Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions:
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| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Leipzig
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ
2009
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| Series: | PhD dissertation
2009,6 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 109 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions |c by Edda Kalbus |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Titel: Spotlight on heterogeneity
Autor: Kalbus, Edda
Jahr: 2009
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Stream - aquifer interactions........................... 1
1.2 Description of the study site........................... 3
1.2.1 Background................................ 3
1.2.2 Geology.................................. 4
1.2.3 Hydrogeology............................... 5
1.2.4 The Schachtgraben stream........................ 6
1.3 Objectives and structure of present thesis.................... 6
2 Measuring methods for groundwater - surface water interactions: a review 9
2.1 Introduction.................................... 10
2.2 Direct measurements of water flux........................ 11
2.3 Heat tracer methods............................... 12
2.4 Methods based on Darcy s Law.......................... 14
2.4.1 Hydraulic gradient ............................ 14
2.4.2 Hydraulic conductivity .......................... 15
2.4.3 Groundwater velocity........................... 17
2.4.4 Porosity ................................. 17
2.5 Mass balance approaches............................. 18
2.5.1 Incremental streamflow.......................... 18
2.5.2 Hydrograph separation.......................... 18
2.5.3 Environmental tracer methods...................... 19
2.5.4 Solute tracer methods.......................... 19
2.6 Methods to determine contaminant concentrations............... 20
2.6.1 Monitoring wells ............................. 20
2.6.2 Passive samplers............................. 20
2.6.3 Integral pumping tests.......................... 21
2.6.4 Grab samples............................... 21
2.6.5 Seepage meters.............................. 21
2.7 Discussion..................................... 22
2.7.1 Measurement Scales........................... 22
2.7.2 Groundwater discharge versus hyporheic exchange flow......... 23
2.7.3 Considerations for choosing appropriate methods............ 24
2.8 Summary ..................................... 26
Contents
3 Methodology to investigate contaminant mass fluxes at the stream-aquifer inter-
face 27
3.1 Introduction.................................... 28
3.2 Study site..................................... 29
3.3 Methods...................................... 31
3.3.1 Streambed temperature mapping..................... 31
3.3.2 Integral pumping tests.......................... 32
3.3.3 Concept of method combination..................... 34
3.4 Results and discussion............................... 35
3.4.1 Results of streambed temperature mapping............... 35
3.4.2 Results of the integral pumping tests.................. 37
3.4.3 Potential contaminant mass flux to the stream............. 38
3.5 Conclusions.................................... 40
4 How streambed temperatures can contribute to the determination of aquifer het-
erogeneity 41
4.1 Introduction.................................... 42
4.2 Study site..................................... 43
4.3 Streambed temperature mapping......................... 43
4.4 Numerical modeling................................ 44
4.4.1 Model set-up............................... 44
4.4.2 Input parameters............................. 46
4.5 Adjusting the aquifer heterogeneity........................ 47
4.6 Discussion..................................... 49
4.7 Summary and conclusion.............................. 51
5 Influence of aquifer and streambed heterogeneity on the distribution of ground-
water discharge 53
5.1 Introduction.................................... 54
5.2 Background.................................... 55
5.3 Methodology ................................... 56
5.3.1 Model set-up............................... 56
5.3.2 Scenarios................................. 58
5.4 Results and discussion............................... 58
5.5 Conclusions.................................... 62
6 Summary, conclusions and perspectives 65
6.1 Summary..................................... 65
6.1.1 The study site .............................. 65
6.1.2 Objectives................................. 65
6.1.3 Review of measuring methods...................... 66
6.1.4 Methods applicable at the study site................... 66
6.1.5 Contaminant mass fluxes at the stream - aquifer interface....... 67
6.1.6 Heterogeneity in fluxes through the streambed resulting from aquifer
properties...................... 68
6.1.7 Influence of aquifer and streambed heterogeneity on the distribution of
fluxes........................... 69
6.2 Conclusions............................ 70
Contents
6.3 Perspectives.................................... 72
Bibliography 75
Acknowledgements 89
Annex 1 - Integral Pumping Test Data 91
Annex 2 - Injection Logs and Slug Tests 99
List of Figures
1.1 Location of the study site, extent of the groundwater contamination (after
Heidrich et al., 2004a), and position of integral pumping test (IPT) wells and
sampling locations of injection logs, slug tests, and temperature profiles..... 4
1.2 Cross-section through the subsurface of the study site generated from borehole
data. Wll is a groundwater monitoring well................... 5
2.1 Spatial measuring scales of the different methods to measure interactions be-
tween groundwater and surface water. The spatial scale is given as radius or
distance of influence. Dots represent point measurements (pm)......... 22
2.2 Exchange flows between groundwater and surface water through the hyporheic
zone at a riffle-pool-sequence (after Winter et al., 1998)............. 24
3.1 Location of the study site and position of the streambed temperature measure-
ments and the integral pumping test (IPT) wells Wll. W12, W13, and W14. . 30
3.2 Section of the MODFLOW model showing isochrone geometry for the four IPT
wells. Samples were collected every 3 h (each isochrone corresponds to a time
of sampling), total pumping time was 5 days. The grid was refined around the
wells (shaded areas on left-hand side of figure).................. 34
3.3 Conceptual model of combined method to determine contaminant mass flows at
the stream-aquifer interface, (a) Cross-section showing water and contaminant
mass flows at the control plane (Qcp, M^p), through the streambed {Qs.
Ms), and below the stream (Qu, Mu); (b) Plan view showing the subdivision
into zones k with average concentrations Civ associated with one IPT well, and
sections j associated with one temperature profile for calculation of mass flow
rates through the streambed M$ . Zone k = 1 includes sections j = 1,2.....
5; zone k = 2 includes sections; = 6, 7.....10.................. 35
3.4 Spatial distribution of groundwater fluxes through the streambed in sections j
( 7^ ), average contaminant concentrations in zones k (cikj) corresponding to
the capture zones illustrated by isochrones of wells Wll to W14, and poten-
tial contaminant mass fluxes fluxes through the streambed in sections; (J5 ).
Values for DCB are given as sum of isomers................... 36
3.5 Concentration time series measured at the four IPT wells (Wll to W14) and
the Schachtgraben Stream (SG) of (a) MCB, (b) 1,2-DCB, (c) 1.3-DCB, (d)
1.4-DCB...................................... 39
List of Figures
4.1 Study site with location of the injection logs, slug tests (at 2-3 depths at each
location) and temperature profiles. The stream section where the temperatures
were measured corresponds to the model domain................. 44
4.2 a) Conceptual model with grid resolution, boundary conditions and one example
of a simulated temperature distribution using the K-field displayed in d. qz is
the vertical groundwater flux through the streambed. b) to d) realizations of
K-fields with different variances of ln(K). Displayed is realization Nr. 1 out of
50 generated realizations for each variance. Vertical exaggeration is approx. lOx 45
4.3 Simulated and observed groundwater fluxes (qz) and temperatures at a depth
of 50cm below the streambed (7 5o). Box plots show maximum and minimum
(dots), 90t/! and 10th percentile (error bars), 75th and 25th percentile (box),
arithmetic mean (solid line), and median (dashed line). Simulated data are com-
plete data from 50 realizations with afn(K) = 0.08 (n = 11000 = 50 realizations
with 220 grid elements each). Observed data are complete data of the two
transects (n = 140)................................ 48
4.4 Relation between the variance of ln(K) (?}n,K ) and the variance of simulated
temperatures at a depth of 50 cm ( 7y-50). The variance of the measured temper-
atures at a depth of 50 cm (Oy-50 = 2.9) leads to a required variance of hydraulic
conductivity of ffLK) = 2.06........................... 49
4.5 Simulated and observed groundwater fluxes (qz) and temperatures at a depth
of 50 cm below the streambed (T50). Box plots show maximum and minimum
(dots), 90 and 10th percentile (error bars), 75t/7 and 25th percentile (box),
arithmetic mean (solid line), and median (dashed line). Simulated data are
complete data from 10 selected realizations with ofn^ = 2.16 (n = 2200 = 10
realizations with 220 grid elements each). Observed data are complete data of
the two transects (n = 140)............................ 50
4.6 Distribution of groundwater flux through the streambed with respect to the
streambed area (mean flux of 50 realizations per variance; selected = mean flux
of the 10 selected realizations with a mean variance of ofn(K = 2.16)...... 51
5.1 Model definition and boundary conditions.................... 56
5.2 Observed (top left; after Schmidt et al. (2006)) and simulated (base case and
Cases A-D) results showing temperature (colour maps) and flux distributions
(white curves) in the streambed (represented by the upper grey zone in Figure
5.1). Temperature data are shown at streambed depths between 0.1 and 0.5
m corresponding to the observations. Simulated results are shown from one
example out of ten K-field realizations (the same realization is shown in all
scenarios). Vertical exaggeration is approx. lOOx................. 59
5.3 Box plots of the groundwater discharge through the streambed showing 95^
and 5th percentile (dots), 90tt and 10tA percentile (error bars), 75tft and 25th
percentile (box), arithmetic mean (solid line), and median (dashed line). Ob-
served data are complete data of the mapping programme (n = 140), simulated
data are the complete data set from all 10 realizations (n = 2200) for each case. 60
5.4 Distribution of groundwater fluxes through the streambed in relation to the
streambed area. Bands show the full range between maximum and minimum
values of observations and modelling results, respectively 61
List of Figures
5.5 Standard deviation of groundwater flux through the streambed, u{q), in relation
to the connectivity indicator 1/C7 i for Case C and Case D........... 62
List of Tables
3.1 Comparison of average contaminant concentrations Cav obtained from the an-
alytical solution (AS) and CSTREAM (CS).................... 37
3.2 Contaminant mass fluxes Jcp at the four IPT wells obtained from CSTREAM. 38
4.1 Parameters of the numerical model........................ 46
4.2 Input data for FGEN to generate stochastic K-fields from field data...... 47
5.1 Aquifer and streambed properties of all simulation cases. K — hydraulic con-
ductivity, a2 = variance of ln(/ ), Ax and Az = correlation lengths in the x- and
z-directions..................................... 57
xv
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:53:04Z |
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| series2 | PhD dissertation |
| spelling | Kalbus, Edda Verfasser aut Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions by Edda Kalbus Leipzig Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ 2009 XVI, 109 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PhD dissertation 2009,6 Zugl.: Neuchâtel, Univ., Diss., 2009 Zsfassung in dt. Sprache Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 gnd rswk-swf Oberflächenwasser (DE-588)4172265-6 gnd rswk-swf Grundwasserstrom (DE-588)4121396-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Grundwasserstrom (DE-588)4121396-8 s Oberflächenwasser (DE-588)4172265-6 s Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 s DE-604 PhD dissertation 2009,6 (DE-604)BV035421074 2009,6 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018003066&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kalbus, Edda Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions PhD dissertation Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 gnd Oberflächenwasser (DE-588)4172265-6 gnd Grundwasserstrom (DE-588)4121396-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4124439-4 (DE-588)4172265-6 (DE-588)4121396-8 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions |
| title_auth | Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions |
| title_exact_search | Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions |
| title_full | Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions by Edda Kalbus |
| title_fullStr | Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions by Edda Kalbus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions by Edda Kalbus |
| title_short | Spotlight on heterogeneity: measuring and modelling stream-aquifer interactions |
| title_sort | spotlight on heterogeneity measuring and modelling stream aquifer interactions |
| topic | Wasserreserve (DE-588)4124439-4 gnd Oberflächenwasser (DE-588)4172265-6 gnd Grundwasserstrom (DE-588)4121396-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wasserreserve Oberflächenwasser Grundwasserstrom Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018003066&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035421074 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kalbusedda spotlightonheterogeneitymeasuringandmodellingstreamaquiferinteractions |