Verfügbarkeit: A guide to polymeric geomembranes

A guide to polymeric geomembranes: [a practical approach]

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Scheirs, John (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Chichester Wiley 2009
Ausgabe:	1. publ.
Schriftenreihe:	Wiley series in polymer science
Schlagworte:	Géosynthétiques Polymères Geosynthetics Polymers
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XX, 572 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780470519202

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MARC


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245	1	0	\|a A guide to polymeric geomembranes \|b [a practical approach] \|c John Scheirs
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300			\|a XX, 572 S. \|b Ill., graph. Darst.
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650		4	\|a Géosynthétiques
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Series Preface ....................................... xvii Preface ........................................... xix About the Author .................................... xxi Acknowledgments .................................... xxiii 1 Introduction to Polymeric Geomembranes ................. 1 1.1 Introduction ................................. 1 1.2 Viscoelastic Behaviour ........................... 2 1.3 Polymer Structure .............................. 4 1.4 Molecular Weight .............................. 5 1.5 Molecular Weight Distribution ...................... 7 1.6 Crystallinity ................................. 8 1.7 Properties of Polyethylenes ........................ 14 1.8 Stress-Strain Behaviour of Polymers .................. 16 1.8.1 Yield Behaviour ......................... 17 1.8.2 Plastic Deformation ....................... 18 1.8.3 Stress ................................ 18 1.8.4 Strain ................................ 19 1.8.5 Types of Loading ........................ 19 1.8.6 Temperature Effects ....................... 19 1.8.7 Strain Rate Effects ........................ 19 1.9 Melting Points ................................ 20 References ...................................... 20 2 Geomembrane Manufacturing Methods ................... 21 2.1 Blown Film (Round Die) ......................... 22 2.2 Rat Sheet Extrusion (Flat Die) ...................... 23 2.3 Coextrusion ................................. 25 2.4 Calendering ................................. 28 2.5 Spread Coating ............................... 29 2.6 Extrusion Coated Geomembranes .................... 30 2.7 Ріп -Hole Detection ............................. 30 2.8 Texturing ................................... 30 vi CONTENTS 2.8.1 Coextrusion Texturing ..................... 32 2.8.2 Impingement Texturing (also known as Spray-on Texturing) ............................. 32 2.8.3 Structuring ............................ 35 2.8.4 Defects Created by Texturing ................. 38 2.8.5 Measuring the Thickness of Textured Geomembranes . . 39 2.8.6 Anchor Sheet ........................... 39 2.9 Additives for Geomembranes ....................... 40 2.9.1 Pigments .............................. 40 2.9.2 Carbon Black ........................... 40 2.9.3 Stabilizer Package ........................ 42 2.9.4 Blooming of Additives ..................... 49 2.9.5 Interaction of Additives ..................... 50 References ...................................... 51 3 HDPE Geomembranes .............................. 53 3.1 Introduction ................................. 53 3.2 Structure-Property Relationships .................... 59 3.2.1 Chemical Resistance of HDPE Geomembranes ...... 60 3.3 Comparison of HDPE Geomembranes with Other Geomembranes 60 3.4 Durability and Survivability of HDPE ................. 60 3.5 Selection of Quality HDPE Geomembranes .............. 63 3.5.1 HDPE Resin Selection ..................... 64 3.5.2 Additive Formulation Selection ................ 70 3.5.3 The Geomembrane Manufacturing Method ......... 71 3.5.4 Standard Criteria for HDPE Geomembrane Liners .... 72 3.5.5 Acceptable НР-ОГГ Results .................. 73 3.5.6 Acceptable SCR Performance ................. 74 3.5.7 Factory Sampling and Testing ................. 74 3.6 Common Failure Modes of HDPE Geomembranes .......... 75 3.7 Multilayer HDPE Geomembranes .................... 77 3.7.1 White-Surfaced HDPE Geomembranes ........... 77 3.7.2 Conductive HDPE Geomembranes .............. 80 3.7.3 HDPE with Internal Aluminium Barrier Layer (HDPE-A1) ............................ 82 3.8 Fluorinated HDPE (F-HDPE) ....................... 82 3.8.1 Degree of Fluorination ..................... 84 3.8.2 Fluorination Process Details .................. 85 3.8.3 Superficial Layer ......................... 86 3.8.4 Assessing the Level of Substitution ............. 87 3.8.5 Adhesive Bonding ........................ 87 3.8.6 Applications ........................... 88 References ...................................... 88 4 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Geomembranes ............ 91 4.1 Introduction ................................. 91 CONTENTS vii 4.2 Attributes of LLDPE Geomembranes.................. 92 4.3 Limitations of LLDPE Geomembranes................. 92 4.4 Mechanical Properties ........................... 92 4.5 LLDPE Geomembrane Resins ...................... 94 4.6 Speciality Flexible Polyethylene Geomembranes ........... 95 4.6.1 Proprietary Flexible Polyethylene Geomembranes ..... 95 4.6.2 Tri-Directional Reinforced Polyethylene (RPE) ...... 95 4.6.3 Reinforced Polyethylene (RPE) ................ 96 4.6.4 Reinforced Metallocene Polyethylenes ............ 99 4.6.5 Polytarp Liners .......................... 100 4.7 Very Low-Density Polyethylene (VLDPE) Geomembranes ..... 100 References ...................................... 100 5 Flexible Polypropylene (fPP) Geomembranes ................ 101 5.1 Introduction ................................. 101 5.2 Attributes of fPP Geomembranes .................... 102 5.3 Shortcomings of fPP Geomembranes .................. 102 5.4 Performance Propeties of fPP Geomembranes ............. 104 5.4.1 Stress Crack Resistance ..................... 107 5.4.2 UV Stability ........................... 108 5.4.3 Chemical Resistance of fPP Geomembranes ........ 110 5.5 Applications ................................. 112 5.6 fPP Field Failures .............................. 112 5.6.1 Field Failure Case Study .................... 113 5.6.2 fPP Tank Liners ......................... 115 References ...................................... 115 6 CSPE Geomembranes .............................. 117 6.1 Introduction ................................. 117 6.2 Grades of Hypalon™ ............................ 117 6.3 Attributes of CSPE Geomembranes ................... 118 6.3.1 Factory Pre-Fabrication ..................... 119 6.4 Limitations of CSPE Geomembranes .................. 119 6.5 General Properties of CSPE Geomembranes .............. 120 6.5.1 CSPE Formulation ........................ 121 6.5.2 CSPE-R .............................. 122 6.6 Comparisons of CSPE with Other Geomembranes .......... 125 6.7 Applications of CSPE Geomembranes ................. 125 6.8 Chemical Resistance of CSPE Geomembranes ............ 125 References ...................................... 126 7 PVC Geomembranes ............................... 127 7.1 Introduction ................................. 127 7.2 Attributes of PVC Geomembranes .................... 130 7.3 Shortcomings of PVC ........................... 132 7.4 Properties of PVC Geomembranes .................... 133 7.4.1 Advantages of PVC Geomembranes over HDPE ..... 133 viii CONTENTS 7.5 Failure Modes ................................ 134 7.6 Formulation of PVC Geomembranes .................. 136 7.6.1 Stabilization of PVC Geomembranes ............ 136 7.6.2 Non-Extractable Plasticizers for PVC ............ 137 References ...................................... 138 8 EIA Geomembranes ................................ 139 8.1 Introduction ................................. 139 8.2 Attributes of EIA-R Geomembranes ................... 141 8.3 Limitations of EIA-R Geomembranes .................. 142 8.4 Performance Properties of EIA-R Geomembranes .......... 142 8.4.1 UV Resistance .......................... 145 8.5 Comparison of EIA-R (XR-5®) Versus CSPE-R (Hypalon™) Geomembranes ............................... 147 8.6 Application Areas for EIA-R Geomembranes ............. 147 References ...................................... 148 9 EPDM Geomembranes .............................. 149 9.1 Introduction ................................. 149 9.2 Attributes of EPDM Geomembranes .................. 149 9.3 Structure and Chemistry .......................... 151 9.4 Mechanical Properties ........................... 152 9.5 Advantages of EPDM over HDPE Geomembranes (Property Comparison) ................................. 153 9.5.1 Stress Cracking .......................... 154 9.5.2 Thermal Expansion/Contraction ................ 155 9.5.3 UV Resistance .......................... 155 9.5.4 Seam Strength .......................... 155 9.5.5 Rigidity .............................. 155 9.5.6 Yield Point ............................ 155 9.5.7 Installation ............................ 156 9.5.8 Site Seaming ........................... 156 9.5.9 Friction Angles .......................... 156 9.5.10 Welding Performance and Speed ............... 156 9.5.11 Substrates ............................. 157 9.6 Comparison between EPDM and PVC Geomembranes ....... 158 9.6.1 Durability and UV Resistance ................. 158 9.6.2 Substrates ............................. 159 9.6.3 Interface Friction Angle .................... 159 9.6.4 Low-Temperature Environments ............... 160 9.6.5 Cost Effectiveness ........................ 160 9.6.6 Chemical Resistance ...................... 160 9.7 Seaming EPDM Geomembranes ..................... 160 9.8 Applications ................................. 161 9.9 Service Life ...........................,..... 161 References ...................................... 162 CONTENTS ix 10 Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs) ..................... 163 10.1 Introduction................................. 163 10.2 Prefabricated Bitumen Membranes ................... 163 10.3 Composition and Construction ...................... 164 10.4 Longevity of Bituminous Geomembranes ............... 165 10.5 Spray-in-Place Bitumen Membranes ................... 166 10.6 Design Life of Bituminous Geomembranes .............. 167 References ...................................... 167 11 Specialty Geomembranes and Liners ..................... 169 11.1 EVA Liners/Geomembranes ........................ 169 11.2 Butyl Rubber Liners ............................ 170 11.2.1 Attributes of Butyl Rubber ................... 172 11.3 Nitrile Rubber Geomembranes ...................... 172 11.3.1 Typical Nitrile Rubber Formulation ............. 173 11.4 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) ..................... 175 11.5 Polyurethane (PU) Geomembranes ................... 176 11.6 Acrylic-Coated Geomembranes/Geotextile Composites ....... 178 11.7 PVDF Liners ................................. 180 11.7.1 PVDF Anchor Sheet (Studded Liner) ............ 181 11.8 Chemical Vapour Barrier Membranes .................. 182 11.8.1 Introduction to Composite Liners ............... 183 11.8.2 Polyethylene Aluminium Composites ............ 183 11.8.3 EIA-R Geomembranes ..................... 187 11.8.4 PVDC Barrier Membranes ................... 187 References ...................................... 187 12 Key Performance Properties of Geomembranes .............. 189 12.1 Specific Gravity (Density) ......................... 189 12.2 Mass per Unit Area ............................. 191 12.3 Thickness ................................... 192 12.4 Melting Point ................................ 196 12.5 Melt How Index .............................. 198 12.6 Thermal Expansion ............................. 199 12.6.1 Calculating the Extent of Thermal Expansion ....... 201 12.7 Flexibility .................................. 203 12.8 Conformability for Intimate Contact ................... 204 12.9 Ability to Resist/Accept Stress and Deformation ........... 204 12.10 Tensile Properties .............................. 206 12.10.1 Uniaxial Strain .......................... 206 12.10.2 Multiaxial Strain ......................... 207 12.10.3 Elongation at Yield ....................... 209 12.10.4 Elongation at Break ....................... 209 12.10.5 Tensile Properties of Textured Membranes ......... 210 12.10.6 Comparative Tensile Behaviour of Geomembranes .... 210 12.10.7 Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes ..... 212 x CONTENTS 12.10.8 Tensile Behaviour of Welds .................. 212 12.10.9 Allowable Strain ......................... 213 12.11 Puncture Resistance ............................ 213 12.11.1 Small-Scale Puncture Testing ................. 215 12.11.2 Large-Scale Puncture Testing ................. 215 12.12 Tear Resistance ............................... 217 12.13 Ply Adhesion of Reinforced Geomembranes .............. 219 12.14 Resistance to Stress Cracking ....................... 220 12.14.1 Safety Factors for HDPE .................... 224 12.14.2 Allowable Strains in HDPE .................. 224 12.14.3 Estimating Local Strain ..................... 225 12.15 Frictional Properties ............................ 226 12.15.1 Comparison between Friction Angles of PVC and HDPE 229 12.16 Low-Temperature Properties ....................... 232 12.17 High-Temperature Capabilities ...................... 236 12.18 Oxidative Resistance ............................ 236 12.19 UV Resistance ................................ 240 12.20 Permeability of Geomembranes ..................... 241 12.20.1 Mechanism of Diffusion and Transport ........... 243 12.20.2 Water Vapour Diffusion (Water Vapour Transmission) . . 243 12.20.3 Gas Permeability ......................... 244 12.21 Durability ................................... 245 12.21.1 Carbon Black Dispersion .................... 248 12.21.2 Warranties ............................. 249 12.22 Application Specific Performance Properties ............. 249 12.22.1 Properties Required for Backfilled Geomembranes .... 249 12.22.2 Properties Required for Exposed Geomembranes ..... 251 12.22.3 Properties Required for Detail Weldability ......... 251 12.23 Comparison of Performance Properties of Flexible Geomembranes 251 References ...................................... 251 13 Testing of Geomembranes ............................ 255 13.1 Material Property Testing ......................... 255 13.2 Measuring Thickness ............................ 256 13.2.1 Measuring Thickness of Textured Geomembranes ..... 256 13.3 Density .................................... 258 13.4 Mass per Unit Area ............................. 259 13.5 Tensile Testing Methods .......................... 259 13.5.1 Standard Tensile Test ...................... 260 13.5.2 Effect of Test Parameters on Stress-Strain Curve ..... 264 13.5.3 Gripping Test Specimens .................... 264 13.5.4 Wide Width Tensile Test .................... 265 13.5.5 Multiaxial Tensile Testing ................... 265 13.6 Tear Testing ................................. 266 13.6.1 Wing Tear ............................. 266 13.6.2 Tongue Tear ............................ 266 CONTENTS xi 13.7 Ply Adhesion ................................ 268 13.8 Puncture Resistance ............................ 269 13.8.1 Index Puncture Resistance Test Details ........... 272 13.8.2 Hydrostatic Puncture (Large Scale Puncture) Test ..... 272 13.9 Impact Resistance .............................. 275 13.10 Environmental Stress Cracking ...................... 276 13.10.1 Bent Strip Method (ASTM D-1693) ............. 279 13.10.2 Notched Constant-Load Stress Cracking Resistance Test (NCTL) (ASTM D-5397) ................ 280 13.11 Dimensional Stability ........................... 283 13.12 Friction Angles ............................... 284 13.13 Melt Row Index (MFI) .......................... 284 13.14 Durability Testing .............................. 286 13.14.1 Oxidative Degradation (Oxidation) .............. 286 13.14.2 Ultraviolet Degradation ..................... 289 13.15 Tests for Additives ............................. 294 13.15.1 Carbon Black Content ..................... 294 13.15.2 Carbon Black Dispersion .................... 295 13.15.3 Antioxidant/Stabilizer Levels by ОГГ Methods ...... 297 13.16 Carbonyl Index Measurements ...................... 303 13.16.1 Steps for Determining the Carbonyl Index ......... 304 13.17 Chemical Resistance Testing ....................... 305 13.17.1 Choosing the Accelerated Testing Incubation Temperature 306 13.17.2 Site-Specific Chemical Resistance Testing ......... 308 13.17.3 Permeability Testing ....................... 308 References ...................................... 309 14 Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes ................... 313 14.1 Chemical Resistance Tables ........................ 314 14.2 Factors Affecting Chemical Resistance ................. 315 14.2.1 Polarity .............................. 316 14.2.2 Permeability ........................... 316 14.2.3 Effect of Temperature ...................... 317 14.2.4 Molecular Structure ....................... 317 14.2.5 Solvent Transmission ...................... 318 14.2.6 Desorption of Solvents ..................... 321 14.3 Effects of Chemicals on Geomembranes ................ 322 14.4 Chemical Resistance Testing ....................... 322 14.4.1 Incubation Testing in the Process Solutions ......... 325 14.4.2 Service Specific Testing .................... 325 14.4.3 Chemical Resistance Criteria ................. 326 14.4.4 Permeability Testing ....................... 327 14.5 Geomembrane Chemical Resistance by Chemical Class ....... 329 14.5.1 Acids ................................ 329 14.5.2 Alkalis ............................... 329 14.5.3 Chlorine .............................. 333 XU CONTENTS 14.5.4 Hydrocarbons ........................... 334 14.5.5 Fats, Oils and Greases (FOGs) ................ 334 14.5.6 Salt Solutions (Inorganic or Ionic Salts) ........... 334 14.6 Geomembrane Chemical Resistance by Polymer Type ........ 335 14.6.1 Polyolefins ............................ 335 14.6.2 Chlorinated Sulphonated Polyethylene (CSPE) ....... 338 14.6.3 Reinforced Ethylene Interalloy (EIA-R) ........... 338 14.6.4 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) ............... 339 14.6.5 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) ......... 339 14.6.6 Vinyl Esters ............................ 339 14.7 Environmental Stress Cracking ...................... 339 14.7.1 Oxidative Stress Cracking ................... 341 References ...................................... 341 15 Failure Modes of Geomembranes ....................... 343 15.1 Potential for Geomembrane Damage .................. 343 15.2 Failure of Installed Geomembranes ................... 344 15.2.1 Main Causes of HDPE Geomembrane Liner Failure . . . 345 15.2.2 Installation Damage ....................... 345 15.2.3 Weld Failures ........................... 346 15.2.4 Stress Related Failures ..................... 349 15.2.5 Failure Modes of Scrim-Reinforced Geomembranes . . . 354 15.2.6 Failure Modes of Exposed Geomembranes ......... 356 15.2.7 Enviromental Degradation of Exposed Geomembranes and Liners ............................. 359 15.2.8 Failure Modes by Geomembrane Type ........... 366 15.2.9 Checklist to Prevent Geomembrane Failure ......... 368 References ...................................... 368 16 Application Areas for Geomembranes .................... 371 16.1 Landfill Liners ................................ 371 16.1.1 Design Aspects .......................... 373 16.2 Landfill Caps/Covers ............................ 374 16.2.1 Design Considerations for Landfill Covers ......... 375 16.2.2 Exposed Geomembrane Caps (EGCs) ............ 376 16.2.3 Differential Settlement ..................... 377 16.3 Mining Applications ............................ 378 16.3.1 Heap Leach Pads ........................ 378 16.3.2 Tailings Dams .......................... 385 16.3.3 Liners for Salt Evaporation Ponds .............. 385 16.4 Floating Covers ............................... 386 16.4.1 Floating Reservoir Covers ................... 388 16.4.2 Industrial Floating Covers ................... 388 16.4.3 Floating Covers for Gas Collection .............. 392 CONTENTS Xiii 16.5 Tank Liners ................................. 394 16.5.1 Summary of Essential Considerations for Tanks Liner Selection .......................... 395 16.5.2 Selection Criteria ........................ 396 16.5.3 Inspection of Lining Installations ............... 398 References ...................................... 399 17 Welding of Geomembranes ........................... 401 17.1 Wedge Welding ............................... 401 17.1.1 The Wedge Welding Process .................. 402 17.1.2 Wedge Welding Conditions .................. 406 17.1.3 Minimum Requirements for a Wedge Welder ....... 407 17.1.4 Wedge Welding Tips for Seaming Geomembranes .... 408 17.2 Hot Air Fusion Welding .......................... 413 17.2.1 Hot Air Fusion Welding Conditions ............. 414 17.3 Extrusion Welding ............................. 415 17.3.1 Extrusion Welder Requirements ................ 417 17.3.2 Extrusion Welding Conditions ................. 417 17.3.3 Extrusion Welding Tips ..................... 420 17.3.4 Seam Grinding .......................... 422 17.3.5 Extrusion Fillet Welding Checklist .............. 423 17.4 General Overview of Thermal Welding Methods ........... 424 17.4.1 Recording of Welding Conditions .............. 424 17.4.2 Testing the Welding Equipment ................ 424 17.5 Potential Thermal Welding Problems .................. 425 17.5.1 Low Ambient Temperature During Welding ........ 425 17.5.2 Welding During Hot Weather ................. 425 17.5.3 Effect of Moisture on Welding ................ 426 17.5.4 Humidity During Welding ................... 427 17.5.5 Porosity in Welds ........................ 427 17.5.6 Windy Conditions ........................ 427 17.5.7 Dirt Contamination During Welding ............. 427 17.5.8 Presence of Waxy Layers ................... 427 17.5.9 Presence of Additive Bloom Layers ............. 428 17.5.10 Contraindications for Welding ................. 428 17.6 Defects that can Affect Weld Integrity ................. 429 17.6.1 Overheating of Thermal Welds ................ 429 17.6.2 Heat Affected Zone ....................... 432 17.6.3 Scoring Along Welds ...................... 432 17.6.4 Thickness Reduction on and near Welds .......... 432 17.6.5 Stress Cracking of Welds .................... 434 17.6.6 Squeeze-Out Stress Concentration in Wedge Welds . . . 434 17.6.7 Notch Effects in Extrasion Welds .............. 434 17.6.8 Welding of Dissimilar Geomembranes ............ 435 17.7 Trial Welds and Field Welds ....................... 437 17.7.1 Panel Preparation ........................ 437 xiv CONTENTS 17.7.2 Trial Welds ............................ 437 17.7.3 Field Weld Strength ....................... 438 17.8 Chemical Welding of Geomembranes .................. 440 17.9 General Welding Instructions for HDPE/LLDPE/fPP Geomembranes ............................... 442 17.9.1 Surface Inspection ........................ 442 17.9.2 Surface Cleaning ......................... 443 17.9.3 On-Site Conditions ....................... 444 17.10 General Welding Instructions for PVC Geomembranes ....... 445 17.10.1 Thermal Welding of PVC ................... 445 17.10.2 PVC Ultrasonic Welding .................... 445 17.10.3 PVC Seaming by Solvents (Chemical Welding) ...... 445 17.10.4 Repairs and Patches in PVC .................. 446 17.10.5 PVC Field Seam Testing .................... 446 17.10.6 Factory Seams .......................... 446 References ...................................... 447 18 Geomembrane Weld Testing Methods .................... 449 18.1 Introduction to Weld Testing ....................... 449 18.2 Visual Inspection of Welds ........................ 450 18.2.1 Signs of Squeeze-Out ..................... 450 18.2.2 Puckering ............................. 452 18.2.3 Presence of Notches or Score Marks ............. 453 18.3 Nondestructive Seam Tests ........................ 453 18.3.1 Manual Point Stressing ..................... 453 18.3.2 Pressurized Air Channel Testing ............... 454 18.3.3 Air Lance Testing of Flexible Liners ............. 458 18.3.4 Vacuum Box Testing ...................... 458 18.3.5 Spark Testing ........................... 460 18.3.6 Ultrasonic Weld Testing .................... 464 18.4 Destructive Weld Tests ........................... 465 18.4.1 Independent Laboratory Destructive Mechanical Testing . 468 18.4.2 Weld Strength Criteria ..................... 475 18.4.3 Criticism of Destructive Testing ............... 484 18.5 Forensic Weld Examination ........................ 484 18.5.1 Fracture Surface Morphology ................. 484 18.6 Leak Location Testing ........................... 485 References ...................................... 489 19 Geomembrane Installation Factors ...................... 491 19.1 Introduction ................................. 491 19.2 Design Considerations ........................... 493 19.3 Installation and Damage Considerations ................ 496 19.3.1 Stresses on Geomembranes .................. 496 19.3.2 Subgrade Preparation ...................... 497 19.3.3 Intimate Contact ......................... 499 CONTENTS xv 19.3.4 Folds in the Supplied Geomembrane ............. 499 19.3.5 Water Under the Geomembrane ................ 500 19.3.6 Erosion Under Geomembranes ................ 500 19.3.7 Deployment Damage ...................... 500 19.3.8 Slope Stability .......................... 501 19.3.9 Differential Settlement ..................... 502 19.3.10 Appurtenances/Penetrations .................. 502 19.3.11 Attaching Geomembranes to Steel Substructures ..... 502 19.3.12 Protection Layers ........................ 503 19.3.13 Thermal Expansion ....................... 507 19.3.14 Wrinkles .............................. 508 19.3.15 Slack in Geomembranes .................... 514 19.3.16 Flaws on the Geomembrane Edge .............. 515 19.3.17 Welding-Related Factors .................... 516 19.3.18 Anchoring of Geomembranes ................. 520 19.3.19 Tensioning Due to Downslope Drag ............. 522 19.3.20 Geomembrane Bridging .................... 523 19.3.21 Wind Damage .......................... 524 19.3.22 Gas Pressure under the Liner ................. 526 19.3.23 Installation Damage by Machinery .............. 526 19.3.24 Fill Placement on Top of Geomembranes .......... 527 19.3.25 Animal Damage ......................... 529 19.3.26 Allowable Leakage Rate .................... 531 19.3.27 Measures to Overcome Installation Problems with Geomembranes ....................... 531 References ...................................... 531 Appendix 1 Glossary ................................. 533 References ................................ 546 Appendix 2 Geomembrane Test Methods .................... 547 American Society for Testing and Materials ............ 547 Geomembrane (GM) Related Test Methods and Standards from GRI ................................. 549 Geomembrane Testing Methods Conversion Table ASTM and ISO .................................... 551 bdex ............................................ 553
any_adam_object	1
author	Scheirs, John
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illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:53:21Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780470519202
language	English
lccn	2009012002
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physical	XX, 572 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
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spelling	Scheirs, John Verfasser aut A guide to polymeric geomembranes [a practical approach] John Scheirs 1. publ. Chichester Wiley 2009 XX, 572 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wiley series in polymer science Géosynthétiques Polymères Geosynthetics Polymers Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018013764&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Scheirs, John A guide to polymeric geomembranes [a practical approach] Géosynthétiques Polymères Geosynthetics Polymers
title	A guide to polymeric geomembranes [a practical approach]
title_auth	A guide to polymeric geomembranes [a practical approach]
title_exact_search	A guide to polymeric geomembranes [a practical approach]
title_full	A guide to polymeric geomembranes [a practical approach] John Scheirs
title_fullStr	A guide to polymeric geomembranes [a practical approach] John Scheirs
title_full_unstemmed	A guide to polymeric geomembranes [a practical approach] John Scheirs
title_short	A guide to polymeric geomembranes
title_sort	a guide to polymeric geomembranes a practical approach
title_sub	[a practical approach]
topic	Géosynthétiques Polymères Geosynthetics Polymers
topic_facet	Géosynthétiques Polymères Geosynthetics Polymers
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018013764&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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