Economie şi societate în Bihor: (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean)
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Romanian |
| Published: |
Oradea
Ed. Univ. din Oradea
2007
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. und ungar. Sprache u.d. T.: Economy and society in Bihor county (between the Great Union and Dictate of Vienna) |
| Physical Description: | 337 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789737594037 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804139924859912192 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE
............................................................................ 7
TRASAREA FRONTIEREI ŞI REGLEMENTAREA RAPORTURILOR CU
UNGARIA
......................................................................................... 9
TRANSFERUL DE AUTORITATE
......................................................... 16
REDISTRIBUIREA PROPRIETĂŢII AGRARE
........................................... 27
INDUSTRIE, MESERII
......................................................................... 69
MORĂRIT, INDUSTRIE CASNICĂ
........................................................ 101
TÂRGURI, COMERŢ
........................................................................... 112
BĂNCI
.............................................................................................. 123
COOPERATIVE
.................................................................................. 168
PROIECTUL DE REDRESARE ECONOMICĂ A ZONEI MUNŢILOR
APUSENI
................................................................................. ........ 176
POPULAŢIA. STRUCTURA ETNICĂ ŞI CONFESIONALĂ
........................ 198
CĂSĂTORII MIXTE ŞI SCHIMBĂRI DE RELIGIE
...................................... 204
STAREA EDUCATIVĂ. ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTUL PRIMAR
................................ 216
ŞCOLI NORMALE CU LIMBA DE PREDARE ROMÂNĂ
........................... 222
ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTUL CONFESIONAL
...................................................... 244
PROIECTUL ÎNFIINŢĂRII UNEI UNIVERSITĂŢI ORĂDENE
..................... 251
SPECTRUL POLITIC ŞI OPŢIUNI ALE ELECTORATULUI
......................... 253
PERIODICE, PRESĂ, TIPOGRAFII
......................................................... 269
„VESTUL ROMÂNESC ŞI „CELE TREI CRIŞURI
................................... 273
CALAMITĂŢI NATURALE
.................................................................. 280
ŞOMAJ
............................................................................................. 286
ALCOOLISM, CONCUBINAJ, PROSTITUŢIE
.......................................... 292
DICTATUL DE LA
VIENA
................................................................... 302
KIVONAT ........................................................................................
309
ABSTRACT
....................................................................................... 313
INDICE DE NUME
............................................................................. 317
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN
BIHOR
COUNTY
(BETWEEN THE GREAT UNION AND DICTATE OF VIENNA)
Abstract
The border as settled during the Peace Conference in Paris divided the former
county of
Bihor
between Romania and Hungary. As a result of the negotiations
between the Romanian and the Hungarian delegations concerning the goods,
agreements were signed to assign the county roads, foundations, funds, and railways
stocks, the prefecture, subprefecture and borough furniture. They could not reach an
agreement concerning the assessment of the real estate because of the great difference
existing between the assessments of the two parties. The issue was forwarded to the
Arbitration Committee.
Against the background of a tense situation backed up by the uncertainty
regarding the final shape of the western border, the prefecture, the city hall of
Oradea
officers, the police, and the court officers took their oath. The Romanian police and
constabulary services were organized. The county police prefecture and the
Oradea
state police were established. At the same time, there were openings for constables in
the communes and the Constabulary Company was established in Beius in charge with
the boroughs of Beius, Vascau, Ceica, Beliu, Tinea, Salonta, and Cefa. There were
several painful anomalies on the territories managed by the Romanians only
temporarily that were subsequently transferred to the Hungarian authorities when the
troops retired on the
Clemenceau
line.
The administrative officers had a hard time learning Romanian, either out of
ill will, or because they could not afford to pay the teachers. Therefore, general
courses were organized in big centres, and they were tested periodically both to
identify the ones that had no sufficient language knowledge and to provide another
chance to those that had learnt it in the meanwhile. Besides the fact that they could not
speak Romanian, local administrative bodies showed lack of conscientiousness and
a lot of
disorientation
concerning the official mail.
The agricultural reform redistributed land property. The peasants need for
land was not satisfied within the law and there were no practical concrete and
immediate opportunities to exploit the land. The lack of land, the burden of mortgages
and the lack of inventory led to a weak outturn. Consequently, peasants households
were indebted even after the conversion law for agricultural debts in
1931-1934,
before the First World War, there still were peasants indebted on land. In
Bihor,
many
of the lands given away were in fact cleared woods and many peasant families
scarcely had cattle, if any. Thus, the benefit of getting land was generally reduced for
most of the households, and they fell behind economically and increased the process
of bankruptcy for many small and middle-sized households.
The county of
Bihor
was one of the most developed areas in Great Romania
from an industrial and commercial point of view. The great industry of
Bihor
was
mostly represented by enterprises in the mining and forestry fields, as well as several
Ion Zainea
___
_^__^^^___^^____^_______^^^^_—__^^_—
—
cernent,
lime,
spirits,
can factories, lumber stations, mines, water mills,
timber/sawmills, frame saws, and so on. Besides the damages caused by the war and
the hardships in taking up production again, the industrial enterprises of
Bihor
faced
several problems. Some were related to the change of the geopolitical and economic
background, their connection to the new law, the Romanian one, while others were
due to the fact that they broke away from the former coordination centres and their
orientation to Bucharest. All these brought about a state of confusion,
disorientation,
especially because the Hungarian law was partly preserved, while the Romanian law
was superposed either by expanding some old Romanian laws, or through a new
legislation. Furthermore, there was a lack of means of communication with Bucharest
and a difficult collaboration of the Romanian authorities with the Hungarian
population whose hostility
-
understandable to a certain point
-
was stimulated from
both inside and from across the border.
The difficult financial situation after the war that prevented the Romanian
state from supporting industrial enterprises, the lack or orders and contracts no longer
valid or that nobody felt compelled to respect, all made a contribution to a drastic
diminishing or end of activity of certain enterprises. For instance, the case of the
asphalt and bitumen factories in
Brusturi
and
Derna
led to the bankruptcy of great
wood exploitation and processing that were the main source for the inhabitants in the
mountain and hilly areas in
Bihor.
The union in
1918
changed the profession issue and made it necessary to
review the principles on which the law was based and to issue new regulations adapted
to the Romanian national, economic and social needs. The statistics concerning trades
and traders in the summer of
1927
showed that in urban and rural communes in
Bihor
there were many shoemakers, tailors, cobblers, butchers, carpenters, wheelers,
masons, millers, blacksmiths, wood workers, locksmiths, woodcraftsmen, coopers, as
well as barbers, bakers, tanners, whitesmith. Some of the trades less exerted were the
following: gardener, painter, roper, clockmaker, furrier, baseboard maker, and
bookbinder. On the whole, there were
1,361
traders and
49
watermills.
Until the unification law in
1936,
in
Bihor
and the whole of Transylvania, the
same industrial law of
1884
was applied; it was a general law on industry that was also
concerned with learning and practice of trades, or traders and how industrial and
commercial enterprises could be created and work. The guilds were in charge with the
enforcement of law concerning trades. The industrial authorities were in charge with
the enforcement of law concerning industry; these were as follows: city hall, praetor s
office, and prefecture. The expansion of the laws from the old Romania and in the
annexed territories and the enforcement of the new law generated several
complications, as they abrogated some measures of the prefecture, the prices, or
articles and paragraphs of the Hungarian industrial law of
1884.
When the water law entered into force, the watermills had to be revised, as the
former registers provided no clear information on the authorized watermills. During
the verifications, several watermills proved to be working without concession, others
were not inserted in the water register. Other mills had changed owner, either because
of the death of the former landlord, or through lease.
In the spring of
1938,
there were
333
mills in the
Bihor
County, out of which
5
were commercial and
328
belonged to the peasants. As the peasant mills usually
belonged to the communes, they were leased on the basis of a contract signed by the
314
Economie
şi societate în Bihor
commune
and the leaser with clear-cut responsibilities for both parties. As far as house
industry was concerned, it did not really developed in the interwar period in
Bihor
and
did not evolve, as it was not encouraged enough.
Besides the forms existing in the previous epoch of steady commerce in the
urban and rural environment, the agricultural reform in
1921
also led to a proliferation
of weekly, periodical, and annual fairs. They considerably increased their number. In
Bihor,
there were fairs held in Alesd,
Borod,
and Fechetau (borough of Alesd), Beius
and Uileac (borough of Beius), Beliu and Ucuris (borough of Beliu); in the borough of
Ceica, there were only weekly fairs in Ceica and Holod. In the borough of Marghita,
there were fairs in Marghita, Suplac and Misca, and in the borough of
Valea
lui Mihai
there were fairs in
Valea
lui
Mihai, Piscolt and Salacea. Both weekly and annual
country fairs traded cereals, cattle and goods, depending on the area, people s
occupation and quantity of products they could trade on the market. The country fairs
in
Diósig,
Sacuieni, and
Valea
lui
Mihai were attended by cattle traders in the country
and from abroad. Many of the animals, particularly
bovines,
were exported to
Hungary, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. The activity of the fairs was under both the
Hungarian and the new Romanian law expanded in the annexed territories. The traders
were organized to defend their professional interests. Some of these organizations
existed before the union; some others, such as the Traders Union of
Bihor
and
Oradea,
or the Traders Council of
Oradea,
came into being later on.
The
Bihor
County was part of the project for economic recovery in the
Apuseni
Mountains started by the liberal government. It was focused on a more
efficient economic organization in the mountains, on seeds improvement, on the use of
chemical fertilizers and of the agricultural machines, on rational cattle breeding, on
establishing milk centres, on organizing mountain economic schools. The project was
to be funded by the state. However, the peasants could get credits from popular banks.
This is how banks such as
Vintila Bratianu
in Beius,
Fortuna in
Sighistel,
Principele
Carol in
Brusturi
were established. Besides the banks, the village
cooperatives for victualling, selling and consumption were to help improving the
social, economic, sanitary, and cultural situation of the inhabitants.
From a demographic point of view, the
Bihor
County had a multiethnic
structure, where the Romanian majority was under the country average and resembled
the region average. Romanians were a majority in the rural environment. On the urban
level, Beius was the only settlement with a Romanian majority, while
Oradea
and
Salonta had a low rate. Hungarians were, after the Romanians, the ethnic with the
highest rate in
Bihor,
and they were mainly located in
Valea
lui
Mihai, Salard, and
Salonta. In the urban area, the Hungarian population increased by changing the status
of Beius and Salonta to towns. Jews lived mainly in the urban area, most of them in
Oradea,
then in Beius and Salonta. From a confessional point of view, most of them
were Orthodox, followed by the Calvinists, Greek-Catholics, and Roman-Catholics.
The lowest rate was represented by Mosaics, Baptists, and Lutherans. The ethnic and
confessional diversity existing in the interwar society in
Bihor
led to two frequent
phenomena: mixed marriages and religious conversion.
The percentage of literate, illiterate respectively, people in
Bihor
reached the
same general level existing in the country. After the union, the schools in
Bihor
had a
transition period concerning education, school programs, and the settlement of
education on national bases. Grades schools existed in all localities in the county.
315
Ion Zainea
Teachers were trained at Iosif Vulcan and
Doamna Stanca
schools in
Oradea
and
the one in Beius. Due to the high percentage of population belonging to a different
ethnie
and confession,
Bihor
had a high number of confessional schools. The existence
of higher education institutions was at the basis of the establishment of a university in
Oradea.
The political life in
Bihor
in the interwar period was extremely tense. The
interest in politics could be noticed first in the increasing number of party
organizations in the country, then in the consistent participation of the citizens to the
elections. In point of behaviour, the electors in
Bihor
followed the general rules.
Except for a small elite made up of intellectuals, the electorate was not educated or
sufficiently mature from a political point of view. The lack of expertise concerning the
participation to the political life facilitated their manipulation by the party organizing
the elections, usually through local authorities.
The national unity was followed, as it should have been, by an affirmation of
the Romanian spirituality. After
1918,
besides the Hungarian publications, we can
notice the more and more numerous and diversified Romanian publications in both
Oradea
and other centres in the county. The
Vestul Romanesc
society was
concerned with the creation of a Romanian theatre troop, and the
Cele Trei Crisuri
reunion followed the dissemination of the Romanian culture in the
Bihor
County.
Graphic industry was well represented in
Bihor;
most publishing houses were in
Oradea,
as well as in Salonta, Marghita, Sacuieni, Tinea, or Alesd.
As the
Bihor
County had an intense economic activity, the county felt strongly
the effects of the
1929-1933
crisis. As the issue of unemployment had a general
aspect, there was a special concern to find a solution. On the level of the county and in
each locality where there were unemployed people, they established local support
committees whose task was to find jobs for the unemployed and to support the ones
that could not find a job. As an alternative to the social depression generated by
unemployment and the lack of opportunities to make money, alcoholism was
increasing in the society. As a support of violence and one of the main causes of
community balance endangerment, alcoholism became one of the main concerns of
the authorities, as they started to take steps to fight it. Another well-spread
phenomenon haunting the society in
Bihor
as an epidemics in the interwar period
was hetaerism. In order to fight it, authorities resorted to methods that were little
efficient as compared to the change of attitude and behaviour of those practising these
relationships. There were also natural calamities, such as hail and floods that
frequently descended upon the area.
After the arbitrage in Vienna, the
Bihor
County was divided into two, the
northern part,
Oradea
comprised, belonged to the territory conceded to Hungary. As a
consequence, the county was reorganized from an administrative point of view, and
the authorities sheltered in Beius were concerned with the evacuation of the clerks and
goods from the territories conceded to Hungary, as the ones banished by the
Hungarian authorities and forced to find refuge in Romania.
316
|
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| geographic | Judeţ Bihor (DE-588)4208712-0 gnd |
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| id | DE-604.BV035716119 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:51:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789737594037 |
| language | Romanian |
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| physical | 337 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
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| publisher | Ed. Univ. din Oradea |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Zainea, Ion Verfasser aut Economie şi societate în Bihor (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean) Ion Zainea Oradea Ed. Univ. din Oradea 2007 337 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. und ungar. Sprache u.d. T.: Economy and society in Bihor county (between the Great Union and Dictate of Vienna) Geschichte 1918-1938 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Judeţ Bihor (DE-588)4208712-0 gnd rswk-swf Judeţ Bihor (DE-588)4208712-0 g Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Geschichte 1918-1938 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017992973&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017992973&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Zainea, Ion Economie şi societate în Bihor (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean) Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4208712-0 |
| title | Economie şi societate în Bihor (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean) |
| title_auth | Economie şi societate în Bihor (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean) |
| title_exact_search | Economie şi societate în Bihor (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean) |
| title_full | Economie şi societate în Bihor (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean) Ion Zainea |
| title_fullStr | Economie şi societate în Bihor (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean) Ion Zainea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Economie şi societate în Bihor (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean) Ion Zainea |
| title_short | Economie şi societate în Bihor |
| title_sort | economie si societate in bihor de la marea unire la dictatul de la viean |
| title_sub | (de la Marea Unire la Dictatul de la Viean) |
| topic | Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gesellschaft Wirtschaft Judeţ Bihor |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017992973&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017992973&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zaineaion economiesisocietateinbihordelamareaunireladictatuldelaviean |