with their powerful fleet. A couple of years later, in
776-780
A. D., having
seen that the Kingdom of Slavs did not outlive the Council of Dalma, Pope
Hadrianus
asked the
Frank court to unite
Istria
with the Western Roman Empire and place Patriarchate of Aquileia
under the Roman administration. In
777
A. D., Charles the Great announced two donations
to the church in
Salona,
thus formalizing that Liburnia was Sarmatian-Slavic territory under
the jurisdiction of the Western Roman Empire. Donations of Charles the Great were sign that
European Sarmatians accepted the state established by the Frank ruler, first emperor of rene¬
wed Western Roman Empire. Doclean archiepiscopate took „religious administration over the
Bulgarian Thrace, south Italy, Langobardia and former Scythian domain of
Pontus.
The Slavs
showed Constantinople that it was not the only master on the territories of former Roman empire.
They, indirectly, assisted renewal of the Western Roman Empire, through institutionalization of
the alliance with the Frank court. Constantinople could no longer count on the support of the
Slavs, who were split into supporters and opponents of the West.
The Slavs were aware that the faith of Byzantium depended on their military power, so they
blackmailed the Constantinople court. They waged several internal wars. At that period of time,
Bulgaria came out as a „stability factor , which, by agreement with the kings of Travunia, took
over
Dürres,
succeeding to obtain rights of
Ohrid
Archiepiscopate This agreement ensured the
Doclean Archiepiscopate. From that point on, the Bulgarians considered Ohird their religious
seat, transferring to Doclea entire jurisdiction over south Italy, and complying with its executi¬
ve power concerning the „overseas territories . Upon „redistribution of the power between the
Slavs and Arabs and their Slavic mercenaries, the Arabs obtained Sicily. Based on agreement
with Slavic
princeps,
the Arabs invaded Italy, occupying several Italian towns for a short or long
period of time. These actions were supported by Byzantium, which was concerned that the
Western Roman Empire would occupy entire Apennines. In
865-866
A. D., Slavic King Doma-
goy made peace and alliance with the Great Prince
Veneţie
Urso.
The Slavs and Venets, disre¬
garding Byzantium, established their border towards the Western Roman Empire. In
867
A. D.,
the Slavs through a putsch brought Basil I to power in Constantinople, who was a progenitor of
the Macedonian dynasty. This action enraged Panonnian Slavs, who in
875
A. D. devastated
608 VOJISLAV D.
NIKCEVIC
Liburnia.
The Bulgarians, failing to obtain the rights of royal succession of the Scythians and
Sarmatians, addressed the pontifical office, asking it to take jurisdiction over their archiepisco-
pate in Ohird and give them a „national archiepiscopy . New Byzantine emperor Basil reacted
briskly. In
875
A. D., urged by the Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople, successor of the Patriarch
Photius, he convened the last All Scythian-Sarmatian-Slavic Assembly in Dioclea, which only
re-wrote the decisions of the Council of Dalma, electing Moravian
princeps Svetopelek
II the
king of all Slavs. The Bulgarians were most insulted by the action, as they were not mentioned
in the document as a constituent nation of the former Scytho-Sarmatian federation. This state
was soon dissolved. Being terrified by rapid successes of the pontifical office that managed to
organize several centers in Illyricum, accepting the equality between the Latin and Slavic lan¬
guage, Byzantine court placed again Patriarch Photius to the throne. In
879
A. D., Patriarch
Photius convened the Council in Constantinople, declaring the Slavic Church and recognizing
its two „wings : Archiepiscopate of Bulgarians, future Bogomilian archiepiscopate, and episco¬
pate of Manichaens
Dragovites.
Bulgarian Archiepiscopate obtained
Ohrid
Archiepiscopy, whi¬
le Archiepiscopy in Dioclea took over the
Dragovites
church. Thus decision of Basil I on abolis¬
hing of the province of Praevalitana was made official. Basil I used the decisions of the Council
to start war on Christianization of the Slavs in Upper
Dalmaţia
and inland of Illyricum, during
which the greatest Slavic pagan shrines were destroyed. Decisions of the Photius Council ag¬
gravated relations between Rome and Constantinople, because Byzantium allowed preservation
of the Manichaean-Arian rituals within the Slavic Church. These rituals were more and more
spread in the south of Italy, causing a „renaissance of the
Langobard
Arianism.
Basil I procla¬
imed his commissioner and high Constantinople administrator
Sedeslav
king of the Slavs.
Upon invitation of sons of the late King Domagoy, Slavic duke
Branimir
came up, who took
Dalmatian territories to Ragusa in
879
A. D., unseating
Sedeslav.
Revolutionary Peter, who was
in exile, returned to Dioclea.
Sedeslav
soon returned to the throne, with whom pontifical office
established friendly relations. It was through his mediation that permanent relations with the
Bulgarian court were institutionalized. About
910
A. D., in order to calm down discontented
Slavs from Praevalitana and
Dalmaţia,
Byzantine emperor Leo the Wise decided to give
Dalma¬
ţia
the territories of the Archiepiscopate of
Dürres. Docelan
metropolitanate was placed under
religious jurisdiction of
Dürres,
as Episcopate of Constantinople responsible for the south of
Illyricum. This action enraged Bulgarians and Serbs, who were left without any right of succes¬
sion to the Scytho-Sarmatian insignia of power. The Bulgarians, supported by Serbs, commenced
war for the purpose of taking Sirmium and obtaining insignia of power. Great prince of Zac-
hlumia
Mihailo Višević,
whose father Buzebutze brought tribes from
Visla
to populate territo¬
ries of present-day Herzegovina and north and central Montenegro, did not allow the troops
from the territories of the Kingdom of Slavs to assist Byzantines or Bulgarians, thus forcing
emperor Roman I to ask assistance from the Slavs of the European Sarmatia. The Croats, with
their strategist
Tomislav,
were to stop Bulgarian attack on Sirmium and force them to withdraw
from the borders of Thrace. After he won and pacified the Bulgarians, Croatian strategist
Tomi¬
slav
was awarded a title of proconsul, and together with Mihailo
Višević,
who was patrician and
proconsul as well, tried to divide insignia of the Kingdom of Slavs in two Councils held in Spilt
in
925
and
928
A. D., (or
935
and
938
A. D. according to some historians). Liburnia fell to the
state established by
Tomislav,
while Upper
Dalmaţia
fell to Mihailo
Višević,
who managed to
suppress Sedeslav s successors. Border between Tomislav s Lower
Dalmaţia
and Upper
Dalmaţia
of Mihailo
Višević
was established at the
Cetina
River, south from the town of Split. In
926
A.
D., Mihailo
Višević
landed troops of the Zachlumia and Travunia realms to the south of Italy.
He took and fully destroyed the fortress of Siponto, announcing the rule of Upper
Dalmaţia
over
the Langobard-Slavic southern Italy. After that, the Bulgarians got consent from Constantinople
to annex Serbia to their territories. For the first time, pontifical office became an active
partici-
PREVALITANA I KRALJEVSTVO
SLOVENA
609
pant in the delineation process among the Croats, Bulgarians and other Slavs in Illyricum. Sa-
lona-Spalato became a central Roman Archiepiscopy on the Dalmatian coastline.
Tomislav
and
Mihailo
Višević
restored the Slavic Kingdom. Successors of Mihailo
Višević
became kings of
Dalmaţia.
In
939
A. D., Mihailo
Višević
was most probably succeeded by protosphatar Stephen,
famous for one document from
Langobard
southern Italy. Stephen was succeeded by Petrislav.
About
950
A. D., Petrislav concluded agreement with Bulgarians on delineation of the Kingdom
of
Dalmaţia
and Bulgaria. Petrislav was succeeded by his son Vladimir. Vladimir s rule was
marked with burst of dissatisfaction of the Slavs from the European Sarmatia and Bulgarians,
who were faced with a fact that borders of the Eastern and Western Roman Empire were deli¬
neated on their territories disregarding the interests of the Slavs. In
973-975
A. D., a young
Dalmatian king accepted „Roman Christianity . He was Christianized by the Benedictine monks,
and was given the name
Jovan
Vladimir. During the rule of Vladimir, new Bulgarian ruler Samuil
launched huge war with the intention to unite all Slavic territories of Illyricum and create Slavic
empire headed by the Bulgarians, which was to be included in the delineation process with
Rome and Constantinople. In order to avoid a long-lasting war with uncertain outcome against
the King of
Dalmaţia
Jovan
Vladimir, who was supported by Rome and Constantinople, Samuil
married his daughter
Kosara
to the King Vladimir. The marriage had no influence on the existing
constellation of forces.
Jovan
Vladimir did not want to transfer to Samuil the right of succession
to the insignia of power of the Slavic Kingdom. Therefore, Byzantium decided to assist Vladimir.
Great princes of Russia and their troops crushed the power of Samuil, promising him that he
would be given the right to tradition of the former Scythian empire. Russian mercenaries joined
Byzantine troops in southern Italy, under the command of
Jovan
Vladimir. When in
1014
Samuil
died, the
Ohrid
Patriarchate was dissolved, which was institutionalized by the Bulgarian empe¬
ror and established after the devastating campaign in
980
A. D., leaving the archbishopric of
Dioclea destroyed. Samuil transferred all rights of the archbishopric of Doclea to
Ohrid.
In
1016,
Dalmatian King
Jovan
Vladimir was killed by
Samuiľs
successors and the royal throne was
taken by Petrislav s brother Dragimir, who mobilized huge army against
Samuiľs
successors
with the intention to regain the rights of the archbishopric of Doclea for his state. Kingdom of
Slavs was about to be renewed. Constantinople, as a protector of the
Samuiľs
successors, upra¬
ised against Dragimir. In a well-organized plot, Dragimir was killed in
1017,
with the assistance
of the
Langobards.
Dragimir s army was dissolved, while the insignia of the power of the Dal¬
matian Kingdom were taken by Vladimir s son, brother or closest relative Vukan. Patriarchate
of Constantinople appointed its commissioner the Greek as a head of the
Ohrid
Archiepiscopa-
te. This religious seat was thus deprived of any right obtained during the rule of Samuil. Being
persuaded by Constantinople, pontifical office legitimized division of
Dalmaţia.
Former Libur-
nia, north from the
Cetina
river to Absor fell to the Hun-Croatian state on the territories of
Pannonia,
while Upper
Dalmaţia,
from the
Cetina
river to
Dürres
fell to the King Vukan. When
in
1021,
Vukan defeated the Frankish troops near Canes, which were going to invade southern
Italy, pontifical office in
1022
recognized the town of Bar
(Antivari)
the rights of succession in
the Archbishopric of Doclea: the rule over the kingdoms of Zachlumia, Travunia and Serbia.
Byzantium obtained southern territories of the Kingdom of Serbia, Thessaly and the
Ohrid
Archiepiscopate. That year, Pope Benedict
VII
gave Archbishop of
Dubrovnik
Vitalis
tempora¬
rily administration over the rights of the Archbishopric of Doclea until the town of Bar became
capable to take all administrative functions. This action formalized renewal of the Slavic King¬
dom. Two years later, episcopate of
Bari
became archiepiscopate. Its first archbishop was Bizan-
ti from
Kotor.
Pontifical office recognized sovereign rule of the Slavic kings over the southern
Italy and Langobardia. After the death of Vukan, in
1034-1035
a war on dominance in the King¬
dom of Slavs broke out among the Croats and Ugars-Huns on one side and descendants of
Vladimir and Petrislav on the other. In chaotic developments that led to invasion of George
610 VOJISLAV
D.
NIKČEVIĆ
Maniaches to the south of Italy, rebellion of Stefan
Vojislav
and unsuccessful conflict between
the
doux
Rajko Bizanti
and the
Langobards, Dragimir
s son
Stefan
Vojislav
came out as a winner.
Married to the granddaughter of Samuil, Stefan
Vojislav
announced uniting of legacy of the
Dalmatian Kingdom and Bulgarian state into his insignia of the power. In
1042,
the Slavic
Kingdom became independent Slavic state, which was, by the decision of Vojsilav, placed under
the religious jurisdiction of Roman Pope. Stefan
Vojislav
entered into alliance with the Normans,
which was later joined by the
Langobards.
Byzantium soon fully lost southern Italy. After the
death of Stefan
Vojislav,
his son Mihailo was crowned as King of Slavs in
1050.
Three years later,
his first wife, the Norman woman from the family of Robert
Guisçard,
died. Their son
Constan¬
tine
became heir to the throne, taking the name
Bodin
after the mountain and people of the
same name in the European Sarmatia, where his entire family originated from. Pope Alexander
II transferred all rights of the Doclean Arbishopric and former Praevalitana to the Archiepisco-
pate of
Bari. In
1062,
he appointed Venetian Peter as the first archbishop and Serbian Primate.
He became vicarial Pope s administrator of all churches, including heretic Neo-Manichaean
Slavic Church on the territories of the kingdoms of Zachlumia, Travunia and Serbia and religi¬
ous administrator of
Dalmaţia.
In
1072,
heir to the throne
Constantine
Bodin
was crowned as
Tzar in Skopje by the Bulgarians, but he was captured by the Byzantines and imprisoned in
Antioch for a short period of time. In consultation with the pontifical office, King Mihailo agreed
to share the power with the Croatian ruler Dimitrije
-Zvonimir,
successor to the King
Krešimir.
Croatia obtained Liburnia and the Slavic Kingdom obtained Upper
Dalmaţia,
which became to
be referred to as Dioclea under certain documents. King Mihailo transferred the seat of the
Archiepiscopate of Bar to
Dubrovnik,
and Archbishop Peter of Bar began to sign himself as
Archbishop of Bar and
Dubrovnik.
After the death of Mihailo,
Constantine
Bodin
came to the
throne of the Slavic Kingdom, married to a daughter of a high Byzantine official. He enabled the
Normans to launch a campaign on Constantinople. The Normans occupied the Byzantine Ka-
tepanat of Bulgaria. When the First Crusade started, the army of their Gothic relatives, Count
of Toulouse crossed the territory of the Kingdom of Slavs. The next armies of crusaders took
care not to trespass the borders of the Slavic Kingdom. King of Slavs
Bodin
and brother of Robert
Guiscard, Roger died the same year
(1101).
Bodin
was succeeded by his sons Mihailo,
Đorđe,
Toma
and Arhiriz, who spent his whole life in southern Italy. Very little is known about other
Slavic kings,
Bodin
grandchildren. The last one was mentioned in a document of the Church of
St. Maria
di Tremiti
of
1150,
but not stating his name. After that year, no document mentioned
any name of the kings of Slavs. Magnus Komes
Desa,
prince of Travunia, Zachlumia and Doclea
came out as a very influential person in Illyricum. About
1195,
Vukan Nemanjić
became king
of short-lasted Kingdom of
Dalmaţia
and Doclea, whereupon the tradition of the Illyricum
Scytho-Sarmatian state fully disappeared.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Nikčević, Vojislav D. 1946- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)102131921X |
| author_facet | Nikčević, Vojislav D. 1946- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nikčević, Vojislav D. 1946- |
| author_variant | v d n vd vdn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035738836 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)493910438 (DE-599)BVBBV035738836 |
| era | Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-1200 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-1200 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV035738836 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:53:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788685779114 |
| language | Croatian |
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| physical | 670 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
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| publisher | DANU |
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| series | Edicija Crna Gora od iskona |
| series2 | Edicija Crna Gora od iskona |
| spelling | Nikčević, Vojislav D. 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)102131921X aut Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine Vojislav D. Nikčević Podgorica DANU 2008 670 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Edicija Crna Gora od iskona 1 Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache u.d.T.: Prevalitana and the kingdom of Slavs ... Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-1200 gnd rswk-swf Slaves - Histoire ram Geschichte Slavs History Südslawen (DE-588)4058460-4 gnd rswk-swf Europe de l'Est - Civilisation ram Europe, Eastern Civilization Praevalitana (DE-588)4838733-2 gnd rswk-swf Praevalitana (DE-588)4838733-2 g Südslawen (DE-588)4058460-4 s Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-1200 z DE-604 Edicija Crna Gora od iskona 1 (DE-604)BV035622661 1 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018015285&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018015285&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Nikčević, Vojislav D. 1946- Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine Edicija Crna Gora od iskona Slaves - Histoire ram Geschichte Slavs History Südslawen (DE-588)4058460-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4058460-4 (DE-588)4838733-2 |
| title | Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine |
| title_auth | Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine |
| title_exact_search | Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine |
| title_full | Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine Vojislav D. Nikčević |
| title_fullStr | Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine Vojislav D. Nikčević |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine Vojislav D. Nikčević |
| title_short | Prevalitana i kraljevstvo Slovena |
| title_sort | prevalitana i kraljevstvo slovena od v vijeka pr n e do 1200 godine |
| title_sub | od V vijeka pr. n. e. do 1200. godine |
| topic | Slaves - Histoire ram Geschichte Slavs History Südslawen (DE-588)4058460-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Slaves - Histoire Geschichte Slavs History Südslawen Europe de l'Est - Civilisation Europe, Eastern Civilization Praevalitana |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018015285&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018015285&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035622661 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nikcevicvojislavd prevalitanaikraljevstvoslovenaodvvijekaprnedo1200godine |